Cellulose
Prof. Dr. Dieter Klemm
- [email protected]
- +49-3641-948-260 | Fax: +49-3641-948-202
Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstrasse 10, Jena, Germany, D-07743
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Hans-Peter Schmauder
- [email protected]
- +49-3603-833-140 | Fax: +49-3603-833-150
Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Geranienweg 7, Bad Langensalza, Germany, D-99947
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Thomas Heinze
- [email protected]
- +49-202-439-2654 | Fax: +49-202-439-2648
Bergische University of Wuppertal, FB 9, Chemistry, Gauss Strasse 20, Wuppertal, Germany, D-42097
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Dieter Klemm
- [email protected]
- +49-3641-948-260 | Fax: +49-3641-948-202
Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstrasse 10, Jena, Germany, D-07743
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Hans-Peter Schmauder
- [email protected]
- +49-3603-833-140 | Fax: +49-3603-833-150
Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Geranienweg 7, Bad Langensalza, Germany, D-99947
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Thomas Heinze
- [email protected]
- +49-202-439-2654 | Fax: +49-202-439-2648
Bergische University of Wuppertal, FB 9, Chemistry, Gauss Strasse 20, Wuppertal, Germany, D-42097
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Introduction and Historical Outline
- Occurrence
- Natural Sources
- Synthetic Cellulose
- Structure and Analysis
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Crystal Structure
- Cellulose I Polymorph
- Further Cellulose Polymorphs
- Morphology
- Analysis
- Physiological Function
- Biosynthesis
- Synthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing Enzyme
- Polymerizing Enzyme System and Enzymology of Biosynthesis
- Genetic Basis of Synthesis
- Regulation of Synthesis
- Summarizing Open Questions in Research on Plant Cellulose Synthesis
- Biodegradation
- Intracellular Biodegradation
- Extracellular Biodegradation
- Biotechnological Production
- Properties
- Physical and Material Properties
- Chemical Properties
- Applications of Cellulose and Its Derivatives
- Technical Applications
- Regenerated Cellulose Products
- Microcrystalline Cellulose
- Cellulose Esters
- Cellulose Ethers
- Oxidized Products
- Other Applications
- Technical Applications
- Relevant Patents for Biosynthesis, Biodegradation, and Biological Applications
- Current Problems and Limitations
- Outlook and Perspectives
References
- Akhunov, A. A., Mustakimova, E. Ch., Ibragimov, F. A. (2000) Cellulose biosynthesis of cotton treated with retardants, Chem. Nat. Comp. 35, 676–679.
- Albrecht, W. (1986) Regenerated cellulose, in: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( W. Gerhartz, Y. S. Yamamoto, F. T. Champbell, R. Pfefferkorn, J. F. Rounsaville, Eds.), Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 400–413, 5th Ed., Vol. A5.
- Arioli, T., Burn, J. E., Williamson, R. E. (2000) Molecular biology of cellulose biosynthesis, For. Sci. 64 (Molecular Biology of Woody Plants, Vol. 1), 205–225.
- Arioli, T., Peng, L., Betzner, A. S., Burn, J., Wittke, W., Herth, W., Camilleri, C., Höfte, H., Plazinski, J., Birch, R., Cork, A., Glover, J., Redmond, J., Williamson, R. E. (1998) Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis, Arabidopsis Sci. 279, 717–720.
- Askew, G. J., Bahia, H.S., Foxall, C. W., Law, S. J., Street, H. (1998) Cellulose sponge, Courtaulds Fibres (Holdings) Ltd., UK, WO 9828360, 19980702.
- Atalla, R.H., Vanderhart, D.L. (1984) Native cellulose: A composite of two distinct crystalline forms, Science 223, 283–285.
- Augustine, A.V., Hudson, S.M., Cuculo, J.A. (1990) Direct solvents for cellulose, in: Cellulose Sources and Exploitation, ( J. F. Kennedy, G. O. Philipps, P. A. Williams, Eds.) New York: Ellis Horwood, 59.
- Baker, A. A., Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J., Miles, M. J. (2000) New insight into cellulose structure by atomic force microscopy shows the Iα crystal phase at near-atomic resolution, Biophys. J. 79, 1139–1145.
- Balser, K., Hoppe, L., Eicher, T., Wendel, M., Astheimer, A.-J. (1986a) Cellulose esters, in: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( W. Gerhartz, Y. S. Yamamoto, F. T. Champbell, R. Pfefferkorn, J. F. Rounsaville, Eds.), Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 419, 5th Ed., Vol. A5.
- Balser, K., Hoppe, L., Eicher, T., Wendel, M., Astheimer, A.-J. (1986b) Cellulose esters, in: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( W. Gerhartz, Y.S. Yamamoto, F.T. Champbell, R. Pfefferkorn, J.F. Rounsaville, Eds.), Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 431–433, 5th Ed., Vol. A5.
- Basra, A. S., Sarlach, R. S., Nayyar, H., Malik, C. P. (1992) Hormonal effects on partitioning of 14C-sucrose in cotton fibers, Acta Physiol. Plant. 14, 137–142.
- Battista, O.A. (1985) , in: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering 3, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 86–90.
- Baumann, H., Richter, A., Klemm, D., Faust, V. (2000) Concepts for preparation of novel regioselectively modified cellulose derivatives sulfated, aminated, carboxylated and acetylated for hemocompatible ultrathin coatings on biomaterials, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201, 1950–1962.
- Berlin, P., Klemm, D., Tiller, J., Rieseler, R. (2000) A novel soluble aminocellulose derivative type: its transparent film forming properties and its efficient coupling with enzyme proteins for biosensors, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201, 2070–2082.
- Blackwell, J., Kolpak, F. J., Gardner, K. H. (1977) in: Cellulose, Chemistry and Technology, ( J. C. Arthur, Ed.) Washington, DC: ACS Symposium Series No. 48, 30–55.
- Blanton, R. L., Haigler, C. H. (1996) Cellulose biogenesis, in: Membranes: Special Functions in Plants ( M. Smallwood, J. P. Knox, D. J. Bowles, Eds.) Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers, 57–75.
- Blazej, A., Suty, L., Kosik, M., Krkoska, P. (1979) Chemie des Holzes, Leipzig: Fachbuchverlag.
- Bogan, R.T., Brewer, R.J. (1985) Celluloseesters, organic, in: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, ( H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger, G. Menges, J. I. Kroschwitz, Eds.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, 158–181, 2nd Ed., Vol 3.
- Brett, C. T. (2000) Cellulose microfibrils in plants: biosynthesis, deposition, and integration into the cell wall, Internat. Rev, Cytol. 199, 161–99.
- Brown, R. M., Jr. (1996) The biosynthesis of cellulose, J. Macromol. Sci., Pure Appl. Chem. A33, 1345–1373.
- Brown, R. M., Jr., Saxena, I. M., Kudlicka, K. (1996) Cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants, Trends Plant Sci. 1, 149–156.
- Brown, R. M., Jr. (1999) Cellulose structure and biosynthesis, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 767–775.
- Brown, R. M. Jr., Saxena, I. M. (2000) Cellulose biosynthesis: A model for understanding the assembly of biopolymers, Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38, 57–67.
- Burton, R. A., Gibeaut, D. M., Bacic, A., Findlay, K., Roberts, K., Hamilton, A., Baulcombe, D. C., Fincher, G. B. (2000) Virus-induced silencing of a plant cellulose synthase gene, Plant Cell 12, 691–705.
- Camacho Gomez, J.A., Erler, U.-W., Klemm, D.O (1996) . 4-Methoxy-substituted trityl groups in 6-O-protection of cellulose: homogeneous synthesis, characterization, detritylation, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 197, 954–964.
- Carpita, N., Vergara, C. (1998) A recipe for cellulose, Science 279, 672–673.
- Chanzy, H., Henrissat, B., Vuong, R., Revol, J.-F. (1986) Structural changes of cellulose crystals during the reversible transformation cellulose I ↔ IIII in Valonia, Holzforschung 40, 25–30.
- Chew, I., Obbard, J. P., Stanforth, R. R. (2001) Microbial cellulose decomposition in soils from a rifle range contaminated with heavy metals, Environ. Pollut. 111, 367–75.
-
Cross, C.F.,
Bevan, B.T.,
Beadle, C.
(1893)
Thiokohlensäureester der Cellulose,
Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 26,
1090–1097. Cross, C.F., Bevan, B.T., Beadle, C. (1893) Die Chemie der Pflanzenfasern. Cellulosen, Oxycellulosen, Lignocellulosen, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 26,
2520–2533.
10.1002/cber.189302601230 Google Scholar
- Dautzenberg, H., Loth, F., Borrmeister, B., Lettau, H., Mende, M., Stamberg, J., Peska, J. (1985a) Deshisan - a bead-shaped cellulose material for wound treatment, J. Makromol. Chem. Suppl. 9, 211–217.
- Dautzenberg, H., Loth, F., Wagenknecht, W., Philipp, B. (1985b) Cellulose - raw-material for highly processed fields in the biological-medical field, Papier (Darmstadt) 39, 601–607.
- Davis, S. (1989) Chemiefasern & Textilindustrie 39/91, 347–348.
- Dawsey, T. R. (1994) Applications and limitations of LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide in the homogeneous derivatization of cellulose, in: Cellulosic Polymers, Blends and Composites ( E. D. Gilbert, Ed.) Munich, Vienna, New York: Hanser 157.
- Delmer, D. P. (1997) New developments in the field of cellulose biosynthesis in plants, in: Abstr. 213th ACS National Meeting, pp. CELL-001. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
- Delmer, D. P. (1998) A hot mutant for cellulose synthesis, Trends Plant Sci. 3, 164–165.
- Delmer, D. P. (1999a) Cellulose biosynthesis in developing cotton fibers, in: Cotton Fibers ( A. S. Basra, Ed.), Binghamton, NY: Food Products Press, 85–112.
- Delmer, D. P. (1999b) Cellulose biosynthesis: exciting times for a difficult field of study, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 245–276.
- Delmer, D. P. (2000a) Recent progress in studies on cellulose biosynthesis in plants, in: Book of Abstracts, 219th ACS National Meeting, pp. CELL-002. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
- Delmer, D. P. (2000b) Recent progress in studies on cellulose biosynthesis in plants, in: Abstr. Pap. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol. 219, Part 1, pp. 2-CELL. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
- Delmer, D. P., Holland, N., Holland, D., Peng, L. C., Kawagoe, Y. (2000) Genes and proteins involved in cellulose synthesis in plants, Isr. J. Plant Sci. 48, 165–171.
- Diamantoglou, M., Nywel, M., Holz, W. (2000) Akzo Nobel NV, US 6019925.
- Dimitrijevich, S.D., Tatarko, M., Gracy, R.W., Linsky, C.B., Olsen, C. (1990) Biodegradation of oxidized regenerated cellulose, Carbohydr. Res. 195, 247–256.
- Dugger, W. M., Palmer, R. L. (1985) Effect of boron on the incorporation of glucose by cotton fibers grown in vitro, J. Plant Nutr. 8, 311–325.
- Eicher, T., Fischer, W. (1975) Celluloseester, in: Ullmanns Encyklopädie der technischen Chemie, Weinheim, Germany: Verlag Chemie, 227–245, Vol. 9.
- Ekman, K. (1984) Cellulosefasern aus Cellulosecarbamat-Lösungen, Chemiefasern/ Textilindustrie 399–400.
- Engelhardt, J. (1995) General introduction on cellulose: Sources, industrial derivatives and commercial application of cellulose, Carbohydr. Eur. 12, 5–14.
- Fedderson, R.L., Thorp, S.N. (1993) , in: Industrial Gums, Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives, ( R. L. Whistler, J. N. BeMiller, Eds.) New York: Academic Press, 537.
- Fengel, D., Wegener, G. (1989) Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Fink, H.-P., Hofmann, D., Purz, H.J. (1990) On the fibrillar structure of native cellulose, Acta Polym. 41, 131–137.
- Fink, H.-P., Walenta, E. (1994) Röntgenbeugungsuntersuchung zur übermolekularen Struktur von Cellulose im Verarbeitungsprozess, Papier (Darmstadt) 48, 739–748.
- Fink, H.-P., Weigel, P., Bohn, A. (1997) Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen von Blasfolien aus Cellulose, Lenzinger Ber. 76, 119–121.
- Fink, H.-P., Weigel, P., Purz, H.J., Bohn, A. (1998) Structural aspects of new cellulose fibers and films from NMMO-solution, Recent Res. Dev. Polymer Sci. 2. 387–403.
- Fink, H.-P., Weigel, P., Purz, H.J., Ganster, J. (2001) Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions, Progr. Polymer Sci. 26(9), 1473–1524.
- Fischer, W., Leuschke, Ch., Baasch, H.P. (1977) Polymer-modified cellulose acetate butyrate molding compounds, Kunststoffe 67, 348–352.
- Fleming, K., Gray, D., Prasannan, S., Matthews, S. (2000) Cellulose crystallites: A new and robust liquid crystalline medium for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 5224–5225.
- Forsberg, C. W., Cheng, K.-J., White, B. A. (1997) Polysaccharide degradation in the rumen and large intestine, Gastrointest. Microbiol. 1, 319–379.
- Francey, Y. , Jaquet, J. P. , Cairoli, S. , Buchala, A. J. , Meier, H. (1989) The biosynthesis of ß-glucans in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers of ovules cultured in vitro, J. Plant Physiol. 134, 485–491.
- Garcia-Vallve, S., Romeu, A., Palau, J. (2000) Horizontal gene transfer of glycosyl hydrolases of the rumen fungi, Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 352–361.
- Gardner, K.H., Blackwell, J. (1974) The Structure of Native Cellulose, Biopolymers 13, 1975–2001.
- Gilbert, R.D., Kadla, J.F. (1998) Polysaccharides – Cellulose, in: Biopolymers from Renewable Resources, ( D.L. Kaplan, Ed.), pp. 47–95. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Götze, K. (1967) Chemiefasern nach dem Viskoseverfahren, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
- Gould, J. H., Palmer, R. L., Dugger, W. M. (1986) Isolation and culture of cotton ovule epidermal protoplasts (prefiber cells) and analysis of the regenerated wall, Plant Cell, Tiss. Organ Cult. 6, 47–59.
- Gränacher, Ch., Sallmann, R. (1936) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Celluloselösungen, DRP 713 486, 07.10.1936
- Gröbe, A. (1989) Properties of Cellulose Materials, in: Polymer Handbook ( J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut, Eds.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, V117–V170.
- Haigler, C. H., Rao, N. R., Roberts, E. M., Huang, J. Y., Upchurch, D. R., Trolinder, N. L. (1991) Cultured ovules as models for cotton fiber development under low temperatures, Plant Physiol. 95, 88–96.
- Haigler, C. H., Blanton, R. L. (1996) New hope for old dreams: evidence that plant cellulose synthase genes have finally been identified, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12082–12085.
- Hayashi, N., Sugiyama, J., Okano, T., Ishihara, M. (1998a) The enzymatic susceptibility of cellulose microfibrils of the algal-bacterial type and the cotton-ramie type, Carbohydr. Res. 305, 261–269.
- Hayashi, T., Ihara, Y., Nakai, T., Takeda, T., Tominaga, R, (1998b) Cellulose as a biological sink of CO2, Stud. Surf. Sci. Cat. 114, 243–248.
- Hearle, J.W.S., (1958) Fringed-fibril theory of structure in crystalline polymers, J. Polymer Sci. 28, 432–435.
- Heim, D. R., Larrinua, I. M., Murdoch, M. G., Roberts, J. L. (1998) Triazofenamide is a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 59, 163–168.
- Heinze, T., Erler, U., Nehls, I., Klemm, D. (1994) Determination of the substituent pattern of heterogeneously and homogeneously synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose using HPLC, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 215, 93–106.
- Heinze, T., Berghmans, H., Rahn, K, Diamantoglou, M, Klemm, D. (1996) . Homogeneous synthesis of cellulose p-toluenesulfonates in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system, Angew. Macromol. Chem. 235, 143–163.
-
Heinze, T.
(1998a)
New ionic polymers by cellulose functionalization,
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 199,
2341–2364.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19981101)199:11<2341::AID-MACP2341>3.0.CO;2-J CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Heinze, T. (1998b) Ionische Funktionspolymere aus Cellulose: Neue Synthesekonzepte, Strukturaufklärung und Eigenschaften, Aachen: Shaker-Verlag.
-
Heinze, T.,
Glasser, W. G.
(1998)
The role of novel solvents and solutions complexes for the preparation of highly engineered cellulose derivatives, in: Cellulose Derivatives: Modification, Characterization, and Nanostructures, ACS Symposium Series No. 688. ( T. Heinze, W.G. Glasser, Eds.) pp. 2–18.
10.1021/bk-1998-0688.ch001 Google Scholar
- Heinze, T., Liebert, T. (1998) Organic solvents and sophisticated derivatives of cellulose – promising tools in cellulose chemistry, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 32, 3–18.
-
Heinze, T.,
Dicke, R.,
Koschella, A.,
Kull, A.H.,
Klohr, E.-A.,
Koch, W.
(2000)
Effective preparation of cellulose derivatives in a new simple cellulose solvent,
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201,
627–631.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(20000301)201:6<627::AID-MACP627>3.0.CO;2-Y CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Heinze, T., Liebert, T. (2001) Unconventional methods in cellulose functionalization, Prog. Polym. Sci. 26, 1689–1762.
- Henriksson, S. A., Buchanan, C., Gatenholm, P. (2000) Structure and properties of modified xylans, 219th ACS National Meeting, pp. CELL-109. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
- Heyn, A. N. J. (1966) The microcrystalline structure of cellulose in cell walls of cotton, ramie, and jute fibers as revealed by negative staining of sections, J. Cell. Biol. 29, 181–197.
- Him, J. L. K., Chanzy, H., Pelosi, L., Putaux, J.-L., Bulone, V. (2000) In vitro biosynthesis of plant β-glucans, Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 41, 1875–1876.
- Hon, D. N.-S. (1996) Functional polymers: a new dimensional creativity in lignocellulosic chemistry, in: Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials ( D.N.-S. Hon, Ed.), pp. 1–10. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- Honjo, G., Watanabe, M. (1958) Examination of cellulose fiber by the low-temperature specimen method of electron diffraction and electron microscopy, Nature 181, 326–328.
- Hudson, S. M., Cuculo, J.A. (1980) The solubility of unmodified cellulose: a critique of the literature, JMS-Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C18, 1–82.
- Husemann, E., Seifert, S. (1969) N-äthyl-pyridinium-chlorid als Lösungsmittel und Reaktionsmedium für Cellulose, Makromol. Chem. 128, 288–291.
- Isogai, A., Ishizu, A., Nakano, J. (1984a) Preparation of tri-O-benzylcellulose by the use of nonaqueous cellulose solvents, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29, 2097–2109.
- Isogai, A., Ishizu, A., Nakano, J. (1984b) Preparation of tri-O-substituted cellulose ethers by the use of nonaqueous cellulose solvents, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29, 3873–3882.
- Isogai, A., Ishizu, A., Nakano, J. (1986) Preparation of tri-O-alkylcelluloses by the use of nonaqueous cellulose solvents and their physical characteristics, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 31, 341–352.
- Isogai, A., Ishizu, A., Nakano, J. (1987) Dissolution mechanism of cellulose in SO2-amine-dimethylsulfoxide, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 33, 1283–1290.
- Isogai, A., Usuda, M., Kato, T., Uryu, T., Atalla, R.H. (1989) Solid-State CP/MAS 13C NMR Study of Cellulose Polymorphs, Macromolecules 22, 3168–3172.
- Johnson, D. C. (1985) Solvents for cellulose, in: Cellulose chemistry and its application, ( T.P. Nevell, S.H. Zeronian, Eds.). Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
- Johnson, D. L. (1969) Compounds dissolved in cyclic amine oxides. US 3 447 939, 03.06.1969.
- Johnson, D. L. (1970) Method of preparing polymers from a mixture of cyclic amine oxides and polymers. US 3 508 941, 24.04.1970
- Karlsson, A., Singh, S.K. (1998) Thermal and mechanical characterization of cellulose acetate phthalate films for pharmaceutical tablet coating: effect of humidity during measurements, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 24, 827–834.
- Kataoka, Y., Kondo, T. (1999a) Supermolecular architecture of wood cell wall crystalline cellulose, Book of Abstracts, 217th ACS National Meeting, pp. CELL-045. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
- Kataoka, Y., Kondo, T. (1999b) Quantitative analysis for the cellulose I α crystalline phase in developing wood cell walls, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 24, 37–41.
- Kawagoe, Y., Delmer, D. P., Setlow, J. K. (1997) Pathways and genes involved in cellulose biosynthesis, Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods 19, 63–87.
- Keen, N.T., Roberts, P.A. (1998) Plant parasitic nematodes: Digesting a page from the microbe book, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 4789–4790.
- Klemm, D., Heinze, T., Philipp, B., Wagenknecht, W. (1997) New approaches to advanced polymers by selective cellulose functionalization, Acta Polymerica, 48, 277–297.
-
Klemm, D.,
Philipp, B.,
Heinze, T.,
Heinze, U.,
Wagenknecht, W.
(1998a)
Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH.
10.1002/3527601937 Google Scholar
- Klemm, D., Philipp, B., Heinze, T., Heinze, U., Wagenknecht, W. (1998b) Cellulose nitrate, in: Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 101–112, Vol. 2.
- Klemm, D., Philipp, B., Heinze, T., Heinze, U., Wagenknecht, W. (1998c) Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 145–161.
- Klemm, D., Udhardt, U., Marsch, S, Schumann, D., (1999) BASYC-Bacterial synthesized cellulose miniaturized tubes for microsurgery, Polymer News, 24, 377–379.
- Klemm, D., Meister, F., Vorbach, D., Schulze, T., Taeger, E. (2000) ALCERU – Alternative way for generation of blends and composites based on cellulose, Polymer News 25, 234–236.
- Klemm, D., Einfeldt, L. (2001) Structure design of polysaccharides: novel concepts, selective synthesis, high value applications, Macromol. Symp. 163, 35–47.
- Kobayashi, S., Kashiwa, K., Kawasaki, T., Shoda, S. (1991) Novel method for polysaccharide synthesis using an enzyme: the first in vitro synthesis of cellulose via a nonbiosynthetic path utilizing cellulase as catalyst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 3079–3084.
- Kobayashi, S., Shoda, S., Lee, J.H., Okuda, K., Brown, R.M. Jr., Kuga, S. (1994) Direct visualization of synthetic cellulose formation via enzymatic polymerization using transmission electron-microscopy, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 195, 1319–1326.
- Kolpak, F.J., Blackwell, J. (1976) Determination of the structure of cellulose II, Macromolecules 9, 273–278.
- Kolpak, F.J., Blackwell, J. (1978) Mercerization of cellulose: 1. Determination of the structure of mercerized cotton, Polymer 19, 123–131, Mercerization of cellulose 2. The morphology of mercerized cotton cellulose, Polymer 19, 132–135.
- Koschella, A., Klemm, D. (1997) . Silylation of cellulose regiocontrolled by bulky reagents and dispersity in the reaction media, Macromol. Symp. 120, 115–125.
- Koschella, A, Heinze, T., Klemm, D. (2001) First synthesis of 3-O-functionalized cellulose ethers via 2,6-di-O-protected silyl cellulose, Macromol. Biosci. 1, 49–54.
- Kötz, J., Philipp, B., Nehls, I., Heinze, T., Klemm, D. (1990) Zum Polyelektrolytverhalten einer C-6-substituierten Carboxycellulose im Vergleich zu Carboxymethylcellulose, Acta Polymerica 41, 333–338.
- Krässig, H., Steadman, R.G., Schliefer, K., Albrecht, W. (1986) Cellulose, in: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( W. Gerhartz, Y.S. Yamamoto, F.T. Champbell, R. Pfefferkorn, J.F. Rounsaville, Eds.), Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 413–415 5th Ed., Vol. A5.
- Krässig, H.A. (1993) Cellulose – Structure, Accessibility, and Reactivity, Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach.
- Krause, D. O., Bunch, R. J., Smith, W. J. M., McSweeney, C. S. (1999) Diversity of Ruminococcus strains: a survey of genetic polymorphisms and plant digestibility, J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 487–495.
- Kudlicka, K., Brown, R. M. Jr. (1996) Cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants, Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 65, 17–24.
- Kuga, S., Tagaki, S., Brown, R.M. Jr. (1993) Native folded-chain cellulose II, Polymer 34, 3293–3297.
- Kulicke, W. M., Kull, A. H., Kull, W., Thielking, H., Engelhardt, J., Pannek, J.-B. (1996) Characterization of aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solutions in terms of their molecular structure and its influence on rheological behaviour, Polymer 37, 2723–2731.
- Kurka, A.-M., Starr, M., Heikinheimo, M., Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (2000) Decomposition of cellulose strips in relation to climate, litterfall nitrogen, phosphorus and C/N ratio in natural boreal forests, Plant Soil 219, 91–101.
-
Kürschner, K.,
Popik, M.G.
(1962)
Analysis of woods,
Holzforschung 16,
1–11.
10.1515/hfsg.1962.16.1.1 Google Scholar
- Kvesitadze, E., Adeishville, E., Gomartelim, M., Kvachadze, L., Kvesitadze, G. (1999) Cellulase end xylanase activity of fungi in a collection isolated from the southern Caucasus, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 43, 189–196.
- Lee, H.J., Brown, R.M. Jr., Kuga, S., Shoda, S., Kobayashi, S. (1994) Assembly of synthetic cellulose I, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7425–7429.
- Li, M., Huang, S. (1999) Mathematic model of the plant cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, Zhongguo Liangyou Xuebao 14, 45–48 (chines.).
- Liang, C.Y., Marchessault, R.H. (1959) Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides. II. Native celluloses in the region from 640 to 1700 cm−1, J. Polym. Sci. 39, 269–278.
- Liebert, T., Heinze, T. (1998a) Synthesis path versus distribution of functional groups in cellulose ethers, Macromol. Symp. 130, 271–283.
-
Liebert, T.,
Heinze, T.
(1998b)
Induced phase separation – a new synthesis concept in cellulose chemistry, in: Cellulose Derivatives: Modification, Characterization and Nanostructures, ( T. Heinze, W. G. Glasser, Eds.) Washington, DC: ACS Symposium Series 688, American Chemical Society,
61.
10.1021/bk-1998-0688.ch004 Google Scholar
- Loth, F. (1993) Derivatisierung von Cellulose – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, in: Nachwachsende Rohstoffe, Perspektiven für die Chemie ( M. Eggersdorfer, S. Warwel, G. Wulff, Eds.) Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 323–340.
- Mann, G., Kunze, J., Loth, F., Fink, H.-P. (1998) Cellulose ethers with a block-like distribution of the substituents by structure-selective derivatization of cellulose, Polymer 39, 3155–3165.
- Marchessault, R.H., Liang, C.Y. (1960) Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides. III. Mercerized cellulose, J. Polym. Sci. 43, 71–84.
- McCarthy, A. A., Morris, D. D., Bergquist, P. L., Baker, E. N. (2000) Structure of XynB, a highly thermostable beta-1,4-xylanase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1, at 1.8 A resolution, Acta Crystall. Sect. D: Biol. Crystall. 56, 1367–75.
- Meyer, K.H., Mark, H.F. (1929) Über den Bau des kristallisierten Anteils der Cellulose II, Z. Phys. Chem. B2, 115–145.
- Meyer, K.H., Misch, L. (1937) Positions des atomes dans le nonveau modele spatial de la cellulose, Helv. Chim. Acta 20, 232–244.
- Michael, M., Ibbett, R.N., Howarth, O.W. (2000) Interaction of cellulose with amine oxide solvents, Cellulose 7, 21–33.
- Mischnick, P. (1995) , Habilitation Thesis, University of Hamburg, Germany.
- Moore, R. C., Zhang, M., Cassimeris, L., Cyr, R. J. (1997) In vitro assembled plant microtubules exhibit a high state of dynamic instability, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, 38, 278–86.
- Mühlethaler, K. (1965) The fine structure of the cellulose microfibril, in: Cellular Ultrastructure of Woody Plants, ( W. A. Côte, Ed.) Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 191–198.
- Müller, F., Leuschke, Ch. (1996) Organic cellulose esters, thermoplastic molding compounds, in: Engineering Thermoplastics, Polycarbonates, Polyacetals, Polyesters and Cellulose Esters ( L. Bottenbruch, Ed.), Munich: Hanser, 385–442.
- Naheed, A., Zafar, S. I., Abdullah, N. (1999) Lignocellulose biodegradation by white rot basidiomycetes: overview, Int. J. Mushroom Sci. 2, 59–78.
- Nakagawa, N., Sakurai, N. (1998) Increase in the amount of celA1 protein in tobacco BY-2 cells by a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, Plant Cell Phys. 39, 779–85.
- Nakatsubo, F., Kamitakahara, H., Hori, M. (1996) Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3,6-di-O-benzyl-alpha-d-glucose 1,2,4-orthopivalate and the first chemical synthesis of cellulose, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 1677–1681.
- Nawrath, C., Poirier, Y., Somerville, C. (1995) Plant polymers for biodegradable plastics: Cellulose, starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates, Mol. Breed. 1, 105–22.
- Nehls, I., Wagenknecht, W., Philipp, B. (1994) Characterization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives in solution by high resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy, Progr. Polym. Sci. 19, 29–78.
- Newman, R. H. (1999) Estimation of the relative proportions of cellulose Ia and Iß in wood by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, Holzforschung 53, 335–340.
- Nishimura, T., Takano, T., Nakatsubo, F., Murakami, K. (1993) Synthetic studies of cellulose. X. Selection of suitable starting materials for the convergent synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides, Mokuzai Gakkaishi 39, 40–47.
- Olaru, N., Olaru, L., Stoleriu, A., Timpu, D. (1998) Carboxymethylcellulose synthesis in organic media containing ethanol and/or acetone, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 67, 481–486.
- Olsen, O., Thomsen, K. K., Weber, J., Duus, J. O., Svendsen, I., Wegener, C., von Wettstein, D. (1996) Transplanting two unique beta-glucanase catalytic activities into one multienzyme, which forms glucose, Bio/Technology 14, 71–6.
-
Pajulo, O.,
Viljanto, J.,
Lonnberg, B.,
Hurme, T.,
Lonnqvist, K.,
Saukko, P.
(1996)
Viscose cellulose sponge as an implantable matrix: changes in the structures increase the production of granulation tissue,
J. Biomed. Mater. Sci. 32,
439–466.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199611)32:3<439::AID-JBM18>3.0.CO;2-B CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Palmer, R. L., Dugger, W. M. (1992) Recovery of glucose from glucolipids in cell wall glucans in cotton fibers, Phytochemistry 31, 2631–2633.
- Pancke, J., Hohenberg, H., Kollmann, R. (1996) Culture of plant protoplasts in cellulose-microcapillaries for fixation and electron microscopical analysis, Eur. J. Cell Biol. 69, No. SUPPL. 42, pp. 156, 21st Annual Meeting of the German Society for Cell Biology, Hamburg, Germany March 24–28, 1996.
- Payen, A. (1838) Memoire sur la composition du tissu propre des plantes et du ligneux, C. R. 7, 1052, 1125.
- Perrin, R. M. (2001) Cellulose: how many cellulose synthases to make a plant? Curr. Biol. 11, R209–212.
- Philipp, B. (1993) Organic solvents for cellulose as a biodegradable polymer and their applicability for cellulose spinning and derivatization, JMS-Pure Appl. Chem. A30, 703–714.
- Phillip, B., Klemm, D., Heinze, U. (1999) Regioselective cellulose chemistry – a challenge to cellulose research and development at the end of this century, Polymer News, 24, 305–308.
- Posey-Dowty, J.D., Wilson, A.K., Curtis, L.G., Swan, P.M., Seo, K.S. (1998) Carboxyalkyl cellulose esters in aqueous pigment dispersions, US 5994530, CA: 132:13232.
- Raudoniene, V., Varnaite, R. (1998) Degradation of lignin-cellulose complex of plant remnants by fungi, Biologija 1998, (4), 52–55 (russ.).
- Roberts, E. M., Rao, N. R., Huang, J. Y., Trolinder, N. L., Haigler, C. H. (1992) Effects of cycling temperatures on fiber metabolism in cultured cotton ovules, Plant Physiol. 100, 979–986.
- Rose, J. K. C., Lee, H. H., Bennett, A. B. (1997) Expression of a divergent expansion gene is fruit-specific and ripening-regulated, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5955–5960.
- Saake, B., Hroner, S., Krise, Th., Puls, J., Liebert, T., Heinze, T. (2000) Detailed investigations of the molecular structure of carobxymethyl cellulose with unusual substitution pattern by means of an enzyme supported analysis, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201, 1996–2002.
- Sarko, A., Muggli, R. (1974) Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides III. Valonia cellulose and cellulose II, Macromolecules 7, 486–494.
- Schell, D. J. (1995) Vendor test studies supporting the design of a biomass-to-ethanol pilot plant, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 51–52, 549–557.
- Schönbein, C.F. (1846) , Cr. Hebd. Acad. Sci. 23, 612.
- Schützenberger, P. (1865a) Einwirkung der wasserfreien Essigsäure auf Cellulose, Stärke, Zucker, Mannit und dessen Verwandte, auf Glykoside und gewisse vegetablische Farbstoffe, Chem. Zbl., 1036–1037.
- Schützenberger, P. (1865b) Action de l'acide acetique anhydre sur la cellulose, l'amidon, les sucres, la mannite et ses congeneres, les glucosides et certaines matieres colorantes vegetales, C. R. 61, 485.
-
Schweizer, E.
(1856)
Über das unterschwefelsaure Kupferoxyd-Ammoniak und die ammoniakbasischen Metallsalze überhaupt,
J. Pr. Ch. 67,
430–444.
10.1002/prac.18560670187 Google Scholar
-
Schweizer, E.
(1857)
Das Kupferoxyd-Ammoniak, ein Auflösungsmittel für die Pflanzenfaser,
J. Pr. Ch. 72,
109–111.
10.1002/prac.18570720115 Google Scholar
-
Schweizer, E.
(1859)
Zur Darstellung des Kupferoxydammoniaks,
J. Pr. Ch. 76,
344–345.
10.1002/prac.18590760159 Google Scholar
- Segal, L., Eggerton, F.V. (1961) Some aspects of the reaction between urea and cellulose, Text. Res. J. 31, 460–465.
- Serad, G.A. (1985) Celluloseesters, organic, in: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering ( H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger, G. Menges, J. I. Kroschwitz, Eds.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, 181–226, 2nd Ed., Vol. 3.
- Shoseyov, O., Shani, Z., Shpigel, E., Tsabari, G., Roiz, L., Dekel, M., Levi, I. (2000a) Modifications of polysaccharide biosynthesis and plant growth by cellulose-binding domain and endo-1,4-ß-glucanase in transgenic plants, 219th ACS National Meeting, pp. BTEC-033. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
- Shoseyov, O., Shani, Z., Shpigel, E., Tsabari, G., Roiz, L., Dekel, M., Levi, I. (2000b) Modifications of polysaccharide biosynthesis and plant growth by cellulose-binding domain and endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in transgenic plants, Abstracts Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. (26 Mar 2000) 219, Part 2, 33.
- Shpiegel, E., Roiz, L., Goren, R., Shoseyov, O. (1998) Bacterial cellulose-binding domain modulates in vitro elongation of different plant cells, Plant Physiol. 117, 1185–1194.
- Sisson, W.A. (1938) The existence of mercerized cellulose and its orientation in Halicystis as indicated by x-ray diffraction analysis, Science 87, 350–351.
- Sitte, P., Ziegler, H., Ehrendorfer, F., Bresinsky, A. (1991) Strasburger - Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen 33rd Ed. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 96–100.
- Staudinger, H., Daumiller, G. (1937) Über hochpolymere Verbindungen. Untersuchungen an Celluloseacetaten und Cellulosen, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 529, 219–265.
- Stipanovic, A.J., Sarko, A. (1976) Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. 6. Molecular and crystal structure of regenerated cellulose II, Macromolecules 9, 851–857.
- Sugiyama, J., Okano, T., Yamamoto, H., Horii, F. (1990) Transformation of Valonia cellulose crystals by an alkaline hydrothermal treatment, Macromolecules 23, 3196–3198.
- Sugiyama, J., Vuong, R., Chanzy, H. (1991) Electron diffraction study on the crystalline phases occurring in native cellulose from an algal cell wall, Macromolecules 24, 4168–4175.
- Sulzenbacher, G., Shareck, F., Morosoli, R., Dupont, C., Davies, G. J. (1997) The Streptomyces lividans family 12 endoglucanase: construction of the catalytic cre, expression, and X-ray structure at 1.75 A resolution, Biochemistry 36, 16032–9.
-
Tarchevsky, J.A.,
Marchenko, G.N.
(1991)
Cellulose: Biosynthesis and Structure, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
10.1007/978-3-642-75474-6 Google Scholar
- Taeger, E., Franz, H., Mertel, H. (1985) Probleme der schwefelkohlenstofffreien Verformung von Cellulosen zu textilen Cellulosefäden mittels N-Methylmorpholin-N-oxid, Formeln, Faserstoffe, Fertigware 4, 14–22.
- Taeger, E., Michels, Ch., Nechwatal, A. (1991) Untersuchungen zur Auflösung und Verformung von Cellulose in N-Methylmorpholin-N-oxid, Das Papier 45, 784–788.
- Tashpulatov, Zh. T., Sultanova, I. G., Turabova, Ya. U. (1997) Enzymic production of glucose syrups from cellulose-containing plant wastes, Chem. Nat. Comp. 33, 273–275.
- Tiedemann, J., Hohenberg, H., Kollmann, R. (1998) High-pressure freezing of plant cells cultured in cellulose microcapillaries, J. Microscopy, 189, 163–171.
- Tiller, J., Berlin, P., Klemm, D. (2000) Novel matrices for biosensor applications by structure design of redox-chromogenic aminocellulose esters, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 75, 904–915.
- Triplett, B. A. (1998) Stage-specific inhibition of cotton fiber development by adding α-amanitin to ovule cultures, In vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.: Plant 34, 27–33.
- Triplett, B. A., Johnson, D. S. (1999) Adding gelling agents to cotton ovule culture media leads to subtle changes in fiber development, In vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.: Plant 35, 265–270.
- Turkova, J., Vajcnev, J., Vancurova, D., Stamberg, J. (1979) Immobilization on cellulose in bead form after periodate oxidation and reductive alkylation, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 44, 3411–3417.
- Valentova, O., Marek, M., Svec, F., Stamberg, J., Vodrazka, Z. (1981) Comparison of different methods of glucose oxidase immobilization, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23, 2093–2104.
- VanderHart, D.L., Atalla, R.H. (1984) Studies of Microstructure in Native Celluloses Using Solid-State 13C NMR, Macromolecules 17, 1465–1472.
- Voges, M., Brück, M., Gensrich, J., Fink, H.-P. (2001) The CARBACELL process – an environmentally friendly alternative for the cellulosic-man-made fibre production, Abstracts of the 96. Hauptversammlung des ZELLCHEMING Verein der Zellstoff- und Papier -Chemiker und -Ingenieure, 15–28 Juni 2001, Baden-Baden, Germany.
- Wegener, C., Jansen, G. (1996) The susceptibility of tissue cell walls to Erwinia enzymes differs among the potato cultivars, Potato Res. 39, 515–522.
- Weigel, P., Fink, H.-P., Walenta, E., Ganster, J., Remde, H. (1997) Structure formation of cellulose man-made fibers from amine oxide solution, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 31, 321–333.
- Xue, B., Ellis, D., Newton, C., Gawley, B., Gilbert, M. (1997a) Altering carbon allocation to increase cellulose biosynthesis and plant production, Plant Physiol. 114, No. 3 SUPPL., 300–301.
- Xue, B., Ellis, D., Newton, C., Gawley, B., Gilbert, M., Sutton, B. (1997b) Alterating carbon allocation to increase cellulose biosynthesis and plant production, Plant Physiol. 114, No. 3, Supp. [S], 1572.
- Yackel, E.C., Kenyon, W. (1942) Oxidation of cellulose by nitrogen dioxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 121–127.
- Yamamoto, H., Horii, F. (1993) CP/MAS 13C NMR analysis of the crystal transformation induced for Valonia cellulose by annealing at high temperatures, Macromolecules 26, 1313–1317.
- Yamamoto, H., Horii, F., Odani, H. (1989) Structural changes of native cellulose crystals induced by annealing in aqueous alkaline and acidic solutions at high temperature, Macromolecules 22, 4130–4132.
- Zhang, L., Yang, G., Xiao, L. (1995) Blend membranes of cellulose cuoxam/casein, J. Membr. Sci. 103, 65–71.
- Zhang, L.-M. (2001) New water-soluble cellulosic polymers: A review, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 286, 267–275.
- Zhang, Y., Shao, H., Wu, C., Hu, X. (2001) Formation and characterization of cellulose membranes from N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide solution, Macromol. Biosci. 1, 141–148.
- Zhou, Y. (2000) Recent advances in bioconversion of plant resources, Xianweisu Kexue Yu Jishu 8, 59–66 (Chinese).
- Zorreguieta, A., Finnie, C., Downie, J.A. (2000) Extracellular glycanases of rhizobium leguminosarum are activated on the cell surface by an exopolysaccharide-related component, J. Bacteriol. 182, 1304–1312.
Citing Literature
Biopolymers Online: Biology • Chemistry • Biotechnology • Applications
Browse other articles of this reference work: