Interaction of Anticholinesterase Pesticides with Metals
Jitendra K. Malik
National Referral Laboratory (Chemical Residues), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Search for more papers by this authorAvinash G. Telang
National Referral Laboratory (Chemical Residues), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Search for more papers by this authorAshok Kumar
Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Search for more papers by this authorRamesh C. Gupta
Toxicology Department, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJitendra K. Malik
National Referral Laboratory (Chemical Residues), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Search for more papers by this authorAvinash G. Telang
National Referral Laboratory (Chemical Residues), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Search for more papers by this authorAshok Kumar
Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Search for more papers by this authorRamesh C. Gupta
Toxicology Department, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorTetsuo Satoh
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Japan
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
HAB Research Institute, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorRamesh C. Gupta
Toxicology Department, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Interactive Effects of Pesticides and Metals
-
Conclusions
-
References
References
- Aggarwal, M., Malik, J.K., Kotresh, A.M., Gupta, P.K., Maurya, P., and Rao, G.S. (2006). Induction of apoptosis in murine thymocytes by arsenic. Toxicol. Lett. 164S: S251.
- Aggarwal, M., Malik, J.K., Rao, G.S., Suresh Babu, N., Tiwari, A.K., and Dandapat, S. (2005). Effects of arsenic, endosulfan and their combination on induction of immunotoxicity and apoptosis in broiler chicks. Toxicol. Lett. 158S: S86.
- Aggarwal, M., Wangikar, P.B., Sarkar, S.N., Rao, G.S., Kumar, D., Dwivedi, P., and Malik, J.K. (2007). Effects of low-level arsenic exposure on the developmental toxicity of anilofos in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 27: 255–261.
- Akhgari, M., Abdollahi, M., Kebryaeezadeh, A., Hosseini, R., and Sabzevari, O. (2003). Biochemical evidence for free radical-induced lipid peroxidation as a mechanism for subchronic toxicity of malathion in blood and liver of rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 22: 205–211.
- Albores, A., Cebrian, M.E., Connelly, J.C., Bach, P.H., and Bridges, J.W. (1992). Effects of arsenite on hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in rats. Xenobiotica 22: 591–597.
- ATSDR (2005). CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA (http://www.atsdr. cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html).
- Babu, N.S., Malik, J.K., Rao, G.S., Aggarwal, M., and Ranganathan, V. (2006a). Effects of subchronic malathion exposure on the pharmacokinetic disposition of pefloxacin. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 22: 167–171.
- Babu, N.S., Malik, J.K., Rao, G.S., Aggarwal, M., and Ranganathan, V. (2006b). Interactive alterations of arsenic and malathion in the disposition kinetics of pefloxacin. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50: 587–593.
- Bocquene, G., Bellanger, C., Cadiou, Y., and Galgani, F. (1995). Joint action of combinations of pollutants on the acetylcholinesterase activity of several marine species. Ecotoxicology 4: 266–279.
- Brocardo, P.S., Assini, F., Franco, J.L., Pandolfo, P., Muller, Y.M., Takahashi, R.N., Dafre, A.L., and Rodrigues, A.L. (2007). Zinc attenuates malathion-induced depressant-like behavior and confers neuroprotection in the rat brain. Toxicol. Sci. 97: 140–148.
- Brocardo, P.S., Pandolfo, P., Takahashi, R.N., Rodrigues, A.L., and Dafre, A.L. (2005). Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following acute exposure to malathion and/or zinc chloride. Toxicology 207: 283–291.
- Brown, S.A. (1996). Fluoroquinolones in animal health. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 19: 1–14.
- Budai, P., Fejes, S., Varnagy, L., Somlyay, I.M., and Szabo, Z.K. (2003). Teratogenicity test of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cd-sulphate in chicken embryos after administration as a single compound or in combination. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 68: 795–798.
- Buratti, F.M., D'Aniello, A., Volpe, M.T., Meneguz, A., and Testai, E. (2005). Malathion bioactivation in the human liver: The contribution of different cytochrome P450 isoforms. Drug Metab. Dispos. 33: 295–302.
- Caughlan, A., Newhouse, K., Namgung, U., and Xia, Z. (2004). Chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in rat cortical neurons that is regulated by a balance between p38 and ERK/JNK MAP kinases. Toxicol. Sci. 78: 125–134.
-
Dettbarn, W.-D., Milatovic, D., and Gupta, R.C. (2006). Oxidative stress in anticholinesterase-induced excitotoxicity. In: R.C. Gupta (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 511–532.
10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50037-5 Google Scholar
- Dogheim, S.M., Ashrafel, M.M., Alla, S.A., Khorshid, M.A., and Fahmy, S.M. (2004). Pesticides and heavy metals levels in Egyptian leafy vegetables and some aromatic medicinal plants. Food Addit. Contam. 21: 323–330.
- Durak, D., Uzun, F.G., Kalender, S., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., and Kalender, Y. (2009). Malathion-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro. Environ. Toxicol. 24: 235–242.
- Falkner, K.C., McCallum, G.P., Cherian, M.G., and Bend, J.R. (1993). Effects of acute sodium arsenite administration on the pulmonary chemical metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase and glutathione S-transferase in guinea pig: comparison with effects in liver and kidney. Chem–Biol Interact. 86: 51–68.
- Forget, J., Pavillon, J.F., Beliaeff, B., and Bocquene, G. (1999). Joint action of pollutant combinations (pesticides and metals) on survival (LC50 values) and acetylcholinesterase activity of Tigriopus brevicornis (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18: 912–918.
- Fortunato, J.J., Feier, G., Vitali, A.M., Petronilho, F.C., Dal-Pizzol, F., and Quevedo, J. (2006). Malathion-induced oxidative stress in rat brain regions. Neurochem. Res. 31: 671–678.
- Franco, J. L., Posser, T., Mattos, J.J., Trevisan, R., Brocardo, P.S., Rodrigues, A.L.S., Leal, R.B., Farina, M., Marques, M.R.F., Bainy, A.C.D., and Dafre, A.L. (2009). Zinc reverses malathion-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses. Toxicol. Lett. 187: 137–143.
- Gelal, A., Gumustekin, M., Kalkan, S., Guven, H., and Eminoglu, O. (2001). Effects of subchronic parathion exposure on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 62: 289–294.
- Goel, A., Chauhan, D.P., and Dhawan, D.K. (2000). Protective effects of zinc in chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxicity: a biochemical and trace elemental study. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 74: 171–183.
- Goel, A., Dani, V., and Dhawan, D.K. (2005). Protective effects of zinc on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and hepatic histoarchitecture in chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity. Chem–Biol Interact. 156: 131–140.
- Goel, A., Dani, V., and Dhawan, D.K. (2006). Role of zinc in mitigating the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on hematological alterations and electron microscopic observations in rat blood. Biometals 19: 483–492.
- Goel, A., Dani, V., and Dhawan, D.K. (2007). Zinc mediates normalization of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 169: 26–33.
-
Groten, J.P., Cassee, F.R., Van Bladeren, P.J., DeRosa, C., and Feron, V.J. (1999). Mixtures. In: H. Marguardt, S.G. Schafer, R. McClellan, and F. Welsch, (Eds), Toxicology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 257–270.
10.1016/B978-012473270-4/50071-7 Google Scholar
- Gupta, R.C., Welsch, F., Thornburg, J.E., and Paul, B.S. (1983). Effect of chloramphenicol pretreatment on malathion-induced acute toxicity in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 11: 897–905.
- Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., and Dettbarn, W.-D. (2001a). Nitric oxide (NO) modulates high-energy phosphates in rat brain regions with DFP or carbofuran: Prevention by PBN or vitamin E. Arch. Toxicol. 75: 346–356.
- Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., and Dettbarn, W.-D. (2001b). Protection by antioxidants of DFP- or carbofuran-induced depletion of high-energy phosphates and their metabolites in rat brain regions. Neurotoxicology 22: 217–282.
- Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., and Dettbarn, W.-D. (2002). Involvement of nitric oxide in myotoxicity produced by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP)-induced muscle hyperactivity. Arch. Toxicol. 76: 715–726.
-
Gupta, R.C. (2006). Classification and uses of organophosphates and carbamates. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 5–24.
10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50003-X Google Scholar
- Gupta, R.C. (2007). Placental toxicity. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 245–262.
- Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, S., Dettbarn, W.-D., Aschner, M., and Milatovic, D. (2007). Neuronal oxidative injury and dendritic damage induced by carbofuran: Protection by memantine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 219: 97–105.
- Gupta, R.C. (2009). Toxicology of the placenta. In: B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs, and T. Syversen, (Eds), General and Applied Toxicology, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
- Hazarika, A., Sarkar, S.N., Hajare, S., Kataria, M., and Malik, J.K. (2003). Influence of malathion pretreatment on the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study. Toxicology 185: 1–8.
- Institoris, L., Siroki, O., Desi, I., and Undeger, U. (1999). Immunotoxicological examination of repeated dose combined exposure by dimethoate and two heavy metals in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18: 88–94.
- Institoris, L., Siroki, O., Undeger, U., Basaran, N., Banerjee, B.D., and Desi, I. (2001). Detection of the effects of repeated dose combined propoxur and heavy metal exposure by measurement of certain toxicological, haematological and immune function parameters in rats. Toxicology 163: 185–193.
- Isea, G., Martinez, M.A., Martinez Larranaga, M.R., Diaz, M.J., and Anadon, A. (2003). Pharmacokinetic characteristics of pefloxacin and its metabolite N-dimethyl pefloxacin in chickens. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 26(Suppl 1): 113–114.
- Jacobs, J., Roussel, R., Roberts, M., Marek, D., Wood, S., Walton, H., Dwyer, B., Sinclair, P., and Sinclair, J. (1998). Effect of arsenite on induction of CYP1A and CYP2H in primary cultures of chick hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150: 376–382.
- Johnson, V.J., Rosenberg, A.M., Lee, K., and Blakley, B.R. (2002). Increased T-lymphocyte dependent antibody production in female SJL/J mice following exposure to commercial grade malathion. Toxicology 170: 119–129.
- Juhasz, E., Szabo, R., Keseru, M., Fejes, S., Budai, P., Kertesz, V., and Varnagy, L. (2005). Early embryogenesis study on a dimethoate containing formulation and Cd-sulphate in chicken embryos. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 70: 1075–1078.
- Kumar, S. (2001). Acute toxicity of aluminium chloride, acephate, and their coexposure in male Wistar rat. Int. J. Toxicol. 20: 219–223.
- Kutty, R.K., Daniel, R.F., Ryan, D.E., Levin, W., and Maines, M.D. (1988). Rat liver cytochrome P-450b and P-420c are degraded to biliverdin by heme oxygenase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 260: 638–644.
- Kwong, T.C. (2002). Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Ther. Drug Monit. 24: 144–149.
- Leblanc, J.C., Malmauret, L., Guerin, T., Bordet, F., Boursier, B., and Verger, P. (2000). Estimation of the dietary intake of pesticide residues, lead, cadmium, arsenic and radionuclides in France. Food Addit. Contam. 17: 925–932.
- Lee, H.K., Moon, J.K., Chang, C.H., Choi, H., Park, H.W., Park, B.S., Lee, H.S., Hwang, E.C., Lee, Y.D., Liu, K.H., and Kim, J.H. (2006). Stereoselective metabolism of endosulfan by human liver microsomes and human cytochrome P450 isoforms. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34: 1090–1095. [Erratum in Drug Metab. Dispos. (2007) 35: 829–830.]
- Lengyel, Z., Lukacs, A, Szabo, A., and Institoris, L. (2006). Neurotoxic and general effects of combined subchronic exposure of rats to insecticides and heavy metals. Acta Biol. Hung. 57: 423–432.
- Li, Q. (2007). New mechanism of organophosphorus pesticide-induced immunotoxicity. J Nippon Med. Sch. 74: 92–105.
- Li, Q., Kobayashi, M., and Kawada, T. (2007). Organophosphorus pesticides induce apoptosis in human NK cells. Toxicology 239: 89–95.
- Li, Q., Kobayashi, M., and Kawada, T. (2009). Chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in human T cells. Toxicology 255: 53–57.
- Lincoln, B.C., Aw, T.Y., and Bonkovsky, H.L. (1989). Heme catabolism in cultured hepatocytes: evidence that heme oxygenase is the predominant pathway and that a proportion of synthesised heme is converted rapidly to biliverdin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 992: 49–58.
- MacIntosh, D.L., Spengler, J.D., Ozkaynak, H., Tsai, L., and Ryan, P.B. (1996). Dietary exposures to selected metals and pesticides. Environ. Health Perspect. 104: 202–209.
- Malik, J.K., and Srivastava, A.K. (1987). Studies on the interaction between manganese and fenitrothion in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 36: 221–226.
- Malik, J.K., Aggarwal, M., and Rao, G.S. (2005). Induction of apoptosis by metals. In: S.J.S. Flora and R. Vijayaraghavan, (Eds), Role of Toxic Metals in Defence Electronics and Their Safety, DRDE, Gwalior, pp. 92–102.
- Malik, J.K., Rao, G.S., Ramesh, S., Muruganandan, S., Tripathi, H.C., and Shukla, D.C. (2002). Pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin in goats after intravenous or oral administration. Vet. Res. Commun. 26: 141–149.
- Mansour, S.A., and Mossa, A.T.H. (2009). Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes induced by chlorpyrifos and the protective effect of zinc. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 93: 34–39.
- Mansour, S.A., Belal, M.H., Abou-Arab, A.A., and Gad, M.F. (2009). Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in cucumber fruits produced from different farming systems. Chemosphere 75: 601–609.
- Maoud, L., Vijayasarathy, C., Fernandez-Cabezudo, M., Petroianu, G., and Saleh, A.M. (2003). Effect of malathion on apoptosis of murine L929 fibroblasts: a possible mechanism for toxicity in low dose exposure. Toxicology 185: 89–102.
- Maroni, M., Colosio, C., Feridi, A., and Fait, A. (2000). Organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicology 143: 9–37.
- Milatovic, D., Gupta, R.C., Dekundy, A., Montine, T.J., and Dettbarn, W.-D. (2005). Carbofuran-induced oxidative stress in slow and fast skeletal muscles: Prevention by memantine and atropine. Toxicology 208: 13–24.
- Milatovic, D., Gupta, R.C., Zaja-Milatovic, S., and Aschner, M. (2009). Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal injury. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 633–651.
- Nakadai, A., Li, Q., and Kawada, T. (2006). Chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in human monocyte cell line U937. Toxicology 224: 202–209.
- Naraharisetti, S.B., Aggarwal, M., Ranganathan, V., Sarkar, S.N., Kataria, M., and Malik, J.K. (2009). Effects of simultaneous repeated exposure at high levels of arsenic and malathion on hepatic drug-biotransforming enzymes in broiler chickens. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 28: 213–218.
- Naraharisetti, S.B., Aggarwal, M., Sarkar, S.N., and Malik, J.K. (2008). Concurrent subacute exposure to arsenic through drinking water and malathion via diet in male rats: effects on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch. Toxicol. 82: 543–551.
- Nasr, I.N., Sallam, A.A.A., and Abd El-Khair, A.A. (2007). Monitoring of certain pesticide residues and some heavy metals in fresh cow's milk at Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 7: 3038–3044.
- Noreault, T.L., Kostrubsky, V.E., Wood, S.G., Nichols, R.C., Strom, S.C., Trask, H.W., Wrighton, S.A., Evans, R.M., Jacobs, J.M., Sinclair, P.R., and Sinclair, J.F. (2005). Arsenite decreases CYP3A4 and RXRα in primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 33: 993–1003.
- Olgun, S., and Misra, H.P. (2006). Pesticides induced oxidative stress in thymocytes. Mol. Cell Biochem. 290: 137–144. [Erratum in Mol. Cell Biochem. (2007) 296:296.
- Ostrea, E.M., Morales, V., Ngoumgna, E., Prescilla, R., Tan, E., Hernandez, E., Ramirez, G.B., Cifra, H.L., and Manlapaz, M.L. (2002). Prevalence of fetal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by meconium analysis. Neurotoxicology 23: 329–339.
- Page, J.D., and Wilson, I.B. (1983). The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by arsenite and fluoride. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 226: 492–497.
- Pelkonen, O., Vähäkangas, K., and Gupta, R.C. (2006). Placental toxicity of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 463–480.
- Petri, W.A., Jr. (2001). Antimicrobial agents (continued): sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones and agents for urinary tract infections. In: J.G. Hardman, L.E. Limbird, and A.G. Gilman, (Eds), The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Goodman and Gilmans/McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1179–1188.
-
Pope, C.N. (2006). Central nervous system effects and neurotoxicity. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 271–291.
10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50021-1 Google Scholar
- Powell, S.R. (2000). The antioxidant properties of zinc. J. Nutr. 130: 1447S–1454S.
- Pulido, M.D., and Parrish, A.R. (2003). Metal-induced apoptosis: mechanisms. Mutat. Res. 533: 227–241.
- Puntarulo, S., and Cederbaum, A.I. (1988). Effect of oxygen concentration on microsomal oxidation of ethanol and generation of oxygen radicals. Biochem. J. 251: 787–794.
- Ramanathan, K., Shila, S., Kumaran, S., and Panneerselvam, C. (2003). Protective role of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol on arsenic-induced microsomal dysfunctions. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 22: 129–136.
- Rana, S.V. (2008). Metals and apoptosis: recent developments. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 22: 262–284.
- Saleh, A.M., Vijayasarathy, C., Fernandez-Cabezudo, M., Taleb, M., and Petroianu, G. (2003a). Influence of paraoxon (POX) and parathion (PAT) on apoptosis: a possible mechanism for toxicity in low-dose exposure. J. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 23–29.
- Saleh, A.M., Vijayasarathy, C., Masoud, L., Kumar, L., Shahin, A., and Kambal, A. (2003b). Paraoxon induces apoptosis in EL4 cells via activation of mitochondrial pathways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 190: 47–57.
- Selgrade, M.K. (2007). Immunotoxicity: the risk is real. Toxicol. Sci. 100: 328–332.
-
Sharma, R.P. (2006). Organophosphates, carbamates, and the immune system. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 495–507.
10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50036-3 Google Scholar
- Siller, F.R., Quintanilla-Vega, B., Cebrian, M.E., and Albores, A. (1997). Effects of arsenite pretreatment on the acute toxicity of parathion. Toxicology 116: 59–65.
- Sodhi, S., Sharma, A., and Brar, R.S. (2006). A protective effect of vitamin E and selenium in ameliorating the immunotoxicity of malathion in chicks. Vet. Res. Commun. 30: 935–942.
- Srikanth, N.S., and Seth, P.K. (1990). Alterations in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in brain and liver of rats coexposed to endosulfan and malathion. J. Appl. Toxicol. 10: 157–160.
-
Sultatos, L.G. (2006). Interaction of organophosphorus and carbamate compounds with cholinesterases. In: R.C. Gupta, (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 209–218.
10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50016-8 Google Scholar
- Varshneya, C., Bahga, H.S., and Sharma, L.D. (1986). Effect of dietary malathion on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing systems of Gallus domesticus. Toxicol. Lett. 31: 107–111.