Chapter 15
Acute Liver Failure and Related Syndromes
François Durand,
Jacques Bernuau,
François Durand
Search for more papers by this authorJacques Bernuau
Search for more papers by this authorFrançois Durand,
Jacques Bernuau,
François Durand
Search for more papers by this authorJacques Bernuau
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Juan Rodés MD,
Jean-Pierre Benhamou MD,
Andres T. Blei MD,
Jürg Reichen MD,
Mario Rizzetto MD,
Juan Rodés MD
Director General, Hospital Clinic; Professor of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Pierre Benhamou MD
Professor of Hepatology, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris and Inserm U773, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
Search for more papers by this authorAndres T. Blei MD
Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJürg Reichen MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Bern; Chief of Hepatology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorMario Rizzetto MD
Professor of Gastroenterology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 18 June 2007
References
- Bernuau J (2004) Acute liver failure: avoidance of deleterious cofactors and early specific medical therapy for the liver are better than late intensive care for the brain. J Hepatol 41, 152–155.
- Polson J Lee WM (2005) AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure. Hepatology 41, 1179–1197.
- Trey CDC (1970) The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 3, 282–298.
- Navasa M Garcia-Pagan JC Bosch J et al. (1992) Portal hypertension in acute liver failure. Gut 33, 965–968.
- Bhatia V Batra Y Acharya SK (2004) Prophylactic phenytoin does not improve cerebral edema or survival in acute liver failure — a controlled clinical trial. J Hepatol 41, 89–96.
- Schiodt FV Balko J Schilsky M et al. (2003) Thrombopoietin in acute liver failure. Hepatology 37, 558–561.
- Bernal W Donaldson N Wyncoll D et al. (2002) Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet 359, 558–563.
- Vaquero J Polson J Chung C et al. (2003) Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 125, 755–764.
- Riordan SM Williams R (2003) Mechanisms of hepatocyte injury, multiorgan failure, and prognostic criteria in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 23, 203–215.
- Pham BN Mosnier JF Durand F et al. (1995) Immunostaining for membrane attack complex of complement is related to cell necrosis in fulminant and acute hepatitis. Gastroenterology 108, 495–504.
- Clemmesen JO Kondrup J Ott P (2000) Splanchnic and leg exchange of amino acids and ammonia in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 118, 1131–1139.
- Blei AT Larsen FS (1999) Pathophysiology of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 31, 771–776.
- Butterworth RF (2003) Molecular neurobiology of acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 23, 251–258.
- Larsen FS Ejlersen E Hansen BA et al. (1995) Functional loss of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 23, 212–217.
- Lee WM (2004) Acetaminophen and the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group: lowering the risks of hepatic failure. Hepatology 40, 6–9.
- Bernal W (2003) Changing patterns of causation and the use of transplantation in the United Kingdom. Semin Liver Dis 23, 227–337.
- Ostapowicz G Fontana RJ Schiodt FV et al. (2002) Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 137, 947–954.
- Schiodt FV Rochling FA Casey DL et al. (1997) Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 337, 1112–1117.
- McCormick PA Treanor D McCormack G et al. (2003) Early death from paracetamol (acetaminophen) induced fulminant hepatic failure without cerebral oedema. J Hepatol 39, 547–551.
- O'Grady JG Schalm SW Williams R (1993) Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 342, 273–275.
- Vento S Garofano T Renzini C et al. (1998) Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 338, 286–290.
- Bernuau J Goudeau A Poynard T et al. (1986) Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B. Hepatology 6, 648–651.
- Sato S Suzuki K Akahane Y et al. (1995) Hepatitis B virus strains with mutations in the core promoter in patients with fulminant hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 122, 241–248.
- Garfein RS Bower WA Loney CM et al. (2004) Factors associated with fulminant liver failure during an outbreak among injection drug users with acute hepatitis B. Hepatology 40, 865–873.
- Lok AS Liang RH Chiu EK et al. (1991) Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology 100, 182–188.
- Mas A Buti M Esteban R et al. (1990) Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus replication in HBs Ag-positive fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology 11, 1062–1065.
- Wu JC Choo KB Chen CM et al. (1995) Genotyping of hepatitis D virus by restriction-fragment length polymorphism and relation to outcome of hepatitis D. Lancet 346, 939–941.
- Hamid SS Jafri SM Khan H et al. (1996) Fulminant hepatic failure in pregnant women: acute fatty liver or acute viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 25, 20–27.
- Glorioso DV Molloy PJ Van Thiel DH et al. (1996) Successful empiric treatment of HSV hepatitis in pregnancy. Case report and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 41, 1273–1275.
- Posthuma EF Westendorp RG van der Sluys Veer A et al. (1995) Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. Gut 36, 311–313.
- Sobue R Miyazaki H Okamoto M et al. (1991) Fulminant hepatitis in primary human herpesvirus-6 infection. N Engl J Med 324, 1290.
- Langnas AN Markin RS Cattral MS et al. (1995) Parvovirus B19 as a possible causative agent of fulminant liver failure and associated aplastic anemia. Hepatology 22, 1661–1665.
- Elisaf M Stefanaki S Repanti M et al. (1993) Liver involvement in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 17, 33–37.
- Mas A (2005) Mushrooms, amatoxins and the liver. J Hepatol 42, 166–169.
- Ganzert M Felgenhauer N Zilker T (2005) Indication of liver transplantation following amatoxin intoxication. J Hepatol 42, 202–209.
- Babany G Bernuau J Cailleux A et al. (1991) Severe mono-chlorobenzene-induced liver cell necrosis. Gastroenterology 101, 1734–1736.
- Larrey D Vial T Pauwels A et al. (1992) Hepatitis after germande. (Teucrium chamaedrys)administration: another instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity. Ann Intern Med 117, 129–132.
- Ellis AJ Wendon JA Portmann B et al. (1996) Acute liver damage and ecstasy ingestion. Gut 38, 454–458.
- Berson A Gervais A Cazals D et al. (2001) Hepatitis after intravenous buprenorphine misuse in heroin addicts. J Hepatol 34, 346–350.
- Lee WM (2003) Acute liver failure in the United States. Semin Liver Dis 23, 217–226.
- Durand F Jebrak G Pessayre D et al. (1996) Hepatotoxicity of anti-tubercular treatments. Rationale for monitoring liver status. Drug Safety 15, 394–405.
- Durand F Bernuau J Pessayre D et al. (1995) Deleterious influence of pyrazinamide on the outcome of patients with fulminant or sub-fulminant liver failure during antituberculous treatment including i. oniazid. Hepatology 21, 929–932.
- Russo MW Galanko JA Shrestha R et al. (2004) Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 10, 1018–1023.
- Paterson D Kerlin P Walker N et al. (1992) Piroxicam induced sub-massive necrosis of the liver. Gut 33, 1436–1438.
- McKenzie R Fried MW Sallie R et al. (1995) Hepatic failure and lactic acidosis due to fialuridine (FIAU), an investigational nucleoside analogue for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 333, 1099–1105.
- Durand F Samuel D Bernuau J et al. (1992) Fipexide-induced fulminant hepatitis. Report of three cases with emergency liver transplantation. J Hepatol 15, 144–146.
- Mathurin P Durand F Ganne N et al. (1995) Ischemic hepatitis due to obstructive sleep apnea. Gastroenterology 109, 1682–1684.
- Henrion J Minette P Colin L et al. (1999) Hypoxic hepatitis caused by acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure: a case-controlled, hemodynamic study of 17 consecutive cases. Hepatology 29, 427–433.
- Saissy JM (1996) Liver transplantation in a case of fulminant liver failure after exertion. Intens Care Med 22, 831.
- Hadad E Ben-Ari Z Heled Y et al. (2004) Liver transplantation in exertional heat stroke: a medical dilemma. Intens Care Med 30, 1474–1478.
- Durand F Bernuau J Giostra E et al. (2001) Wilson's disease with severe hepatic insufficiency: beneficial effects of early administration of D-penicillamine. Gut 48, 849–852.
- Stampfl DA Munoz SJ Moritz MJ et al. (1990) Heterotopic liver transplantation for fulminant Wilson's disease. Gastroenterology 99, 1834–1836.
- Rowbotham D Wendon J Williams R (1998) Acute liver failure secondary to hepatic infiltration: a single centre experience of 18 cases. Gut 42, 576–580.
- Te HS Schiano TD Kahaleh M et al. (1999) Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to malignant melanoma: case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 94, 262–266.
- Phillips MJ Blendis LM Poucell S et al. (1991) Syncytial giant-cell hepatitis. Sporadic hepatitis with distinctive pathological features, a severe clinical course, and paramyxoviral features. N Engl J Med 324, 455–460.
- Durand F Degott C Sauvanet A et al. (1997) Subfulminant syncytial giant cell hepatitis: recurrence after liver transplantation treated with ribavirin. J Hepatol 26, 722–726.
- Ockner SA Brunt EM Cohn SM et al. (1990) Fulminant hepatic failure caused by acute fatty liver of pregnancy treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 11, 59–64.
- Sibai B Dekker G Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365, 785–799.
- Casteels-Van Daele M Wouters C Van Geet C et al. (2002) Reye's syndrome revisited. Outdated concept of Reye's syndrome was used. BMJ 324, 546.
- Mutimer D Shaw J Neuberger J et al. (1995) Failure to incriminate hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis E viruses in the aetiology of fulminant non-A non-B hepatitis. Gut 36, 433–436.
- O'Grady JG Alexander GJ Hayllar KM et al. (1989) Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 97, 439–445.
- Takahashi Y Kumada H Shimizu M et al. (1994) A multicenter study on the prognosis of fulminant viral hepatitis: early prediction for liver transplantation. Hepatology 19, 1065–1071.
- Acharya SK Dasarathy S Kumer TL et al. (1996) Fulminant hepatitis in a tropical population: clinical course, cause, and early predictors of outcome. Hepatology 23, 1448–1455.
- Izumi S Langley PG Wendon J et al. (1996) Coagulation factor V levels as a prognostic indicator in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 23, 1507–1511.
- Baquerizo A Anselmo D Shackleton C et al. (2003) Phosphorus as an early predictive factor in patients with acute liver failure. Transplantation 75, 2007–2014.
- Dabos KJ Newsome PN Parkinson JA et al. (2004) Biochemical prognostic markers of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 77, 200–205.
- Schmidt LE Dalhoff K (2005) Alpha-fetoprotein is a predictor of outcome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology 41, 26–31.
- Schiodt FV Rossaro L Stravitz RT et al. (2005) Gc-globulin and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 11, 1223–1227.
- Saibara T Onishi S Maeda T et al. (1992) Arterial blood ketone body ratio as a possible indicator for predicting fulminant hepatitis in patients with acute hepatitis. Liver 12, 392–396.
- Shakil AO Kramer D Mazariegos GV et al. (2000) Acute liver failure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria. Liver Transpl 6, 163–169.
- Bailey B Amre DK Gaudreault P (2003) Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to acetaminophen poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic criteria determining the need for liver transplantation. Crit Care Med 31, 299–305.
- Wiesner RH (2004) MELD/PELD and the allocation of deceased donor livers for status 1 recipients with acute fulminant hepatic failure, primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis, and acute Wilson's disease. Liver Transpl 10, S17–22.
- Poland GA Jacobson RM (2004) Clinical practice: prevention of hepatitis B with the hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med 351, 2832–2838.
- Shim M Khaykis I Park J et al. (2005) Susceptibility to hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus infection: missed opportunities for vaccination. Hepatology 42, 688–695.
- Langley PG Hughes RD Forbes A et al. (1993) Controlled trial of antithrombin III supplementation in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 17, 326–331.
- Harrison PM Wendon JA Gimson AE et al. (1991) Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med 324, 1852–1857.
- Shawcross DL Davies NA Mookerjee RP et al. (2004) Worsening of cerebral hyperemia by the administration of terlipressin in acute liver failure with severe encephalopathy. Hepatology 39, 471–475.
- Blei AT (2005) Monitoring cerebral blood flow: a useful clinical tool in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 11, 1320–1322.
- Blei AT Olafsson S Webster S et al. (1993) Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 341, 157–158.
- White H Baker A (2002) Continuous jugular venous oximetry in the neurointensive care unit — a brief review. Can J Anaesth 49, 623–629.
- Helmke K Burdelski M Hansen HC (2000) Detection and monitoring of intracranial pressure dysregulation in liver failure by ultrasound. Transplantation 70, 392–395.
- Madl C Grimm G Ferenci P et al. (1994) Serial recording of sensory evoked potentials: a noninvasive prognostic indicator in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 20, 1487–1494.
- Strauss GI Christiansen M Moller K et al. (2001) S-100b and neuron-specific enolase in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl 7, 964–970.
- Murphy N Auzinger G Bernel W et al. (2004) The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 39, 464–470.
- Vaquero J Blei AT (2004) Cooling the patient with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 127, 1626–1629.
- Jalan R Olde Damink SW Deutz NE et al. (2004) Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension. Gastroenterology 127, 1338–1346.
- Ellis AJ Wendon JA Williams R (2000) Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: a controlled clinical trial. Hepatology 32, 536–541.
- Schmidt LE Wang LP Hansen BA et al. (2003) Systemic hemodynamic effects of treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with hyperacute liver failure: a prospective controlled trial. Liver Transpl 9, 290–297.
- Demetriou AA Brown RS Jr, Busuttil RW et al. (2004) Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Ann Surg 239, 660–667; discussion 667–670.
- Ellis AJ Hughes RD Wendon JA et al. (1996) Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure. Hepatology 24, 1446–1451.
- Kjaergard LL Liu J Als-Nielsen B et al. (2003) Artificial and bioartificial support systems for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review. JAMA 289, 217–222.
- Chari RS Collins BH Magee JC et al. (1994) Brief report: treatment of hepatic failure with ex vivo pig-liver perfusion followed by liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 331, 234–237.
- Pauwels A Mostefa-Kara N Florent C et al. (1993) Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Evaluation of London and Clichy criteria. J Hepatol 17, 124–127.
- Blei AT (2005) Selection for acute liver failure: have we got it right. Liver Transpl 11, S30–34.
- Belghiti J Noun R Sauvanet A et al. (1995) Transplantation for fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure with preservation of portal and caval flow. Br J Surg 82, 986–989.
- Bismuth H Samuel D Castaing D et al. (1995) Orthotopic liver transplantation in fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis. The Paul Brousse experience. Ann Surg 222, 109–119.
- Chenard-Neu MP Boudjema K Bernuau J et al. (1996) Auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in patients with fulminant hepatic failure — a multicenter European study. Hepatology 23, 1119–1127.
- Durand F Belghiti J Handra-Luca A et al. (2002) Auxiliary liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis B: results from a series of six patients with special emphasis on regeneration and recurrence of hepatitis B. Liver Transpl 8, 701–707.
- Bernuau J Rueff B Benhamou JP (1986) Fulminant and subful-minant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 6, 97–106.
- Devlin J Williams R (1996) Transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: comparing tacrolimus versus cyclosporine for immunosuppression and the outcome in elective transplants. European FK506 Liver Study Group. Transplantation 62, 1251–1255.
- Vickers C Neuberger J Buckels J et al. (1988) Transplantation of the liver in adults and children with fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 7, 143–150.
- Iwatsuki S Stieber AC Marsh JW et al. (1989) Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplant Proc 21, 2431–2434.
- Gallinger S Greig PD Levy G et al. (1989) Liver transplantation for acute and subacute fulminant hepatic failure. Transplant Proc 21, 2435–2438.
- Emond JC Aran PP Whitington PF et al. (1989) Liver transplantation in the management of fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 96, 1583–1588.
- Farmer DG Anselmo DM Ghobrial RM et al. (2003) Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: experience with more than 200 patients over a 17-year period. Ann Surg 237, 666–675; discussion 675–676.
- Washburn WK Bradley J Cosimi AB et al. (1996) A regional experience with emergency liver transplantation. Transplantation 61, 235–239.
- Bismuth H Azoulay D Samuel D et al. (1996) Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis. The Paul Brousse experience. Ann Surg 224, 712–724; discussion 724–726.
- Pereira SP McCarthy M Ellis AJ et al. (1997) Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure. J Hepatol 26, 1010–1017.
- Sudan DL Langnas AN Shaw BW Jr (1997) Long-term follow-up of auxiliary liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplant Proc 29, 485–486.
- Uemoto S Inomata Y Sakurai T et al. (2000) Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 70, 152–157.
- Miwa S Hashikura Y Mita A et al. (1999) Living-related liver transplantation for patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 30, 1521–1526.
