This chapter contains sections titled:

• Introduction

• Laser-induced High-energy Photon Emission from Transparent Materials

  • Emission of Extreme Ultraviolet Light and Soft X-ray

  • Fundamental Mechanisms Leading to High-energy Photon Emission

  • Characteristic X-ray Intensity as a Function of Atomic Number

• Characteristics of Hard X-ray Emission from Transparent Materials

  • Experimental Setups for Laser-induced Hard X-ray Emission

  • Effects of Air Plasma and Sample Self-absorption

  • Multi-photon Absorption and Effects of the Addition of Electrolytes

  • Multi-shot Effects on Solid Materials

  • Pre-pulse Irradiation Effects on Aqueous Solutions

• Possible Applications

  • X-ray Imaging

  • Elemental Analysis by X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

  • Ultra-fast X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

• Summary