Synthesis of AIN Nanopowder from γ-Al2O3 by Reduction–Nitridation in a Mixture of NH3–C3H8
Tomohiro Yamakawa,
Junichi Tatami,
Toru Wakihara,
Katsutoshi Komeya,
Takeshi Meguro,
Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie,
Shinichi Takagi,
Masahiro Yokouchi,
Tomohiro Yamakawa
Graduated School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorJunichi Tatami
Search for more papers by this authorToru Wakihara
Search for more papers by this authorKatsutoshi Komeya
Search for more papers by this authorTakeshi Meguro
Search for more papers by this authorKenneth J. D. MacKenzie
School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Search for more papers by this authorShinichi Takagi
Kanagawa Industrial Technology Research Institute, Evina 243-0435, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorMasahiro Yokouchi
Search for more papers by this authorTomohiro Yamakawa,
Junichi Tatami,
Toru Wakihara,
Katsutoshi Komeya,
Takeshi Meguro,
Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie,
Shinichi Takagi,
Masahiro Yokouchi,
Tomohiro Yamakawa
Graduated School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorJunichi Tatami
Search for more papers by this authorToru Wakihara
Search for more papers by this authorKatsutoshi Komeya
Search for more papers by this authorTakeshi Meguro
Search for more papers by this authorKenneth J. D. MacKenzie
School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Search for more papers by this authorShinichi Takagi
Kanagawa Industrial Technology Research Institute, Evina 243-0435, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorMasahiro Yokouchi
Search for more papers by this author The American Ceramic Society,
The American Ceramic Society
Search for more papers by this authorBook Author(s): The American Ceramic Society,
The American Ceramic Society
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 01 December 2009
Summary
Aluminum nitride (AlN) powders were synthesized by gas re-duction-nitridation of Y-AI2O3 using NH3 and C3H8 as the re-actant gases. This chapter focuses on the synthesis mechanism of AlN from A1203 have been carried out, based on phase analysis and microstructural observations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 27Al MAS NMR has also been used to investigate the formation mechanism of oxynitride ceramics such as AlON28'29 and SiAlON.30-33 NMR spectroscopy should also provide useful information on the formation of AlN by gas reduction-nitridation of y-Al203. The purpose of the chapter is to investigate the formation mechanism of nano AlN particles from a transition alumina, by gas reduction-nitridation using several analytical techniques including 27Al MAS NMR.
References
- V. A. Virkar, T. B. Jackson, and R. A. Cutler, “Thermodynamic and Kinetic Effects of Oxygen Removal on the Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Nitride,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72 [11] 2031–42 (1992).
- Y. Baik and R. A. L. Drew, “Aluminum Nitride: Processing and Applications Key,” Eng. Mater., 122–, 553–70 (1996).
- I. Kimura, K. Ichiya, M. Ishii, N. Hotta, and T. Kitamura, “Synthesis of Fine AlN Powder by a Floating Nitridation Technique Using an N2/NH3 Gas Mixture,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 8, 303–4 (1989).
- K. Komeya, N. Matsukaze, and T. Megro, “Synthesis of AlN by Direct Nitridation of Al alloys,” J Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 101, 1319–23 (1993).
- K. G. Nickel, R. Riedel, and G. Petzow, “Thermodynamic and Experimental Study of High-Purity Aluminum Nitride Formation from Aluminum Chloride by Chemical Vapor Deposition,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, 1804–10 (1989).
- J. R. Park, S.-W. Rhee, and K.-H. Lee, “Gas-Phase Synthesis of AlN Powders from A1C13–NH3–N2,” J. Mater. Sci., 28, 57–64 (1993).
- R. Riedel and K.-U. Gaudl, “Formation and Characterization of Amorphous Aluminum Nitride Powder and Transparent Aluminum Nitride Film by Chemical Vapor Deposition,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, 1331–4 (1991).
- R. Bachelared and P. Joubert, “Aluminum Nitride by Carbothermal Nitridation,” Mater Sci. Eng., A109, 247–51 (1989).
- P. Lefort and M. Billy, “Mechanism of AlN Formation Through the Carbothermal Reaction of Al2O3 in Flowing N2 Atmosphere,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 76, 2295–9(1993).
- H.-K. Chen, C.-I. Lin, and C. Lee, “Kinetics of the Reaction of Carbon/Alumina Powder Mixture in a Flowing Nitrogen Stream,” J. Am Ceram. Soc., 77, 1753–6 (1994).
- R. G. O'donnell and M. B. Trigg, “The Mechanism of Conversion of Al2O3 to AlN Via Carbothermal Synthesis,” Micron, 25, 575–9 (1994).
- A. Tsuge, H. Inoue, M. Kasori, and K. Shinozaki, “Raw Material Effect on AlN Powder Synthesis from Al2O3 Carbothermal Reaction,” J. Mater. Sci., 25, 2359–61 (1990).
- Y. W. Cho and J. A. Charles, “Synthesis of Nitrogen Ceramic Powders by Carbothermal Reaction and Nitridation: Part 3 Aluminum Nitride,” Mater. Sci. Techno I., 7, 495–504 (1991).
- D. Qian, T. Meguro, Z. Xiong, J. Xie, and K. Komeya, “Effect of AlN and Raw Materials on Synthesis of AlN Powder by Carbothermal Reaction-Nitridation,” J. Mater. Sci. Soc. Jpn., 32, 82–6 (1995) (in Japanese).
- K. Baba, N. Shohata, and M. Yonezawa, “Synthesis and Properties of Ultrafine AlN Powder by RF Plasma,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 54, 2309–11 (1989).
- M. Iwata, K. Adach, S. Furukawa, and T. Amakawa, “Synthesis of Purified AlN Nano Powder by Transferred Type Arc Plasma,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37, 1041–7 (2004).
- S. Yu, D. Li, H. Sun, H. Li, H. Yang, and G. Zou, “Microanalysis of Single-phase AlN Nanocrystals and AlN-Al Nanocomposites Prepared by DC Arc-Discharge,” J. Crystal Growth, 183, 284–8 (1998).
- F. J. Moura and R. J. Munz, “Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Nanosize Aluminum Nitride Particles Using a Two-Stage Transferred Arc Reactor,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [9] 2425–8 (1997).
- Y. Sakka, H. Okuyama, T. Uchikoshi, and S. Ohno, “Characterization of Degraded Surfaces of Al Ultrafine Powders,” NanoStruct. Mater., 5, 577–88 (1995).
- Y. Qiu and L. Gao, “Nitridation Reaction of Aluminum Powder in Flowing Ammonia,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 23, 2015–22 (2003).
- Y. Qiu and L. Gao, “Novel Way to Synthesis Nanocrystalline Aluminum Nitride from Coarse Aluminum Powder,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 86 [7] 1214–6 (2003).
- M.-C. Wang, N.-C. Wu, M.-S. Tasi, and H.-S. Liu, “Preparation and Characterization of AlN Powders in the AlCl3–NH3–N2 System,” J. Cryst. Growth., 216, 69–79 (2000).
- B. C. D. Lello, F. J. Moura, and I. G. Solorzano, “Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Scale Aluminum Nitride Produced from Vapor Phase,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 15, 67–9 (2001).
- S. Iwama, K. Hayakawa, and T. Arizumi, “Ultrafine Powders of TiN and AlN Produced by a Reactive Gas Evaporation Technique with Electron Beam Heating,” J. Crystal Growth, 56, 265–9 (1982).
- T. Suehiro, J. Tatami, T. Megro, S. Matsuo, and K. Komeya, “Synthesis of Spherical AlN Particles by Gas-Reduction–Nitridation Method,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22, 521–6 (2002).
- T. Suehiro, J. Tatami, T. Megro, K. Komeya, and S. Matsuo, “Aluminum Nitride Fibers Synthesized from Alumina Fibers Using Gas-Reduction–Nitridation Method,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85 [3] 715–7 (2002).
- T. Suehiro, N. Hirosaki, R. Terao, J. Tatami, T. Megro, and K. Komeya, “Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder by Gas-Reduction-Nitridation Method,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 86 [6] 1046–8 (2003).
- J. Y. Kim, M. A. Sriram, P. H. Mcmichael, P. N. Kumta, B. L. Phillips, and S. H. Risbud, “New Molecular Precursors from the Reaction of Hydrazine and Aluminum Alkoxide for the Synthesis of Powders in the A1–O–N System,” J. Phys. Chem. B., 101 [24] 4689–96 (1997).
- M. E. Smith, “Observation of Mixed Al(O, N)4 Structural Units by 27Al Magic Angle Spinning NMR,” J. Phys. Chem., 96, 1444–8 (1992).
- T. C. Ekstroem, K. J. D. MacKenzie, V. V. White, I. W. M. Brown, and G. C. Barris, “Volatile Products Formed by Carboreduction and Nitridation of Clay Mixtures with Sillica and Elemental Silicon,” J. Mater. Chem., 96, 1225–30(1996).
- K. J. D. MacKenzie, R. H. Meinhold, G. V. White, C. M. Sheppard, and B. L. Sherriff, “Carbothermal Formation of β'-Sialon from Kaolinite and Halloysite Studied by 29Si and 27Al Solid State MAS NMR,” J. Mater. Sci., 29 [10] 2611–9 (1994).
- K. J. D. MacKenzie, “Solid State Multinuclear NMR: A Versatile Tool for Studying the Reactivity of Solid Systems,” State Ionics, 172, 383–88 (2004).
- T. Brauniger, P. Kemptens, R. K. Harris, A. P. Howes, K. Liddell, and D. P. Thompson, “A Combined 14 N/27A1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Powder X- ray Diffraction Study of Impurity Phase in β'-Sialon Ceramics,” Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson., 23 [1–2] 62–76 (2003).
- I. V. Nicolaescu, G. Tardos, and R. E. Riman, “Thermogravimetric Determination of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Aluminum Nitride,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77 [9] 2265–72 (1994).
- N. Hashimoto, Y. Sawada, T. Bando, H. Yoden, and S. Deki, “Preparation of Aluminum Nitride Powder from Aluminum Polynuclear Complexes,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74 [6] 1282–6 (1991).
- E. Ponthieu, P. Grange, B. Delmon, L. Lonnoy, L. Leclercq, R. Bechara, and J. Grimblot, “Proposal of a Composition Model for Commercial AlN Powder,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 8, 233–41 (1991).
- G. A. Slack, “Nonmetallic Crystals with High Thermal Conductivity,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids., 34, 321–35 (1973).
- K. J. D. MacKenzie and M. E. Smith, Multinuclear Solid State NMR of Inorganic Materials, Pergamon Series in Materials Science, Vol. 6. Pergamon/Elsevier, Oxford, 2002.
- J. J. Fitzgerald, S. D. Kohl, and G. Piedra, “Observation of Four-Coordinate Aluminum Oxynitride (AlO4–xNx) Environments in AlON Solids by MAS 27Al NMR at 14 T,” Chem. Mater., 6, 1915–7 (1994).
- X. M. Min, Y. Daiand, and C. W. Nan, “Structures of γ-Al2O3 and AlON Studied by 27Al NMR and Quantum Chemistry Calculations,” Acta Metal. Sin., 12 [4] 372–6 (1999).
- G. Yamaguchi and H. Yanagida, “Study on the Reductive Spinel—A New Spinel Formula AlN-Al2O3 Instead of the Previous One Al3O4,” Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 32 [11] 1264–5 (1959).
- G. Gutiérrez and B. Johansson, “Molecular Dynamic Study of Structural Properties of Amorphous Al2O3,” Phys. Rev. B., 65, 1042021–9 (2002).
- H. P. Pinto, R. M. Nieminen, and S. D. Elliott, “Ab Initio Study of γ-Al2O3 Surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B., 70, 1254021–11 2004.
- F. H. Streitz and J. W. Mintmire, “Energetics of Aluminum Vacancies in Gamma Alumina,” Phys. Rev. B., 60, 773–7 (1999).
- S.-D. Mo, Y.-N. Xu, and W.-Y. Ching, “Electronic and Structural Properties of Bulk γ-Al203,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [5] 1193–7 (1997).
- G. Gutiérrez, A. Taga, and B. Johansson, “Thermal Structure Determination of γ-Al2O3,” Phys. Rev. B., 65, 012101l–4 (2001).
