Biodegradation of Synthetic and Biological Polymers Used in Engineering and Construction
Part 10. General Aspects and Special Applications
Prof. Ji-Dong Gu,
Prof. Ji-Dong Gu
- [email protected]
- (852) (0) 2299-0605 | Fax: (852) (0) 2517-6082
The University of Hong Kong, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, The People's Republic of China
The University of Hong Kong, The Swire Institute of Marine Science, Shek O, Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, The People's Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Ji-Dong Gu,
Prof. Ji-Dong Gu
- [email protected]
- (852) (0) 2299-0605 | Fax: (852) (0) 2517-6082
The University of Hong Kong, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, The People's Republic of China
The University of Hong Kong, The Swire Institute of Marine Science, Shek O, Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, The People's Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Introduction
- Historical Outline
- Bacterial Adhesion on Surfaces
- Factors Affecting Adhesion
- External Environmental Factors
- Ecological and Economic Implication of Bacterial Adhesion
- Factors Affecting Adhesion
- Deterioration of Biopolymers and Synthetic Polymers
- Biopolymers
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates
- Lignin, Cellulose and Wood
- Modified Biopolymers
- Synthetic Polymeric Materials used in Engineering and Construction
- Electronic Insulation: Polyimides
- Fiber-reinforced Polymeric Composite Materials (FRPCMs)
- Corrosion-Protective Coatings
- Polyethylene
- Polypropylene
- Polyvinyl Chloride
- Biopolymers
- Methods to Assess Biodegradation and Biodeterioration
- Biodegradation and Disintegration
- Partial Degradation
- Sensitive Detection of Resistivity Changes
- Respirometry
- Hydrolysis
- Electrochemical Resistivity
- Coupling the Microorganisms Involved and the Mechanisms of Degradation
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
References
- Agarwal, B. D., Broutman, L. J. (1990) Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites (2nd edn.), New York: John Wiley.
- Akutsu, Y., Nakajima-Kambe, T., Nomura, N., Nakahara, T. (1998) Purification and properties of a polyester polyurethane-degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 62–67.
- Albertsson, A.-C. (1980) The shape of the biodegradation curve for low and high density polyethylenes in prolonged series of experiments, Eur. Polymer J. 16, 623–630.
- Albertsson, A.-C., Andersson, S. O., Karlsson, S. (1987) The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 18, 73–87.
- Albertsson, A.-C., Barenstedt, C., Karlsson, S. (1994) Abiotic degradation products from enhanced environmentally degradable polyethylene, Acta Polym. 45, 97–103.
- Alexander, M. (1977) Introduction to Soil Microbiology (2nd edn.), New York: John Wiley.
- Amann, R. I., Ludwig, W., Schleifer, K.-H. (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation, Microbiol. Rev. 59, 143–169.
- Anderson, A. J., Dowes, E. A. (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates, Microbiol. Rev. 54, 450–472.
- Andrady, A. L., Pegram, J. E., Nakatsuka, S. (1993) Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. 1. The geographic variability in outdoor lifetimes of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 31–43.
- Angles, M. L., Marshall, K. C., Goodman, A. E. (1993) Plasmid transfer between marine bacteria in the aqueous phase and biofilms in reactor microcosms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 843–850.
- Ania, F., Dunkel, M., Bayer, R. K., Baltá-Calleja, F. J. (2002) Microhardness and water sorption in injection-molded starch, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 1246–1252.
- Arendt, W. D. (1992) Benzoic acid ester plasticizers and modifiers, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 379–395.
- Arino, X., Hernandez-Marine, M., Saiz-Jimenez, C. (1997) Colonization of Roman tombs by calcifying cyanobacteria, Phycologia 36, 366–373.
- ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (1993a) Standard test method for determining the aerobic biodegradability of degradable plastics by specific microorganisms, in: 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 08.03, D5247-92, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 401–404.
- ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). (1993b) Standard test method for assessing the aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an activated-sludge-wastewater-treatment system, in: 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 08.03, D5271-92, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 411–416.
- ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (1993c) Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions, in: 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 08.03, D5338-92, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 444–449.
- ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (1993d) Standard practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to fungi, in: 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 08.03, G21-90, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 527–529.
- ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). (1993e) Standard practice for determining resistance of plastics to bacteria, in: 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 08.03, G22-76, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 531–533.
- Atlas, R. M., Bartha, R. (1997) Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications (4th edn.). Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing.
- Aucejo, S., Marco, C., Gavara, R. (1999) Water effect on the morphology of EVOH copolymers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 74, 1201–1206.
- Balow, A., Trüper, H. G., Dworkin, M., Harder, W., Schleifer, K.-H. (1992) The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, identification, Applications, Vols. I−IV. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Barlaz, M. A., Ham, R. K., Schaefer, D. M. (1989a) Mass-balance analysis of anaerobically decomposed refuse, J. Environ. Eng. 115, 1088–1102.
- Barlaz, M. A., Schaefer, D. M., Ham, R. K. (1989b) Bacterial population development and chemical characterization of refuse decomposition in a simulated sanitary landfill, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 55–65.
- Basu, D., Datta, C., Banerjee, A. (2002) Biodegradability, mechanical properties, melt flow index, and morphology of polypropylene/amylose/amylose-ester blends, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 1434–1442.
- Becker, T. W., Feumbein, W. E., Warscheid, T., Resende, M. A. (1994) Investigation into microbiology, in: Investigations into Devices Against Environmental Attack on Stone ( G. M. Herkenrath, Ed.), Geesthacht, Germany: GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, 147–190.
- Berekaa, M. M., Lino, A., Reichelt, R., Keller, U., Steinbüchel, A. (2000) Effect of pretreatment of rubber material on its biodegradability by various rubber degrading bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184, 199–206.
- Bérenger, J.-F., Frixon, C., Bigliardi, J., Creuzet, N. (1985) Production, purification and properties of thermostable xylanase from Clostridium stercorarium, Can. J. Microbiol. 31, 635–643.
- Beveridge, T. J., Makin, S. A., Kadurugamuwa, J. L., Li, Z. (1997) Interactions between biofilms and the environment, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 20, 291–303.
- Bitton, G. (1980) Adsorption of viruses to surfaces: technological and ecological implications, in: Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces ( G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 331–374.
- Blake II, R. C., Norton, W. N., Howard, G. T. (1998) Adherence and growth of a Bacillus species on an insoluble polyester polyurethane, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 42, 63–73.
- Blanchette, R. A. (1995) Biodeterioration of archaeological wood, Biodeter. Abstr. 9, 113–127.
- Bogan, R. T., Brewer, R. T. (1985) Cellulose esters, organic, in: Encyclopedia of Polymers Science and Engineering (2nd edn.) (Kroschwitz, J. I., Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 158–181.
- Bokobza, L., Rapoport, O. (2002) Reinforcement of natural rubber, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 2301–2316.
- Bonet, R., Simon-Pujol, M. D., Congregado, F. (1993) Effects of nutrients on exopolysaccharide production and surface properties of Aeromonas salmonicida, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2437–2441.
-
Boone, D. R.,
Castenholz, G. M.
(2001)
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd edn.) New York: Springer.
10.1007/978-0-387-21609-6 Google Scholar
- Bos, R., van der Mei, H. C., Busscher, H. J. (1999) Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesion interactions – its mechanisms and methods for study, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 23, 179–230.
- Bouwer, E. J. (1992) Bioremediation of organic contaminants in the subsurface, in: Environmental Microbiology ( R. Mitchell, Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 319–333.
- Brandl, H., Gross, R. A., Lenz, R. W., Fuller, R. C. (1988) Pseudomonas oleovorans as a source of poly(β−hydroxyalkanoates) for potential application as biodegradable polyesters, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 1977–1982.
- Breslin, V. T. (1993) Degradation of starch-plastic composites in a municipal solid waste landfill, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 127–141.
- Breslin, V. T., Swanson, R. L. (1993) Deterioration of starch-plastic composite in the environment, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 43, 325–335.
- Breznak, J. A. (1984) Activity on surfaces, in: Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation ( K. C. Marshall, Ed.), Dahlem Konferenzen. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 203–221.
-
Brown, G. A.
(1982)
Implications of electronic and ionic conductivities of polyimide films in integrated circuit fabrication, in: Polymer Materials for Electronic Applications, ACS Symposium Series No. 184, ( E. D. Feit, C. W. Wilkins, Eds.), Washington DC: American Chemical Society,
151–169.
10.1021/bk-1982-0184.ch012 Google Scholar
- Brune, A., Frenzel, P., Cypionka, H. (2000) Life at the oxic–anoxic interface: microbial activities and adaptations, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24, 691–710.
- Brydson, J. (1999) Plastics materials (7th edn.). Woburn, Massachusetts: Butterworth Heinemann.
- Bryers, J. D. (1990) Biofilms in biotechnology, in: Biofilms ( W. G. Characklis, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 733–773.
- Bryers, J. D. (1994) Biofilms and the technological implications of microbial cell adhesion, Colloidal Surf. B: Biointerfaces 2, 9–23.
- Bryers, J. D., Characklis, W. G. (1990) Biofilms in water and wastewater treatment, in: Biofilms ( W. G. Characklis, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 671–696.
- Buchanan, C. M., Gardner, R. M., Komarek, R. J. (1993) Aerobic biodegradation of cellulose acetate, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 47, 1709–1719.
- Budwill, K., Fedorak, P. M., Page, W. J. (1992) Methanogenic degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1398–1401.
- Busscher, H. J., Weerkamp, A. H., van der Mei, H. C., van Pelt, A. W. J., de Jong, H. P., Arends, J. (1984) Measurement of the surface free energy of bacterial cell surfaces and its relevance for adhesion, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48, 980–983.
- Busscher, H. J., Sjollema, J., van der Mei, H. C. (1990) Relative importance of surface free energy as a measure of hydrophobicity in bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces, in: Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ( R. J. Doyle, M. Rosenberg, Eds.), Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 335–339.
-
Byrom, D.
(1991)
Miscellaneous biomaterials, in: Biomaterials: Novel Materials From Biological Sources ( D. Byrom, Ed.), New York: Macmillan,
335–359.
10.1007/978-1-349-11167-1 Google Scholar
- Cacciari, I., Quatrini, P., Zirletta, G., Mincione, E., Vinciguerra, V., Lupattelli, P., Sermanni, G. G. (1993) Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3695–3700.
- Caldwell, D. E., Lawrence, J. R. (1986) Growth kinetics of Pseudomonas fluorescens microcolonies within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments, Microb. Ecol. 12, 299–312.
- Caldwell, D. E., Wolfaaedt, G. M., Korber, D. R., Lawrence, J. R. (1997) Do bacterial communities transcend Darwinism? Adv. Microb. Ecol. 15, 105–191.
- Callow, M. E., Fletcher, R. L. (1994) The influence of low surface energy materials on bioadhension – a review, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 34, 333–348.
- Chahal, P. S., Chahal, D. S., André, G. (1992) Cellulase production profile of Trichoderma reesei on different celllulosic substrates at various pH levels, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 74, 126–128.
- Characklis, W. G. (1990) Microbial fouling, in: Biofilms ( W. G. Characklis, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 523–584.
- Cheung, K. H., Gu, J.-D. (2002c) Bacterial color response to hexavalent Chromium, Cr6+, J. Microbiol. 40, 234–236.
- Choi, M. H., Yoon, S. C. (1994) Polyester biosynthesis characteristics of Pseudomonas citronellolis grown on various carbon sources, including 3-methyl-branched substrates, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3245–3254.
- Costerton, J. W., Geesey, G. G., Cheng, K.-J. (1978) How bacteria stick, Sci. Am. 238, 86–95.
- Costerton, J. W., Lewandowski, Z., DeBeer, D., Caldwell, D., Korber, D., James, G. (1994) Biofilms, the customized microniche, J. Bacteriol. 176, 2137–2142.
- Costerton, J. W., Lewandowski, Z., Caldwell, D. E., Korber, D. R., Lappin-Scott, H. M. (1995) Microbial biofilms, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49, 711–745.
- Crabbe, J. R., Campbell, J. R., Thompson, L., Walz, S. L., Scultz, W. W. (1994) Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 33, 103–113.
- Cromwick, A.-M., Gross, R. A. (1995) Investigation by NMR of metabolic routes to bacterial α-poly(glutamic acid) using 13C-labelled citrate and glutamate as media carbon source, Can. J. Microbiol. 41, 902–909.
- Cunningham, A. B., Bouwer, E. J., Characklis, W. G. (1990) Biofilms in porous media, in: Biofilms ( W. G. Characklis, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 697–732.
- Cunningham, A. M., Characklis, W. G., Abedeen, F., Crawford, D. (1991) Influence of biofilm accumulation on porous media hydrodynamics, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1305–1311.
- Dalton, H. M., Poulsen, L. K., Halasz, P., Angles, M. L., Goodman, A. E., Marshall, K. C. (1994) Substratum-induced morphological changes in a marine bacterium and their relevance to biofilm structure, J. Bacteriol. 176, 6900–6906.
- Davey, M. E., O'Toole, G. A. (2000) Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics, Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 64, 847–867.
- Davies, D. G., Parsek, M. R., Pearson, P., Iglewski, B. H., Costerton, J. W., Greenberg, E. P. (1998) The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm, Science 280, 295–298.
- Dlubek, G., Redmann, F., Krause-Rehberg, R. (2002) Humidity-induced plasticization and antiplasticization of polyamide 6: A positron lifetime study of the local free volume, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 84, 244–255.
- Dobbins, J. J., Giammara, B. L., Hanker, J. S., Yates, P. E., DeVries, W. C. (1989) Demonstration of the bacterial-biomaterial interface in implant specimens, in: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society, 337–348, Vol. 110.
- Doi, Y. (1990) Microbial Polyesters, New York: VCH.
- Donlan, R. M. (2002) Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces, Emerging Infect. Dis. 8, 881–890.
- Downing, K. M., Ho, C. S., Zabriskie, D. W. (1987) Enzymatic production of ethanol from cellulose using soluble cellulose acetate as an intermediate, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29, 1086–1096.
- Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H., Stackebrandt, E. (2001) The Prokaryotes: An Evolving Electronic Resource for the Microbiological Community (3rd edn.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Dwyer, D., Tiedje, J. M. (1983) Degradation of ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols by methanogenic consortia, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46, 185–190.
- Edenbaum, J. (1992) Benzyl phthalate plasticizers, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 416–419.
- Edwards, D. P., Nevell, T. G., Plunkett, B. A., Ochiltree, B. C. (1994) Resistance to marine fouling of elastomeric coatings of some poly(dimethylsiloxanes) and poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxanes), Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 34, 349–359.
- El-Sayed, A. H. M. M., Mohmoud, W. M., Davis, E. M., Coughlin, R. W. (1996) Biodegradation of polyurethane coatings by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 37, 69–79.
- Ezeonu, I. M., Noble, J. A., Simmons, R. B., Price, D. L., Crow, S. A., Ahearn, D. G. (1994a) Effect of relative humidity on fungal colonization of fiberglass insulation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 2149–2151.
- Ezeonu, I. M., Price, D. L., Simmons, R. B., Crow, S. A., Ahearn, D. G. (1994b) Fungal production of volatiles during growth on fiberglass, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 4172–4173.
- Fan, Y., Cheng, S. P., Gu, J.-D. (2001) Degradation of phthalic acid and dimethyl phthalate ester by an aerobic enrichment of microorganisms, in: IWA Asia Environmental Technology 2001 ( D. D. Sun, F. Wilson, Eds.), Singapore: Nanyang University of Technology, 547–554.
- Feng, Y., Klee, D., Höcker, H. (2002) Biodegradable block copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(glycolic acid-valine) blocks, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2916–2919.
-
Fenchel, T.,
Finlay, B. J.
(1995)
Ecology and Evolution in Anoxic Worlds, New York: Oxford University Press.
10.1093/oso/9780198548386.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Filip, Z. (1978) Decomposition of polyurethane in a garbage landfill leakage water and by soil microorganisms, Eur. J Appl. Microbiol. 5, 225–231.
- Flemming, H.-C., Schaule, G., McDonogh, R., Ridgway, H. F. (1994) Effects and extent of biofilm accumulation in membrane systems, in: Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems ( G. G. Geesey, Z. Lewandowski, H.-C. Flemming, Eds.), Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers, 63–89.
- Fletcher, M. (1996) Bacterial attachment in aquatic environments: a diversity of surfaces and adhesion strategies, in: Bacterial Adhesion: Molecular and Ecological Diversity ( M Fletcher, Ed.), New York: Wiley-Liss, 1–24.
- Fletcher, M., Loeb, G. I. (1979) Influence of substratum characteristics on the attachment of a marine Pseudomonad to solid surfaces, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37, 67–72.
- Ford, T. E. (1993) The microbial ecology of water distribution and outfall systems, in: Aquatic Microbiology: An Ecological Approach ( T. E. Ford, Ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Blackwell Scientific, 455–482.
- Ford, T., Mitchell, R. (1990) The ecology of microbial corrosion, Adv. Microb. Ecol. 11, 231–262.
- Ford, T., Sacco, E., Black, J., Kelley, T., Goodacre, R., Berkley, R. C. W., Mitchell, R. (1991) Characterization of exopolymers of aquatic bacteria by pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1595–1601.
- Ford, T., Maki, J., Mitchell, R. (1995) Metal-microbe interactions, in: Bioextraction and Biodeterioration of Metals ( C. C. Gaylarde, H. A. Videla, Eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 1–23.
-
Frazer, A. C.
(1994)
O-methylation and other transformations of aromatic compounds by acetogenic bacteria, in: Acetogenesis ( H. L. Drake, Ed.), New York: Chapman & Hall,
445–483.
10.1007/978-1-4615-1777-1_17 Google Scholar
- Freeman, C., Lock, M. A. (1995) The biofilm polysaccharide matrix: a buffer against changing organic substrate supply? Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 273–278.
- Frings, J., Schramm, E., Schink, B. (1992) Enzymes involved in anaerobic polyethylene glycol degradation by Pelobacter venetianus and Bacteroides Strain PG1, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2164–2167.
- Fuchs, D. R., Popall, M., Römich, H., Schmidt, H. (1991) Preservation of stained glass windows: new materials and techniques, in: Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage ( N. S. Baer, C. Sabbioni, A. I. Sors, Eds.), Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann, 679–683.
-
Galìp, H.,
HasìpoÈlu, H.,
Gündüz, G.
(1999)
Flame-retardant polyester,
J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 74,
2906–2910.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991213)74:12<2906::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-3 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Gamerith, G., Groicher, R., Zeilinger, S., Herzog, P., Kubicek, C.P. (1992) Cellulase-poor xylanases produced by Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 on hemicellulose substrates, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38, 315–322.
- Gao, S.-L., Kim, J.-K. (2002) Correlation among crystalline morphology of PEEK, interface bond strength, and in-plane mechanical properties of carbon/PEEK composites, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 84, 1155–1167.
- Gazenko, O. G., Grigoryev, A. I., Bugrov, S. A., Yegorov, V. V., Bogomolov, V. V., Kozlovskaya, I. B., Tarasov, I. K. (1990) Review of the major results of medical research during the flight of the second prime crew of the Mir space station, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina (Russian) 23, 3–11 (in Russian).
- Ge, J., Wu, R., Shi, X., Yu, H., Wang, M., Li, W. (2002) Biodegradable polyurethane materials form bark and starch. II. Coating material for controlled-release fertilizer, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2948–2952.
- Geesey, G. G., White, D. C. (1990) Determination of bacterial growth and activity at solid-liquid interfaces, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44, 579–602.
- Geesey, G. G., Gills, R. J., Avci, R., Daly, D., Hamilton, M., Shope, P., Harkon, G. (1996) The influence of surface features on bacterial colonization and subsequent substratum chemical changed of 316L stainless steel, Corrosion Sci. 38, 73–95.
- Gehrke, T., Telegdi, J., Thierry, D., Sand, W. (1998) Importance of extracellular polymeric substances from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for bioleaching, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 2743–2747.
- Gill, R. M. (1972) Carbon Fibers in Composite Materials, London: Iliffe Books.
- Gitel'zon, I. I., Manukovskiy, N. S., Pan'kova, I. M., Pasadskaya, M. N., Somova, L. A., Tirranen, L. S. (1981) Mikrobiologicheskiye Problemy Zamkuutykh Ekologicheskikh System (Microbiological Aspect of Closed Ecological Systems), Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk: Nauka Publishing House.
- Gillatt, J. (1990) The biodeterioration of polymer emulsions and its prevention with biocides, Int. Biodeter. 26, 205–216.
- Gillis, R. J., Gillis, J. R. (1996) A comparative study of bacterial attachment to high-purity water system surfaces, Ultrapure Water 9, 27–36.
- Gilmore, D. F., Antoun, S., Lenz, R. W., Goodwin, S., Austin, R., Fuller, R. C. (1992) The fate of biodegradable plastics in municipal leaf compost, J. Indust. Microbiol. 10, 199–206.
- Gilmore, D. F., Antoun, S., Lenz, R. W., Fuller, R. C. (1993) Degradation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) and polyolefin blends in a municipal wastewater treatment facility, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 269–274.
- Gott, S. L. (1992) Terephthalate and isobutyrate plasticizers, in: Plastics additives and modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 401–410.
- Green, J. (1992) Phosphate ester plasticizers, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 448–460.
- Griffin, G. J. L., Uribe, M. (1986) Biodegradation of plasticized polyvinyl chloride, in: Biodeterioration 6 ( S. Barry, D. R. Houghton, Eds.), U.K.: CAB International, 648–657.
- Gross, R. A., Gu, J.-D., Eberiel, D., Nelson, M., McCarthy, S. P. (1993) Cellulose acetate biodegradability in simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactors as well as by a bacterial isolate derived from compost, in: Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging ( D. Kaplan, E. Thomas, C. Ching, Eds.), Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 257–279.
- Gross, R. A., Gu, J.-D., Eberiel, D., McCarthy, S. P. (1995a) Laboratory scale composting test methods to determine polymer degradability: model studies on cellulose acetate, in: Degradable Polymers, Recycling and Plastics Waste Management ( A. Albertson, S. Huang, Eds.), New York: Marcel Dekker, 21–36.
- Gross, R. A., Gu, J.-D., Eberiel, D., McCarthy, S. P. (1995b) Laboratory scale composting test methods to determine polymer biodegradability: model studies on cellulose acetate, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. A32, 613–628.
- Gu, J.-D. (1999a) Microbial corrosion of metals and deterioration of polymeric materials, J. Mater. Eng. July, 3–7.
- Gu, J.-D. (1999b) Environmental biotechnology: development and perspectives, Biotechnol. Inf. 15, 8–12.
- Gu, J.-D., Berry, D. F. (1991) Degradation of substituted indoles by an indole-degrading methanogenic consortium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57 2622–2627.
- Gu, J.-D., Berry, D. F. (1992) Metabolism of 3-methylindole by a methanogenic consortium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2667–2669.
- Gu, J.-D., Cheung, K. H. (2001) Phenotypic expression of Vogesella indigofera upon exposure to hexavalent chromium, Cr6+, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 475–480.
- Gu, J.-D., Mitchell, R. (1995) Microbiological influenced corrosion of metal, degradation and deterioration of polymeric materials of space application, Chinese J. Mater. Res. 9(suppl., 473–489 (in English).
- Gu, J.-D., Mitchell, R. (2001) Biodeterioration, in: The Prokaryotes: An Evolving Electronic Resource for the Microbiological Community (3rd edn.) (Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H., Stackebrandt, E., Eds.), New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Gu, J.-D., Mitchell, R. (2002) Indigenous microflora and opportunistic pathogens of the freshwater zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, Hydrobiologia 474, 81–90.
- Gu, J.-D., Berry, D. F., Taraban, R. H., Martens, D. C., Walker, Jr., H. L., Edmonds, W. J. (1992a) Biodegradability of Atrazine, Cyanazine, and Dicamba in Wetland Soils, Bull. No. 172. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Water Resource Research Center.
- Gu, J.-D., Gada, M., Kharas, G., Eberiel, D., McCarty, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1992b) Degradability of cellulose acetate (1.7 and 2.5, d.s.) and poly(lactide) in simulated composting bioreactors, Polymer Mater.: Sci. Eng. 67, 351–352.
- Gu, J.-D., McCarty, S. P., Smith, G. P., Eberiel, D., Gross, R. A. (1992c) Degradability of cellulose acetate (1.7, d.s.) and cellophane in anaerobic bioreactors, Polymer Mater.: Sci. Eng. 67, 230–231.
- Gu, J.-D., Coulter, S., Eberiel, D., McCarthy, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1993a) A respirometric method to measure mineralization of polymeric materials in a matured compost environment, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 293–299.
- Gu, J.-D., Eberiel, D. T., McCarthy, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1993b) Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 143–153.
- Gu, J.-D., Eberiel, D., McCarthy, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1993c) Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic composting environment, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 281–291.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Thorp, K. E. G., Mitchell, R. (1994a) Microbial degradation of polymeric materials, in: Proceedings of the Tri-Service Conference on Corrosion ( T. Naguy, Ed.), Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing House, 291–302.
- Gu, J.-D., Yang, S., Welton, R., Eberiel, D., McCarthy, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1994b) Effects of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 2, 129–135.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Mitton, B., Mitchell, R. (1995a) Microbial degradation of complex polymeric materials used as insulation in electronic packaging materials. Corrosion/95, Paper No. 202. Houston, Texas: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Thorp, K. E. G., Mitchell, R. (1995b) Microbial biodeterioration of fiber reinforced composite materials, in: 1995 International Conference on Microbial Influenced Corrosion ( P. Angell, S. W. Borenstein, R. A. Buchanan, S. C. Dexter, N. J. E. Dowling, B. J. Little, C. D. Lundin, M. B. McNeil, D. H. Pope, R. E. Tatnall, D. C. White, H. G. Zigenfuss, Eds.), Houston, Texas: NACE International, 25/ 1–7.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T., Thorp, K., Mitchell, R. (1996a) Microbial growth on fiber reinforced composite materials, Int. Biodeter. Degrad. 39, 197–204.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Mitchell, R. (1996b) Susceptibility of electronic insulating polyimides to microbial degradation, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 62, 1029–1034.
- Gu, J.-D., Lu, C., Thorp, K., Crasto, A., Mitchell, R. (1996c) Susceptibility of polymeric coatings to microbial degradation. Corrosion/96, Paper No. 275. Houston, Texas: NACE International.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Berke, N. S., Mitchell, R. (1996d) Fungal degradation of concrete, in: Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, DECHEMA Monographs, Vol. 133 (Sand, W., Ed.), Frankfurt, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 135–142.
- Gu, J.-D., Lu, C., Thorp, K., Crasto, A., Mitchell, R. (1997a) Fungal degradation of fiber-reinforced composite materials, Materials Performance 36, 37–42.
- Gu, J.-D., Lu, C., Thorp, K., Crasto, A., Mitchell, R. (1997b) Fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials are susceptible to microbial degradation, J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18, 364–369.
- Gu, J.-D., Maki, J. S., Mitchell, R. (1997c) Microbial biofilms and their role in the induction and inhibition of invertebrate settlement, in: Zebra Mussel and Other Aquatic Nuisance Species ( F. M. D'Itri, Ed.), Chelsea, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press, 343–357.
- Gu, J.-D., Mitton, D. B., Ford, T. E., Mitchell, R. (1998a) Microbial degradation of polymeric coatings measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Biodegradation 9, 35–39.
- Gu, J.-D., Roman, M., Esselman, T., Mitchell, R. (1998b) The role of microbial biofilms in deterioration of space station candidate materials, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 41, 25–33.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Berke, N. S., Mitchell, R. (1998c) Biodeterioration of concrete by the fungus Fusarium, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 41, 101–109.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Mitchell, R. (2000a) Microbial corrosion of metals, in: The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook (2nd edn.) (Revie, W., Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 915–927.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E, Mitton, D. B., Mitchell, R. (2000b) Microbial degradation and deterioration of polymeric materials, in: The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook (2nd edn.) (Revie, W., Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 439–460.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Mitchell, R. (2000c) Microbial corrosion of concrete, in: The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook (2nd edn.) (Revie, W., Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 477–491.
- Gu, J.-D., Ford, T. E., Mitchell, R. (2000d) Microbial degradation of materials: general processes, in: The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook (2nd edn.) (Revie, W., Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 349–365.
- Gu, J.-G., Cheng, S. P., Liu, J., Gu, J.-D. (2000e) A sensitive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method for detection of polyimides degradation by microorganisms, J. Polymer Environ. 8, 167–174.
- Gu, J.-D., Gu, J.-G., Shi, H. C., Li, X. Y. (2000f) Degradation of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-16% valerate) and cellulose acetates (DS 1.7 and 2.5) under simulated landfill condition, in: Critical Technologies to the 21st Century: Pollution Control and Reclamation in Process Industries ( X Bao, A. J. Englande, Eds.), IWA Speciality Conference on Chemical and Petrochemical Industries Group, Beijing, P.R. China: University of Petroleum, 564–572.
- Gu, J.-D., Belay, B., Mitchell, R. (2001a) Protection of catheter surfaces from adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a combination of silver ions and lectins, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 173–179.
- Gu, J.-D., Fan, Y., Shi, H. (2001b) Degradation mechanisms of indolic compounds under methanogenic conditions, in: IWA Asia Environmental Technology 2001 ( D. D. Sun, F. Wilson, Eds.), Singapore: Nanyang University of Technology, 296–302.
- Gu, J.-D., Fan, Y., Mitchell, R. (2001c) Biological control of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha by indigenous pathogenic bacteria and their extracellular metabolites, Chinese J. Appl. Environ. Biol. 7, 572–576.
-
Gu, J.-D.,
Gu, J.-G.,
Liu, J.,
Cheng, S. P.
(2002a)
Sensitive detection of polyimides degradation by microorganisms using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,
Microbes Environ. 17,
105–112.
10.1264/jsme2.2002.105 Google Scholar
- Gu, J.-D., Fan, Y., Shi, H. (2002b) Relationship between structures of substituted indolic compounds and their degradation by marine anaerobic microorganisms, Marine Pollution Bull. 45, 379–384.
- Guezennec, J., Ortega-Morales, O., Raguenes, G., Geesey, G. (1998) Bacterial colonization of artificial substrate in the vicinity of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 26, 89–99.
- Gujer, W., Zehnder, A. J. B. (1983) Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion, Water Sci. Technol. 15, 127–167.
- Gunjala, K. R., Sulflita, J. M. (1993) Environmental factors influencing methanogenesis from refuse in landfill samples, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1176–1181.
- Hahn, P. O., Rubloff, G. W., Bartha, J. W., Legoues, F., Tromp, R., Ho, P. S. (1985) Chemical interactions at metal-polymer interfaces, in: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 40, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society, 251–263.
-
Hamilton, J. D.,
Reinert, K. H.,
Hogan, J. V.,
Lord, W. V.
(1995)
Polymers as solid waste in municipal landfills,
J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 43,
247–251.
10.1080/10473289.1995.10467364 Google Scholar
- Hao, J., Yuan, M., Deng, X. (2002) Biodegradable and biocompatible nanocomposites of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) with hydroxyapatite nanocrystals: thermal and mechanical properties, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 676–683.
- Harper, C. A. (1996) Handbook of Plastics, Elastics, Elastomers, and Composites (3rd edn.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Hashimoto, K., Sudo, M., Ohta, K., Sugimura, T., Yamada, H., Aoki, T. (2002) Biodegradation of Nylon 4 and its blend with Nylon 6, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2307–2311.
- Hass, H., Herfurth, E., Stöffler, G., Redl, B. (1992) Purification, characterization and partial amino acid sequences of a xylanase produced by Penicillium chrysogenum, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1117, 279–286.
- Heisey, R. M., Papadatos, S. (1995) Isolation of microorganisms able to metabolize purified natural rubber, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 3092–3097.
- Helmroth, I. E., Bekhuis, H. A. M., Linssen, J. P. H., Dekker, M. (2002) Direct measurement of additive migration from low-density polyethylene as a function of space and time, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 3185–3190.
- Hespell, R. B., O'Bryan-Shah, P. J. (1988) Esterase activities in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 1917–1922.
- Holmes, P. A., Wright, L. F., Colins, S. H. (1985) β-hydroxybutyrate polymers. Application EP 52, 459.
- Hou, B. (1999) Haiyang Fushi Huanjing Lilun Jiqi Yingyong (Marine and Environmental Corrosion: Theory and Applications). Beijing: China Science Press, 107–131.
- Howard, G. T., Blake, R. C. (1998) Growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens on a polyester-polyurethane and the purification and characterization of a polyurethanase-protease enzyme, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 42, 213–220.
- Hu, S.-G., Jou, C.-H., Yang, M.-C. (2002) Surface grafting of polyester fiber with chitosan and the antibacterial activity of pathogenic bacteria, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2977–2983.
- Huang, C.-T., James, G., Pitt, W. G., Stewart, P. S. (1996) Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the efficacy of gentamicin against established Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, Colloidal Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 6, 235–242.
- Hull, D. (1981) An Introduction to Composite Materials, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Hull, E. H. (1992) Citrate ester plasticizers, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 420–430.
- Imam, S. H., Gould, J. M. (1990) Adhesion of an amylolytic Arthrobacter sp. to starch-containing plastic films, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 872–876.
- Imam, S. H., Gould, J. M., Gordon, S. H., Kinney, M. P., Ramsey, A. M., Tosteson, T. R. (1992) Fate of starch-containing plastic films exposed in aquatic habitats, Curr. Microbiol. 25, 1–8.
- Imam, S. H., Gordon, S. H., Shogren, R. L., Tosteson, T. R., Govind, N. S., Greene, R. V. (1999) Degradation of starch-poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastic in tropical coastal waters, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 431–437.
- Jana, S., Prieto, A. (2002a) On the development of natural fiber composites of high-temperature thermoplastic polymers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2159–2167.
- Jana, S., Prieto, A. (2002b) Natural fiber composites of high-temperature thermoplastic polymers: effects of coupling agents, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2168–2173.
- Jayakumar, R., Rajkumar, M., Nagendran, R., Nanjundan, S. (2002) Synthesis and characterization of metal-containing polyurethanes with antibacterial activity, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 1194–1206.
- Jensen, R. J. (1987) Polyimides as interlayer dielectrics for high-performance interconnections of integrated circuits, in: Polymers for High Technology – Electronics and Photonics ( M. J. Bouwden, S. R. Turner, Eds.), ACS Symposium Series No. 346. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 466–483.
- Jones-Meehan, J., Vasanth, K. L., Conrad, R. K., Fernandez, M., Little, B. J., Ray, R. I. (1994a) Corrosion resistance of several conductive caulks and sealants from marine field tests and laboratory studies with marine, mixed communities containing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), in: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Testing ( J. R. Kearns, B. J. Little, Eds.), ASTM STP 1232. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials, 217–233.
- Jones-Meehan, J., Walch, M., Little, B. J., Ray, R. I., Mansfeld, F. B. (1994b) Effect of mixed sulfate-reducing bacterial communities on coatings, in: Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems ( G. G. Geesey, Z. Lewandowski, H.-C. Flemming, Eds.), Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers, 107–135.
- Jonquières, A., Clément, R., Lochon, P. (2002) Permeability of block copolymers to vapors and liquid, Prog. Polymer Sci. 27, 1803–1877.
-
Kaplan, D. L.,
Lombardi, S. J.,
Muller, W. S.,
Fossey, S. A.
(1991)
Silk, in: Biomaterials: Novel Materials from Biological Sources ( D. Byrom, Ed.), Great Britain: Macmillan,
1–53.
10.1007/978-1-349-11167-1_1 Google Scholar
- Karlsson, S., Ljungquist, O., Albertsson, A.-C. (1988) Biodegradation of polyethylene and the influence of surfactants, Polymer Degrad. Stab. 21, 237–250.
- Kawai, F. (1987) The biochemistry of degradation of polyethers, CRC Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 6, 273–307.
- Kawai, F., Moriya, F. (1991) Bacterial assimilation of polytetramethylene glycol, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 71, 1–5.
- Kawai, F., Yamanaka, H. (1986) Biodegradation of polyethylene glycol by symbiotic mixed culture (Obligate mutualism), Arch. Microbiol. 146, 125–129.
- Kawai, F., Yamanaka, H. (1989) Inducible or constitutive polyethylene glycol dehydrogenase involved in the aerobic metabolism of polyethylene glycol, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 67, 300–302.
- Kelley, K., Ishino, Y., Ishida, H. (1987) Fourier transform IR reflection techniques for characterization of polyimide films on copper substrates, Thin Solid Films 154, 271–279.
- Kelly-Wintenberg, K., Montie, T. C. (1994) Chemotaxis to oligopeptides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 363–367.
- Kemnitzer, J. E., McCarthy, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1992) Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) stereoisomers: a model study of the effects of stereochemical and morphological variables on polymer biological degradability, Macromolecules 22, 5927–5934.
- Kemnitzer, J. E., McCarthy, S. P., Gross, R. A. (1993) Syndiospecific ring-opening polymerization of β-butyrolactone to form predominantly syndiotactic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) using Tin (IV) catalysts, Macromolecules 23, 6143–6150.
- Kennish, R., Williams, G. A. (1997) Feeding preferences of the herbivorous crab Grapsus albolineatus: the differential influence of algal nutrient content and morphology, Marine Ecol. Prog. Series 147, 87–95.
- Kim, O., Gross, R. A., Rutherford, D. R. (1995) Bioengineering of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) for advanced material applications: incorporation of cyano and nitrophenoxy side chain substituents, Can. J. Microbiol. 41(Suppl., 32–43.
-
Kim, Y. D.,
Dordick, J. S.,
Clark, D. S.
(2001)
Siloxane-based biocatalytic films and paints for use as reactive coatings,
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 72,
475–482.
10.1002/1097-0290(20010220)72:4<475::AID-BIT1009>3.0.CO;2-F CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- King, B., Eggins, H. O. W. (1972) Some observations on decay mechanisms of microfungi deteriorating wood, in: Biodeterioration of Materials ( A. H. Walters, E. H. Hueck-van der Plas, Eds.), New York: Halsted Press Div., John Wiley, 145–151.
- Knyazev, V. M., Korolkov, V. I., Viktorov, A. N., Pozharskiy, G. O., Petrova, L. N., Gorshkov, V. P. (1986) Sanitary and microbiological aspects of closed environment occupied by people and animals, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 20, 80–82 (in Russian).
- Kobrin, G. (1993) A Practical Manual on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, Houston, Texas: NACE International.
- Kohler, H.-P. E., Nickel, K., Zipper, C. (2000) Effect of chirality on the microbial degradation and the environmental fate of choral pollutants, in: Advances in Microbial Ecology, Vol. 16 ( B. Schink, Ed.), New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 201–231.
- Konhauser, K. O., Schultze-Lam, S., Ferris, F. G., Fyfe, W. S., Longstaffe, F. J., Beveridge, T. J. (1994) Mineral precipitation by epilithic biofilms in the Speed River, Ontario, Canada, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 549–553.
- Korber, D. R., Lawrence, J. R., Sutton, B., Caldwell, D. E. (1989) Effect of laminar flow velocity on the kinetics of surface recolonization by Mot+ and Mot− Pseudomonas fluorescens, Microb. Ecol. 18, 1–9.
- Kormelink, F. J. M., Voragen, J. (1993) Degradation of different [(glucurono)arabino]xylans by a combination of purified xylan-degrading enzymes, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38, 688–695.
- Krieg, N. R., Holt, J. G. (1984) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 1. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
- Krauskopf, L. G. (1992a) Monomerics for polyvinyl chloride (phthalates, adipates and trimellitates), in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 359–378.
- Krauskopf, L. G. (1992b) Petroleum oils for polyvinyl chloride, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 431–436.
- Labrecque, L. V., Kumar, R. A., Davé, V., Gross, R. A., McCarthy, S. P. (1997) Citrate esters as plasticizers for poly(lactic acid), J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 66, 1507–1513.
- Lai, J. H. (1989) Polymers for Electronic Applications, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- Lappin-Scott, H., Costerton, J. W., Marrie, T. J. (1992) Biofilms and biofouling, Encycloped. Microbiol. 1, 277–284.
- Lauwers, A. M., Heinen, W. (1974) Biodegradation and utilization of silica and quartz, Arch. Microbiol. 95, 67–78.
- Lawrence, J. R., Delaquis, P. J., Korber, D. R., Caldwell, D. E. (1987) Behavior of Pseudomonas fluorescens within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments, Microb. Ecol. 14, 1–14.
- Leckband, D., Chen, Y.-L., Isrealachvili, J., Wickman, H. H., Fletcher, M., Zimmerman, R. (1993) Measurements of conformational changes during adhesion of lipid and protein (polylysine and S-layer) surfaces, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, 167–177.
- Lee, S. F., Forsberg, C. W., Gibbins, L. N. (1985) Xylanolytic activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 1068–1076.
- Lee, S. F., Forsberg, C. W., Rattray, J. B. (1987a) Purification and characterization of two endoxylanases from Clostridium acetobutylicum. ATCC 824, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 644–650.
- Lee, H., To, R. J. B., Latta, R. K., Biely, P., Schneider, H. (1987b) Some properties of extracellular acetylxylan esterase produced by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 2831–2834.
- Lee, Y.-E., Lowe, S. E., Zeikus, J. G. (1993) Regulation and characterization of xylanolytic enzymes of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum B6A-RI, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 763–771.
- Lemaire, J., Dabin, P., Arnaud, R. (1992) Mechanisms of abiotic degradation of synthetic polymers, in: Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics ( M. Vert, J. Feijen, A. Albertsson, G. Scott, E. Chiellini, Eds.), Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 30–39.
- Lemoigne, M. (1926) Produits de deshydration et de polymerisation de l'acide β-oxybutyric, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. (Paris) 8, 770–782.
- Lewandowski, Z., Stoodley, P., Altobelli, S. (1995) Experimental and conceptual studies on mass transport in biofilms, Water Sci. Technol. 31, 153–162.
- Leyden, R. N., Basiulis, D. I. (1989) Adhesion and electrical insulation of thin polymeric coatings under saline exposure, in: Biomedical Materials and Devices ( J. S. Hanker, B. L. Giammara, Eds.), Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 10. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society, 627–633.
- L'Hostis, E., Compère, C., Festy, D., Tribollet, B., Deslouis, C. (1997) Characterization of biofilms formed on gold in natural seawater by oxygen diffusion analysis, Corrosion 53, 4–10.
- Li, Z., Liu, X., Zhuang, X., Guan, Y., Yao, K. (2002) Manufacture and properties of chitosan/N,O-carboxymethylated chitosan/viscose rayon antibacterial fibers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 84, 2049–2059.
- Liken, G. E. (1981) Some Perspectives of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles, Scope 17. New York: John Wiley.
- Lin, J., Winkelmann, C., Worley, S. D., Kim, J., Wei, C.-I., Cho, U., Broughton, R. M., Santiago, J. I., Williams, J. F. (2002) Biocidal polyester, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 177–182.
-
Linton, J. D.,
Ash, S. G.,
Huybrechts, L.
(1991)
Microbial polysaccharides, in: Biomaterials: Novel Materials from Biological Sources ( D. Byrom, Ed.), Great Britain: Macmillan,
215–261.
10.1007/978-1-349-11167-1_4 Google Scholar
- Little, B. J., Wagner, P., Maki, J. S., Mitchell, R. (1986) Factors influencing the adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces, J. Adhesion 20, 187–210.
- Little, B., Wagner, P., Characklis, W. G., Lee, W. (1990) Microbial corrosion, in: Biofilms ( W. G. Characklis, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 635–670.
- Ljungberg, N., Wesslén, B. (2002) The effects of plasticizers on the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid), J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 1227–1234.
- Luo, S., Leisen, J., Wong, C. P. (2002) Study on mobility of water and polymer chain in epoxy and its influence on adhesion, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 1–8.
- Lovley, D. R. (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction, Microbiol. Rev. 55, 259–287.
- Lusty, C. J., Doudoroff, M. (1966) Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate depolymerases of Pseudomonas lemoignei, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 56, 960–965.
- Lüthi, E., Jasmat, N. B., Bergquist, P. L. (1990a) . Overproduction of an acetylxylan esterase from the extreme thermophile Caldocellum saccharolyticum in Escherichia coli, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34, 214–219.
- Lüthi, E., Love, D. R., McAnulty, J., Wallace, C., Caughey, P. A., Saul, D., Bergquist, P. L. (1990b) Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of genes encoding xylan-degrading enzymes from the thermophile Caldocellum saccharolyticum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 1017–1024.
-
Lynch, J. L.,
Edyvean, R. G. J.
(1988)
Biofouling in oilfield water systems – a review,
Biofouling 1,
147–162.
10.1080/08927018809378103 Google Scholar
- MacDonald, M. J., Hartley, D. L., Speedie, M. K. (1985) Location of cellulolytic enzyme activity in the marine fungus Trichocladium achrasporum, Can. J. Microbiol. 31, 145–148.
- MacKenzie, C. R., Bilous, D., Schneider, H., Johnsom, K. G. (1987) Induction of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme systems in Streptomyces spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 2853–2839.
- Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Parker, J. (2003) Brock Biology of Microorganisms (10th edn.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Mak, Y. M., Williams, G. A. (1999) Littorinids control high intertidal biofilm abundance on tropical, Hong Kong rocky shores, J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 233, 81–94.
- Mansfeld, F. (1994) Effectiveness of ion vapor-deposited aluminum as a primer for epoxy and urethane topcoats, Corrosion 50, 609–612.
- Mansfeld, F. (1995) Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the study of corrosion by polymer coatings, J. Appl. Electrochem. 25, 187–202.
-
Marshall, K. C.
(1976)
Interfaces in Microbial Ecology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674423350 Google Scholar
- Marshall, K. C. (1980) Adsorption of microorganisms to soils and sediments, in: Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces ( G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall, Eds.), New York: John Wiley, 317–329.
- Marshall, K. C. (1992) Biofilms: an overview of bacterial adhesion, activity, and control at surfaces, Am. Soc. Microbiol. News 58, 202–207.
- Marshall, K. C., Stout, R., Mitchell, R. (1971) Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces, J. Gen. Microbiol. 68, 337–348.
-
Martrhamuthu, S.,
Rajagopal, G.,
Sathianarayannan, S.,
Eashwar, M.,
Balakrishnan, K.
(1995)
A photoelectrochemical approach to the ennoblement process: proposal of an adsorbed inhibitor theory,
Biofouling 8,
223–232.
10.1080/08927019509378275 Google Scholar
- Mas-Castellà, J., Urmeneta, J., Lafuente, R., Navarrete, A., Guerrero, R. (1995) Biodegradation of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates in anaerobic sediments, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 35, 155–174.
- McCain, J. W., Mirocha, C. J. (1995) Screening computer diskettes and other magnetic media for susceptibility to fungal colonization, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 33, 255–268.
-
McLean, R. J. C.,
Nickel, J. C.,
Olson, M. E.
(1995)
Biofilm-associated urinary tract infections, in: Microbial Biofilms ( H. M. Lappin-Scott, J. W. Costerton, Eds.), Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press,
261–273.
10.1017/CBO9780511525353.018 Google Scholar
- McLean, R. J. C., Whiteley, M., Stickler, D. J., Fuqua, W. C. (1997) Evidence of autoinducer activity in naturally occurring biofilms, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154, 259–263.
- Meier, J. F. (1996) Fundamentals of plastics and elastomers, in: Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites (3rd edn.) (Harper, C. A., Ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, 1.1–1.88.
- Mergaert, J., Webb, A., Anderson, C., Wouters, A., Swings, J. (1993) Microbial-degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3233–3238.
- Mersiowsky, I. (2002) Long-term fate of PVC products and their additives in landfills, Prog. Polymer Sci. 27, 2227–2277.
- Mills, A. L., Powelson, D. K. (1996) Bacterial interactions with surfaces in soils, in: Bacterial Adhesion: Molecular and Ecological Diversity ( M. Fletcher, Ed.), New York: Wiley-Liss, 25–57.
- Milstein, O., Gersonde, R., Huttermann, A., Chen, M.-J., Meister, J. J. (1992) Fungal biodegradation of lignopolystyrene graft copolymers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 3225–3232.
- Mironov, V. S., Park, M., Choe, C., Kim, J., Lim, S., Ko, H. (2002) Influence of carbon fiber surface treatments on the structure and properties of conductive carbon fiber/polyethylene films, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 84, 2040–2048.
- Mitchell, R., Gu, J.-D., Roman, M., Soulkup, S. (1996) Hazards to space missions from microbial biofilms, in: Biodeterioration and Biodegradation ( W. Sand, Ed.), DECHEMA Monographs, Vol. 133. Frankfurt, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 3–16.
-
Mittelman, M. W.
(1995)
Biofilm development in purified water systems, in: Microbial Biofilms ( H. M. Lappin-Scott, J. W. Costerton, Eds.), Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press,
133–147.
10.1017/CBO9780511525353.009 Google Scholar
- Mittelman, M. W. (1996) Adhesion to biomaterials, in: Bacterial Adhesion: Molecular and Ecological Diversity ( M. Fletcher, Ed.), New York: Wiley-Liss, 89–127.
- Mittendorf, V., Leech, R., Krüger, N., Steinbüchel, A., Poirier, Y. (1998) Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in Aribidopsis using intermediates of fatty acid β-oxidation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13397–13402.
- Mitton, B., Ford, T. E., LaPointe, E., Mitchell, R. (1993) Biodegradation of complex polymeric materials, Corrosion/93, Paper No. 296. Houston, Texas: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
- Mitton, D. B., Latanison, R. M., Bellucci, F. (1996) The effects of post-cure annealing on the protective properties of polyimides on chromium substrates, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 3307–3316.
-
Mitton, D. B.,
Toshima, S.,
Latanison, R. M.,
Bellucci, F.,
Ford, T. E.,
Gu, J.-D.,
Mitchell, R.
(1998)
Biodegradation of polymer-coated metallic substrates, in: Organic Coatings for Corrosion Control ( G. P. Bierwagen, Ed.), ACS Symp. Ser. 689. Washington DC: American Chemical Society,
211–222.
10.1021/bk-1998-0689.ch016 Google Scholar
- Nakajima-Kambe, T., Onuma, F., Kimpara, N., Nakahara, T. (1995) Isolation and characterization of a bacterium which utilizes polyester polyurethane as a sole carbon and energy source, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129, 39–42.
- Nakajima-Kambe, T., Onuma, F., Akutsu, Y., Nakahara, T. (1997) Determination of the polyester polyurethane breakdown products and distribution of the polyurethane degrading enzyme of Comamonas acidovorans strain TB-35, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 83, 456–460.
- Nakanishi, K., Marui, M., Yasui, T. (1992) Comparison of xylan and methyl β-xyloside-induced xylanases from Streptomyces sp., J. Ferment. Bioeng. 74, 392–394.
- Nakayama, K., Saito, T., Fukui, Y., Shirakura, Y., Tomita, K. (1985) Purification and properties of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases from Pseudomonas lemoignei, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 827, 63–72.
- Narayan, R. (1993) Biodegradation of polymeric materials (anthropogenic macromolecules) during composting, in: Science and Engineering of Composting: Design, Environmental, Microbiological and Utilization Aspects ( H. A. J. Hoitink, H. M. Keener, Eds.), Worthington, Ohio: Renaissance Publishers, 339–362.
- Nefedov, Y., Novikova, N. D., Surovezhin, I. N. (1988) Products of biodegradation of polymers as a factor in the possible pollution of the air of hermetically sealed environments with toxic substances, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 22, 67–71 (in Russian).
- Neu, T. (1996) Significance of bacterial surface-active compounds in interaction of bacteria with interfaces, Microbiol. Rev. 60, 151–166.
- Notomi, M., Kishimoto, K., Shibuya, T., Koizumi, T. (1999) Effects of moisture absorption on fracture behaviors of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 72, 435–442.
- Novikova, N. D., Zalogoyev, S. N. (1985) Formation of volatile substances during polymer destruction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19, 74–76 (in Russian).
- Novikova, N. D., Orlova, M. I., Dyachenko, M. B. (1986) Reproductive capacity of microflora on polymers used in sealed environments, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 20, 71–73 (in Russian).
- NRC (National Research Council) (1987) Agenda for Advancing Electrochemical Corrosion Science and Technology, Publication NMAB438-2. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
- O'Brien, J. L. (1992a) Azelate plasticizers, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 396–400.
- O'Brien, J. L. (1992b) Glutarate esters as monomeric and polymeric plasticizers, in: Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ( J. Edenbaum, Ed.), New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 411–415.
- Odian, G. (1991) Principles of Polymerization (3rd edn.). New York: John Wiley.
- Okada, M., Yokoe, M., Aoi, K. (2002) Biodegradable polymers based on renewable resources. VI. Synthesis and biodegradability of poly(ester carbonate)s containing 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-glucitol and sebacic acid units, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 872–880.
- Osswald, P., Courtes, R., Bauda, P., Block, J. C., Bryers, J. D., Sunde, E. (1995) Xenobiotic biodegradation test using attached bacteria in synthetic seawater, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 31, 211–217.
- O'Toole, G., Kaplan, H. B., Kolter, R. (2000) Biofilm formation as microbial development, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54, 49–79.
- Palmowski, L., Müller, J., Schwedes, J. (2001) Comminution of organic materials to improve their bioavailability, Eng. Life Sci. 1, 121–125.
- Pandey, K. K., Pitman, A. J. (2002) Weathering characteristics of modified rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 622–631.
- Parikh, M., Gross, R. A., McCarthy, S. P. (1993) The effect of crystalline morphology on enzymatic degradation kinetics, in: Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging ( D. Kaplan, E. Thomas, C. Ching, Eds.), Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 159–170.
- Park, H.-M., Lee, S.-R., Chowdhury, S. R., Kang, T.-K., Kim, H.-K., Park, S.-H., Ha, C.-S. (2002) Tensile properties, morphology, and biodegradability of blends of starch with various thermoplastics, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 2907–2915.
- Pendyala, J., Avci, R., Geesey, G. G., Stoodley, P., Hamilton, M., Harkin, G. (1996) Chemical effect of biofilm colonization on 304 stainless steel, J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A14, 1955–1760.
- Peters, S. T. (1996) Advanced composite materials and processes, in: Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites ( 3rd edn.) ( C. A. Haeper, Ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, 3.1–3.73.
- Pierson, B. K., Parenteau, M. N. (2000) Phototrophs in high iron microbial mats: microstructure of mats in iron-depositing hot springs, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 32, 181–196.
- Pierson, D. L., Mishra, S. K. (1992) Microbiological challenges of space habitation. 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Confederation Congress, Washington, DC.
- Piñar, G., Saiz-Jimenez, C., Schabereiter-Gurtner, C., Blanco-Varela, M. T., Lubitz, W., Rölleke, S. (2001) Archael communities in two disparate deteriorated ancient wall paintings: detection, identification and temporal monitoring by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 37, 45–54.
- Pitt, C. G. (1992) Non-microbial degradation of polyesters: mechanisms and modifications, in: Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics ( M. Vert, J. Feijen, A. Albertsson, G. Scott, E. Chiellini, Eds.), Melksham, Wiltshire, England: Royal Society of Chemistry, Redwood Press, 7–17.
- Pivsa-Art, S., Nakayama, A., Kawasaki, N., Yamamoto, N., Aiba, S. (2002) Biodegradability study of copolyesteramides based on diacid chlorides, diamines, and diols, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 774–784.
-
Poirier, Y.
(2001)
Production of polyesters in transgenic plants, in: Biopolyesters ( W. Babel, A. Steinbüchel, Eds.), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag,
209–240.
10.1007/3-540-40021-4_7 Google Scholar
- Pometto, III, A. L., Lee, B., Johnson, K. E. (1992) Production of an extracellular polyethylene-degrading enzyme(s) by Streptomyces species, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 731–733.
- Pometto, III, A. L., Johnson, K. E., Kim, M. (1993) Pure-culture and enzymatic assay for starch-polyethylene degradable plastic biodegradation with Streptomyces species, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 213–221.
-
Power, K.,
Marshall, K. C.
(1988)
Cellular growth and reproduction of marine bacteria on surface-bound substrate,
Biofouling 1,
163–174.
10.1080/08927018809378104 Google Scholar
- Raju, K. M., Raju, M. P., Mohan, Y. M. (2002) Synthesis and water absorbency of crosslinked superabsorbent polymers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 1795–1801.
- Raychaudhuri, S., Sutphin, P. D., Chang, J. T., Altman, R. B. (2001) Basic microarray analysis: grouping and feature reduction, Trends Biotechnol. 19, 189–193.
- Reese, E. T. (1957) Biological degradation of cellulose derivatives, Indust. Eng. Chem. 49, 89–93.
- Reinhart, T. J. and Clements, L. L. (1988) Introduction to composites, in: Engineering Materials Handbook ( T. J. Reinhart, Ed.), Vol. 1. Composites, Metals Park, Ohio: ASM International, 27–34.
- Reynolds, T. B., Fink, G. R. (2001) Baker's yeast, a model for fungal biofilm formation, Science 291, 878–881.
- Rijnaarts, H. H. M., Norde, W., Bouwer, E. J., Lyklema, J., Zehnder, A. J. B. (1993) Bacterial adhesion under static and dynamic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3255–3265.
- Rittman, B. E. (1993) The significance of biofilms in porous media, Water Resource Res. 29, 2195–2202.
- Rogers, J., Dowsett, A. B., Dennis, P. J., Lee, J. V., Keevil, C. W. (1994) Influence of pluming materials on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in potable water systems, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 1842–1851.
- Rölleke, S., Witte, A., Wanner, G., Lubitz, W. (1998) Medieval wall paintings − a habitat for archaea: identification of archaea by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified gene fragments coding for 16S rRNA in a medieval wall painting, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 41, 85–92.
- Ruiz, C., Howard, G. T. (1999) Nucleotide sequencing of a polyurethanase gene (pul A) from Pseudomonas fluorescens, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 44, 127–131.
-
Saiz-Jimenez, C.
(1995)
Deposition of anthropogenic compounds on monuments and their effect on airborne microorganisms,
Aerobiologia 11,
161–175.
10.1007/BF02450035 Google Scholar
- Saiz-Jimenez, C. (1997) Biodeterioration vs. biodegradation: the role of microorganisms in the removal of pollutants deposited on historical buildings, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 40, 225–232.
- Saito, T., Suzuki, K., Yamamoto, K., Fukui, T., Miwa, K., Tomita, K., Nakanishi, S., Odani, S., Suzuki, J.-I., Ishikawa, K. (1989) Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis, J. Bacteriol 171, 184–189.
- Salama, N., Guillemin, K., McDaniel, T.K., Sherlock, G., Tompkins, L., Falkow, S. (2000) A whole-genome microarray reveals genetic diversity among Helicobacter pylori strains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 14668–14673.
- Sampson, R. N. (1996) Laminates and reinforced plastic materials and processes, in: Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites ( 3rd edn.) ( C.A. Haeper, Ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, 2.1–2.65.
- Sand, W., Ahlers, B., Bock, E. (1991) The impact of microorganisms – especially nitric acid-producing bacteria – on the deterioration of natural stones, in: Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage ( N. S. Baer, C. Sabbioni, A. I. Sors, Eds.), Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann, 481–484.
- Schink, B., Stieb, M. (1983) Fermentative degradation of polyethylene glycol by a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonsporeforming bacterium, Pelobacter venetianus sp. nov., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45, 1905–1913.
- Schink, B., Janssen, P. H., Frings, J. (1992) Microbial degradation of natural and new synthetic polymers, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103, 311–316.
- Schmidt, R. (1997) Monte Carlo simulation of bioadhesion, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 40, 29–36.
- Seal, K. J., Shuttleworth, W. A. (1986) The biodeterioration of polyurethanes by fungi used as standard test organisms for evaluating the susceptibility of plastics, in: Biodeterioration 6 ( S. Barry, D. R. Houghton, Eds.), U.K.: CAB International, 643–648.
- Severini, F., Gallo, R., Ipsale, S. (1988) Environmental degradation of polypropylene, Polymer Degrad. Stability 22, 185–194.
-
Sharp, R. R.,
Bryers, J. B.,
Jones, W. G.,
Shields, M. S.
(1998)
Activity and stability of a recombinant plasmid-borne TCE degradative pathway in suspended cultures,
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 57,
287–296.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980205)57:3<287::AID-BIT5>3.0.CO;2-D CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Sheth, M., Kumar, R. A., Davé, V., Gross, R. A., McCarthy, S. P. (1997) Biodegradable polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol), J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 66, 1495–1505.
- Shibata, M., Takachiyo, K.-I., Ozawa, K., Yosomiya, R., Takeishi, H. (2002) Biodegradable polyester composites reinforced with short abaca fiber, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 129–138
-
Shin, Y.,
Yoo, D. I.,
Min, K.
(1999)
Antimicrobial finishing of polypropylene nonwoven fabric by treatment with chitosan oligomer,
J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 74,
2911–2916.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991213)74:12<2911::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-2 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Sneath, P. H. A., Mair, N. S., Sharpe, M. E., Holt, J. G. (1986) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
-
Sneider, R. P.,
Chadwick, B. R.,
Pembrey, R.,
Jankowski, J.,
Acworth, I.
(1994)
Retention of the Gram-negative bacterium SW8 on surfaces under conditions relevant to the subsurface environment: effects of conditioning films and substratum nature,
FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 14,
243–254.
10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00110.x Google Scholar
- Solomin, G. I. (1985) Problem of combined toxicological and hygienic evaluation of polymer construction materials, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19, 4–11 (in Russian).
- Sommer, W. (1983) Plasticizers, in: Plastics Additives Handbook ( R. Gächter, H. Müller, Eds.), Munich: Hanser Publishers, 251–296.
- Sonne-Hansen, J., Mathrani, I. M., Ahring, B. K. (1993) Xylanolytic anaerobic thermophiles from Icelandic hot-springs, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38, 537–541.
- Staley, J. T., Bryant, M. P., Pfenning, N., Holt, J. G. (1989) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 3. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
- Steinbüchel, A. (1991) Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, in: Biomaterials: Novel Materials From Biological Sources ( D. Byrom, Ed.), New York: Stockton Press, 127–213.
- Steinbüchel, A. (1996) Biodegradability of polymers and mechanisms of biodegradation, in: Biodeterioration and Biodegradation ( W. Sand, Ed.), DECHEMA Monographs, Vol. 133. Frankfurt, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 245–254.
- Sternberg, D., Vigayakumar, P., Reese, E. T. (1977) β-Glucosidase: microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, Can. J. Microbiol. 23, 139–147.
- Stern, R. V., Howard, G. T. (2000) The polyester polyurethanase gene (pue A) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis encodes a lipase, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 185, 163–168.
- Stoodley, P., DeBeer, D., Lappin-Scott, H. M. (1997) Influence of electric fields and pH on biofilm structure as related to the bioelectric effect, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1876–1879.
- Stuart, E. S., Lenz, R. W., Fuller, R. C. (1995) The ordered macromolecular surface of polyester inclusion bodies in Pseudomonas oleovorans, Can. J. Microbiol. 41(suppl., 84–93.
- Sullivan, B. K., Oviatt, C. A., Klein-MacPhee, G. (1993) Fate and effects of a starch-based biodegradable plastic substitute in the marine environment, in: Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging ( D. Kaplan, E. Thomas, C. Ching, Eds.), Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 281–296.
- Sun, Y., Sun, G. (2002) Durable and regenerable antimicrobial textile materials prepared by a continuous grafting process, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 84, 1592–1599.
- Sunesson, A., Vaes, W. H. J., Nilsson, C., Blomouist, G., Andersson, B., Carlson, R. (1995) Identification of volatile metabolites from five fungal species cultivated on two media, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 2911–2918.
- Swift, M. J., Heal, O. W., Anderson, J. M. (1979) Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Studies in Ecology, Vol. 5. Great Britain: Blackwell.
- Szycher, M. (1989) Medical-grade polyurethanes: their crucial role in artificial hearts, in: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 110. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society, 41–50.
- Tall, B. D., Williams, H. N., George, K. S., Gray, R. T., Walch, M. (1995) Bacterial succession within a biofilm in water supply lines of dental air-water syringes, Can. J. Microbiol. 41, 647–654.
- Tanio, T., Fukui, T., Saito, T., Tomita, K., Kaiho, T., Masamune, S. (1982) An extracellular poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis, Eur. J. Biochem. 124, 71–77.
- Thorp, K. E. G., Crasto, A. S., Gu, J.-D., Mitchell, R. (1994) Biodegradation of composite materials, in: Proceedings of the Tri-Service Conference on Corrosion (Naguy, T., Ed.), Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing House, 303–314.
- Thorp, K. E. G., Crasto, A. S., Gu, J.-D., Mitchell, R. (1997) Contribution of microorganisms to corrosion. Corrosion/97, Paper no. 279. Houston, Texas: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
- Tilstra, L., Johnsonbaugh, D. (1993) A test method to determine rapidly if polymers are biodegradable, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 247–255.
- Tsao, R., Anderson, T. A., Coats, J. R. (1993) The influence of soil macroinvertebrates on primary biodegradation of starch-containing polyethylene films, J. Environ. Polymer Degrad. 1, 301–306.
- Tsuji, H., Nakahara, K. (2002) Poly(l-lactide). IX. Hydrolysis in acid media, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 186–194.
- US Department of Defense (USDoD) (1989) Fungus. Military Standard 810E. Method MIL-STD-810E. Washington, DC: Government Publishing House.
- Usmani, A. M., Donley, M. (2002) Aircraft-coating weathering studies by analytical methods, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 294–313.
- Vainstein, E. F., Zaikov, G. E. (2002) Role of chain length in degradation process (chain breakdown), J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 84, 1810–1817.
- Vallés-Lluch, A., Contat-Rodrigo, L., Ribes-Greus, A. (2002) Degradation studies of LDPE-Mater-Bi blends annealed and aged in soil, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 405–413.
- van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., Schraa, G., Zehnder, A. J. B. (1987) The role of bacterial cell wall hydrophobicity in adhesion, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 1893–1897.
- van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., Schraa, G., Zehnder, A. J. B. (1990) Influence of interfaces on microbial activity, Microbiol. Rev. 54, 75–87.
- Vandevivere, P. (1995) Bacterial clogging of porous media: a new modelling approach, Bifouling 8, 281–291.
- Vandevivere, P., Kirchman, D. L. (1993) Attachment stimulates exopolysaccharide synthesis by a bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3280–3286.
- van Westing, E. P. M., Ferrari, G. M., De Witt, J. H. W. (1994) The determination of coating performance with impedance measurements-II. Water uptake of coatings, Corrosion Sci. 36, 957–977.
- Verbicky, J. W. (1988) Polyimides, in: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 12. New York: John Wiley, 364–383.
- Verbiest, T., Burland, D. M., Jurich, M. C., Lee, V. Y., Miller, R. D., Volksen, W. (1995) Exceptionally thermally stable polyimides for second-order nonlinear optical applications, Science 268, 1604–1606.
- Viktorov, A. N. (1994) The characteristics of interaction between normal and conventionally pathogenic human microflora in different types of closed objects. 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Confederation Congress, IAF/IAA-94-5.165.
- Viktorov, A. N., Novikova, N. D. (1985) Distinctions in formation of microflora on construction materials used in habitable pressurized compartments, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19, 66–69 (in Russian).
- Viktorov, A. N., Ilyin, V. K. (1992) The actual problems of microbiological control in regenerative life support systems exploration, 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Confederation Congress, IAF/IAA-92-0277.
- Viktorov, A. N., Ilyin, V. K., Syniak, J. (1993) The problems of microbial safety in regenerative life support systems exploration, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Confederation Congress, IAF/IAA-93-G.4.161.
- Wächtershäuser, G. (1988) Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism, Microbiol. Rev. 52, 452–484.
- Wagner, P. (1995) Microbial degradation of stressed fiber reinforced polymeric composites. Corrosion/95, Paper No. 200. Houston, Texas: NACE International.
- Wagner, P., Ray, R., Hart, K., Little, B. (1996) Microbiological degradation of stressed fiber-reinforced polymeric composites, Materials Performance 35, 79–82.
- Walch, M. (1992) Corrosion, microbial, Encyclopedia of Microbiology 1, 585–591.
- Walsby, N., Hietala, S., Maunu, S. L., Sundholm, F., Kallio, T., Sundholm, G. (2002) Water in different poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted fluoropolymers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 33–42.
- Wang, Y., Qiu, W., Fan, Y., Gu, J.-D. (2002) Degradation pathways and mechanisms of substituted indoles under methanogenic condition, Chinese J. Appl. Environ. Biol. 8, 514–519.
- Wang, Y., Fan, Y., Gu, J.-D. (2003) Degradation of phthalic acid and dimethyl phthalate by aerobic microorganisms, Chinese J. Appl. Environ. Biol. (in press)
- Whitfield, C. (1988) Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides, Can. J. Microbiol. 34, 415–420.
- Wiencek, K. M., Fletcher, M. (1995) Bacterial adhesion to hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers, J. Bacteriol. 177, 1959–1966.
- Williams, G. A. (1993) Seasonal variation in algal species richness and abundance in the presence of molluscan herbivores on a tropical rocky shore, J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 167, 261–275.
- Williams, G. A., Davies, M. S., Nagarkar, S. (2000) Primary succession on a seasonal tropical rocky shore: the relative roles of spatial heterogeneity and herbivory, Marine Ecology Progress Series 203, 81–94.
- Williams, S. T., Sharpe, M. E., Holt, J. G. (1989) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 4. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
- Williams, V., Fletcher, M. (1996) Pseudomonas fluorescens adhesion and transport through porous media are affected by lipopolysaccharide composition, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 100–104.
- Williamson, P. R. (1994) The screening of sponge extracts for antifouling activity using a bioassay with laboratory-reared cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 34, 361–373.
- Wimpenny, J. W. T., Colasanti, R. (1997) A unifying hypothesis for the structure of microbial biofilm based on cellular automaton models, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 22, 1–6.
- Wirsen, C. O., Jannasch, H. W. (1993) Microbial degradation of a starch-based biopolymer in the marine environment, in: Fundamentals of Biodegradable Materials and Packaging ( D. Kaplan, E. Thomas, C. Ching, Eds.), Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 297–310.
- Woese, C. R. (1987) Microbial evolution, Microbiol. Rev. 51, 221–271.
- Wolfaardt, G. M., Lawrence, J. R., Robarts, R. D., Caldwell, S. J., Caldwell, D. E. (1994) Multicellular organization in a degradative biofilm community, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 434–446.
- Wong, K. K. Y., Tan, L. U. L., Saddler, J. N. (1988) Multiplicity of β-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: function and applications, Microbiol. Rev. 52, 305–317.
- Wu, Y.-S., Wang, C.-S., Fan, C.-Z., Wang, S.-J., Li, Z.-C. (1992) A study on corrosion-resistance mechanism of the ancient mirror “Hei Qi Gu”, Acta Physica Sinica 41, 170–176.
- Xie, W., Xu, P., Wang, W., Liu, Q. (2002) Preparation of water-soluble chitosan derivatives and their antibacterial activity, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 1357–1361.
- Yoshizako, F., Nishimura, A., Chubachi, M. (1992) Microbial reduction of cyclohexanone by Chlorella pyrenoidosa chick, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 74, 395–397.
- Yuan, X., Mak, A. F. T., Yao, K. (2002) In vitro degradation of poly(l-lactic acid) fibers in phosphate-buffered saline, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 85, 936–943.
- Zachary, A., Taylor, M. E., Scott, F. E., Colwell, R. R. (1980) Marine microbial colonization on material surfaces, in: Biodeterioration Proceedings of the 4th International Biodeterioration Symposium (Oxley, T. A., Becker, G. Allsopp, D., Eds.), London: Pitman Publishing, 171–177.
- Zaloguyev, S. N. (1985) Results of microbiological studies conducted during operation of Sslyut-6 orbital space station, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19, 64–66 (in Russian).
- Zehnder, A. J. B., Stumm, W. (1988) Geochemistry and biochemistry of anaerobic habitats, in: Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms ( A. J. B. Zehnder, Ed.), New York: John Wiley, 1–38.
- Zhang, H., Magoshi, J., Becker, M., Chen, J. Y., Matsunaga, R. (2002) Thermal properties of Bombyx mori silk fibers, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 86, 1817–1820.
- Zhou, Z., Brown, N. (1995) Slow crack growth in polyethylene gas pipes and resins, Chinese J. Mater. Res. 9 (suppl., 463–472.
- Zinn, M., Witholt, B., Egli, T. (2001) Occurrence, synthesis and medical application of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 53, 5–21.
Citing Literature
Biopolymers Online: Biology • Chemistry • Biotechnology • Applications
Browse other articles of this reference work:
