Cell-Wall Beta-Glucans of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Part 6. Polysaccharides
Gerrit J. P. Dijkgraaf,
Dr. Huijuan Li,
Dr. Howard Bussey,
Gerrit J. P. Dijkgraaf
- [email protected]
- 1-514-398-6439 | Fax: 1-514-398-2595
McGill University, Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Huijuan Li
- [email protected]
- 1-514-398-6439 | Fax: 1-514-398-2595
McGill University, Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Howard Bussey
- [email protected]
- 1-514-398-6439 | Fax: 1-514-398-8051
McGill University, Department of Biology, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Search for more papers by this authorGerrit J. P. Dijkgraaf,
Dr. Huijuan Li,
Dr. Howard Bussey,
Gerrit J. P. Dijkgraaf
- [email protected]
- 1-514-398-6439 | Fax: 1-514-398-2595
McGill University, Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Huijuan Li
- [email protected]
- 1-514-398-6439 | Fax: 1-514-398-2595
McGill University, Department of Biology, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Howard Bussey
- [email protected]
- 1-514-398-6439 | Fax: 1-514-398-8051
McGill University, Department of Biology, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Introduction
- Historical Outline
- Methodological Advances in Cell-Wall Research
- Elucidating the Molecular Structure of Yeast Glucans
- Alkali-Insolubility of Glucan is Mediated by Cross-Linking to Chitin
- Structural Studies on Yeast Glucan
- Enzymology of Glucan Synthesis
- Gene Products Involved in β-1,3-Glucan Biosynthesis
- Fks1p and Fks2p
- Rho1p
- Gns1p
- Knr4p
- Hkr1p
- Gene Products Involved in β-1,6-Glucan Biosynthesis
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi
- Cytoplasm and Cell Surface
- Glucan Remodeling and Cross-Linking
- Glucanases
- Glucanosyltransferases
- Applications of Yeast β-Glucans
- Glucan Synthase Inhibitors
- Outlook and Perspectives
- Acknowledgments
References
- Abe, M., Nishida, I., Minemura, M., Qadota, H., Seyama, Y., Watanabe, T., Ohya, Y. (2001) Yeast 1,3-β-glucan synthase activity is inhibited by phytosphingosine localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, J. Biol. Chem. 276, 26923–26930.
- Abe, M., Minemura, M., Utsugi, T., Sekiya-Kawasaki, M., Hirata, A., Qadota, H., Morishita, K., Watanabe, T., Ohya, Y. (2002) Multiple functional domains of yeast 1,3-β-glucan synthase revealed by mutational analysis (in preparation).
- Agar, H. D., Douglas, H. C. (1955) Studies of budding and cell wall structure of yeast, J. Bacteriol. 70, 427–434.
- Alberts, A. S., Bouquin, N., Johnston, L. H., Treisman, R. (1998) Analysis of RhoA-binding proteins reveals an interaction domain conserved in heterotrimeric G protein beta subunits and the yeast response regulator protein Skn7, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8616–8622.
- Anderson, F. B., Millbank, J. W. (1966) Protoplast formation and yeast cell-wall structure. The action of the enzymes of the snail, Helix pomatia, Biochem. J. 99, 682–687.
- Bacon, J. S. D., Farmer, V. C., Jones, D., Taylor, I. F. (1969) The glucan components of the cell wall of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) considered in relation to its ultrastructure, Biochem. J. 114, 557–567.
- Baguley, B. C., Rommele, G., Gruner, J., Wehrli, W. (1979) Papulacandin B: an inhibitor of glucan synthesis in yeast spheroplasts, Eur. J. Biochem. 97, 245–351.
- Barry, V. C., Dillon, T. (1943) On the glucan of the yeast membrane, Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Sect. B 49, 177–185.
- Bell, D. J., Northcote, D. H. (1950) The structure of a cell-wall polysaccharide of baker's yeast, J. Chem. Soc. 1944–1947.
- Boone, C., Sommer, S. S., Hensel, A., Bussey, H. (1990) Yeast KRE genes provide evidence for a pathway of cell wall β-glucan assembly, J. Cell Biol. 110, 1833–1843.
- Brown, J. L., Bussey, H. (1993) The yeast KRE9 gene encodes an O glycoprotein involved in cell surface β-glucan assembly, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 6346–6356.
- Brown, J. L., Kossaczka, Z., Jiang, B., Bussey, H. (1993) A mutational analysis of killer toxin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies new genes involved in cell wall (1→6)-β-glucan synthesis, Genetics 133, 837–849.
- Bussey, H. (1991) K1 killer toxin, a pore-forming protein from yeast, Mol. Microbiol. 5, 2339–2343.
- Cabib, E., Roberts, R., Bowers, B. (1982) Synthesis of the yeast cell wall and its regulation, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 51, 763–793.
- Cabib, E., Drgonová, J., Drgon, T. (1998) Role of small G proteins in yeast cell polarization and wall biosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 307–333.
- Cappellaro, C., Mrsa, V., Tanner, W. (1998) New potential cell wall glucanases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their involvement in mating, J. Bacteriol. 180, 5030–5037.
-
Caro, L. H. P.,
Tettelin, H.,
Vossen, J. H.,
Ram, A. F. J.,
van den Ende, H.,
Klis, F. M.
(1997)
In silicio identification of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored plasma-membrane and cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Yeast 13,
1477–1489.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199712)13:15<1477::AID-YEA184>3.0.CO;2-L CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Castro, C., Ribas, J. C., Valdivieso, M. H., Varona, R., del Rey, F., Duran, A. (1995) Papulacandin B resistance in budding and fission yeasts: isolation and characterization of a gene involved in (1,3)β-d-glucan synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Bacteriol. 177, 5732–5739.
- Chu, S., DeRisi, J., Eisen, M., Mulholland, J., Botstein, D., Brown, P. O., Herskowitz, I. (1998) The transcriptional program of sporulation in budding yeast, Science 282, 699–705.
- Cid, V. J., Duran, A., del Rey, F., Snyder, M. P., Nombela, C., Sanchez, M. (1995) Molecular basis of cell integrity and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbiol. Rev. 59, 345–386.
- Crotti, L. B., Drgon, T., Cabib, E. (2001) Yeast cell permeabilization by osmotic shock allows determination of enzymatic activities in situ, Anal. Biochem. 292, 8–16.
- Dagkessamanskaia, A., Martin-Yken, H., Basmaji, F., Briza, P., Francois, J. (2001) Interaction of Knr4 protein, a protein involved in cell wall synthesis, with tyrosine tRNA synthetase encoded by TYS1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 200, 53–58.
-
Dallies, N.,
François, J.,
Paquet, V.
(1998)
A new method for quantitative determination of polysaccharides in the yeast cell wall. Application to the cell wall defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Yeast 14,
1297–1306.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(1998100)14:14<1297::AID-YEA310>3.0.CO;2-L CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- David, D., Sundarababu, S., Gerst, J. E. (1998) Involvement of long chain fatty acid elongation in the trafficking of secretory vesicles in yeast, J. Cell Biol. 143, 1167–1182.
- Delley, P.-A., Hall, M. N. (1999) Cell wall stress depolarizes cell growth via hyperactivation of RHO1, J. Cell Biol. 147, 163–174.
- Dickson, R. C., Lester, R. L. (1999) Metabolism and selected functions of sphingolipids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1438, 305–321.
-
Dijkgraaf, G. J. P.,
Brown, J. L.,
Bussey, H.
(1996)
The KNH1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a functional homolog of KRE9,
Yeast 12,
683–692.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(19960615)12:7<683::AID-YEA959>3.0.CO;2-8 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Dijkgraaf, G. J. P., Abe, M., Ohya, Y., Bussey, H. (2002) Mutations in Fks1p affect the cell wall content of β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast in press.
- Donzis, B. A. (1993) Method for revitalizing skin by applying topically water insoluble glucan, US Patent 5, 223, 491.
- Douglas, C. M., Marrinan, J. A., Li, W., Kurtz, M. B. (1994a) A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with echinocandin-resistant 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase, J. Bacteriol. 176, 5686–5696.
- Douglas, C. M., Foor, F., Marrinan, J. A., Morin, N., Nielsen, J. B., Dahl, A. M., Mazur, P., Baginsky, W., Li, W., El-Sherbeini, M., Clemas, J. A., Mandala, S. M., Frommer, B. R., Kurtz, M. B. (1994b) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 (ETG1) gene encodes an integral membrane protein which is a subunit of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 12907–12911.
- Drgonová, J., Drgon, T., Tanaka, K., Kollár, R., Chen, G.-C., Ford, R. A., Chan, C. S. M., Takai, Y., Cabib, E. (1996) Rho1p, a yeast protein at the interface between cell polarization and morphogenesis, Science 272, 277–279.
- Duell, E. A., Inoue, S., Utter, M. F. (1964) Isolation and properties of intact mitochondria from spheroplasts of yeast, J. Bacteriol. 88, 1762–1773.
- Duffus, J. H., Levi, C., Manners, D. J. (1982) Yeast cell-wall glucans, Adv. Microb. Physiol. 23, 151–181.
- Eddy, A. A., Williamson, D. H. (1957) A method of isolating protoplasts from yeast, Nature 179, 1252–1253.
- Eddy, A. A., Williamson, D. H. (1959) Formation of aberrant cell walls and of spores by the growing yeast protoplast, Nature 183, 1101–1104.
- Eddy, A. A., Woodhead, J. S. (1968) An alkali-soluble glucan fraction from the cell walls of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, FEBS Lett. 1, 67–68.
- Elorza, M. V., Murgui, A., Rico, H., Miragall, F., Sentandreu, R. (1987) Formation of a new cell wall by protoplasts of Candida albicans: effect of papulacandin B, tunicamycin and nikkomycin, J. Gen. Microbiol. 133, 2315–2325.
- El-Sherbeini, M., Clemas, J. A. (1995a) Nikkomycin Z supersensitivity of an echinocandin-resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 200–207.
- El-Sherbeini, M., Clemas, J. A. (1995b) Cloning and characterization of GNS1: a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene involved in synthesis of 1,3-β-glucan in vitro, J. Bacteriol. 177, 3227–3234.
- Enderlin, C. S., Selitrennikoff, C. P. (1994) Cloning and characterization of a Neurospora crassa gene required for (1,3)β-glucan synthase activity and cell wall formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9500–9504.
- Erwin, R. L. (1990) Glucan/collagen therapeutic eye shields, US Patent 4, 946, 450.
- Evangelista, M., Blundell, K., Longtine, M. S., Chow, C. J., Adames, N., Pringle, J. R., Peter, M., Boone, C. (1997) Bni1p, a yeast formin linking Cdc42p and the actin cytoskeleton during polarized morphogenesis, Science 272, 118–122.
- Farkas, I., Hardy, T. A., Depaoli-Roach, A. A., Roach, P. (1990) Isolation of the GSY1 gene encoding yeast glycogen synthase and evidence for the existence of a second gene, J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20879–20886.
- Fernández, F. S., Trombetta, S. E., Hellman, U., Parodi, A. J. (1994) Purification to homogeneity of UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and apparent absence of the enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30701–30706.
- Fishel, B., Sperry, A. O., Garrard, W. T. (1993) Yeast calmodulin and a conserved nuclear protein participate in the in vivo binding of a matrix association region, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5623–5627.
- Fleet, G. H., Manners, D. J. (1976) Isolation and composition of an alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Gen. Microbiol. 94, 180–192.
- Fleet, G. H., Manners, D. J. (1977) The enzymic degradation of an alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Gen. Microbiol. 98, 315–327.
- Frost, D. J., Brandt, K., Capobianco, J., Goldman, R. (1994) Characterization of (1,3)-β-glucan synthase in Candida albicans: microsomal assay from the yeast or mycelial morphological forms and a permeabilized whole-cell assay, Microbiology 140, 2239–2246.
- Fujii, T., Shimoi, H., Iimura, Y. (1999) Structure of the glucan-binding sugar chain of Tip1p, a cell wall protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1427, 133–144.
- García-Rodriguez, L. J., Trilla, J. A., Castro, C., Valdivieso, M. H., Durán, A., Roncero, C. (2000) Characterization of the chitin biosynthesis process as a compensatory mechanism in the fks1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FEBS Lett. 478, 84–88.
- Garrett-Engele, P., Moilanen, B., Cyert, M. S. (1995) Calcineurin, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is essential in yeast mutants with cell integrity defects and in mutants that lack a functional vacuolar H+-ATPase, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4103–4114.
- Georgopapadakou, N. H., Tkacz, J. S. (1995) The fungal cell wall as a drug target, Trends Microbiol. 3, 98–104.
- Giaever, G., Shoemaker, D. D., Jones, T. W., Liang, H., Winzeler, E. A., Astromoff, A., Davis, R. (1999) Genomic profiling of drug sensitivities via induced haploinsufficiency, Nature Genet. 21, 278–283.
- Giaja, J. (1914) Sur l'action de quelques ferments sur les hydrates de carbone de la levure, C. R. Soc. Biol. 77, 2–4.
- Goldman, R. C., Sullivan, P. A., Zakula, D., Capobianco, J. O. (1995) Kinetics of β-1,3 glucan interaction at the donor and acceptor sites of the fungal glucosyltransferase encoded by the BGL2 gene, Eur. J. Biochem. 227, 372–378.
- Guo, W., Tamanoi, F., Novick, P. (2001) Spatial regulation of the exocyst complex by Rho1 GTPase, Nature Cell Biol. 3, 353–360.
- Hartland, R. P., Vermeulen, C. A., Klis, F. M., Sietsma, J. H., Wessels, J. G. H. (1994) The linkage of (1-3)-β-glucan to chitin during cell wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yeast 10, 1591–1599.
- Hassid, W. Z., Joslyn, M. A., McCready, R. M. (1941) The molecular constitution of an insoluble polysaccharide from yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 295–298.
- Haworth, W. N., Hirst, E. L., Isherwood, F. A. (1937) Yeast mannan, J. Chem. Soc. 784–791.
- Helliwell, S. B., Schmidt, A., Ohya, Y., Hall, M. N. (1998) The Rho1 effector Pkc1, but not Bni1, mediates signalling from Tor2 to the actin cytoskeleton, Curr. Biol. 8, 1211–1214.
- Holden, M., Tracey, M. V. (1950) A study of enzymes that can break down tobacco-leaf components, Biochem. J. 47, 407–414.
- Hong, Z., Mann, P., Brown, N. H., Tran, L. E., Shaw, K. J., Hare, R. S., DiDomenico, B. (1994a) Cloning and characterization of KNR4, a yeast gene involved in (1,3)-β-glucan synthesis, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1017–1025.
- Hong, Z., Mann, P., Shaw, K. J., DiDomenico, B. (1994b) Analysis of β-glucans and chitin in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall mutant using high-performance liquid chromatography, Yeast 10, 1083–1092.
- Horisberger, M., Vonlanthen, M. (1977) Localization of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeasts with gold markers, Arch. Microbiol. 115, 1–7.
- Houwink, A. L., Kreger, D. R. (1953) . Observations on the cell wall of yeast, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 19, 1–24.
- Hughes, T. R., Marton, M. J., Jones, A. R., Roberts, C. J., Stoughton, R. et al. (2000) Functional discovery via a compendium of expression profiles, Cell 102, 109–126.
- Humbel, B. M., Konomi, M., Takagi, T., Kamasawa, N., Ishijima, S. A., Osumi, M. (2001) In situ localization of β-glucans in the cell wall of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yeast 18, 433–444.
- Igual, J. C., Johnson, A. L., Johnston, L. H. (1996) Coordinated regulation of gene expression by the cell cycle transcription factor Swi4 and the protein kinase C MAP kinase pathway for yeast cell integrity, EMBO J. 15, 5001–5013.
- Inoue, S. B., Takewaki, N., Takasuka, T., Mio, T., Adachi, M., Fujii, Y., Miyamoto, C., Arisawa, M., Furuichi, Y., Watanabe, T. (1995) Characterization and gene cloning of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Eur. J. Biochem. 231, 845–854.
- Inoue, S. B., Qadota, H., Arisawa, M., Watanabe, T., Ohya, Y. (1999) Prenylation of Rho1p is required for activation of yeast 1,3-β-glucan synthase, J. Biol. Chem. 274, 38119–38124.
- Ito, T., Chiba, T., Ozawa, R., Yoshida, M., Hattori, M., Sakaki, Y. (2001) A comprehensive two-hybrid analysis to explore the yeast protein interactome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4569–4574.
- Jamas, S., Ostroff, G. R., Easson, D. D., Jr. (1991) Glucan drug delivery system and adjuvant, US Patent 5, 032, 401.
- Jamas, S., Easson, D. D., Jr., Ostroff, G. R. (1996) Method for immune system activation by administration of a β(1,3)glucan, which is produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain R4, US Patent 5, 504, 079.
- Jiang, B., Ram, A. F. J., Sheraton, J., Klis, F. M., Bussey, H. (1995) Regulation of cell wall β-glucan assembly: PTC1 negatively affects PBS2 action in a pathway that includes modulation of EXG1 transcription, Mol. Gen. Genet. 248, 260–269.
- Jiang, B., Sheraton, J., Ram, A. F. J., Dijkgraaf, G. J. P., Klis, F. M., Bussey, H. (1996) CWH41 encodes a novel endoplasmic reticulum membrane N-glycoprotein involved in β1,6-glucan assembly, J. Bacteriol. 178, 1162–1171.
- Jing, W., DeAngelis, P. I. (2000) Dissection of the two transferase activities of the Pasteurella multocida hyaluronan synthase: two active sites exist in one polypeptide, Glycobiology 10, 883–889.
- Johnston, J. R., Mortimer, R. K. (1959) Use of snail digestive juice in isolation of yeast spore tetrads, J. Bacteriol. 78, 292.
- Kang, M. S., Cabib, E. (1986) Regulation of fungal cell wall growth: a guanine nucleotide-binding, proteinaceous component required for activity of (1→3)-β-d-glucan synthase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 5808–5812.
- Kapteyn, J. C., Montijn, R. C., Vink, E., de la Cruz, J., Llobell, A., Douwes, J. E., Shimoi, H., Lipke, P. N., Klis, F. M. (1996) Retention of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall proteins through a phophodiester-linked β-1,3-/β-1,6-glucan heteropolymer, Glycobiology 6, 337–345.
- Kapteyn, J. C., Ram, A. F. J., Groos, E. M., Kollár, R., Montijn, R., Van Den Ende, H., Llobell, A., Cabib, E., Klis, F. M. (1997) Altered extent of cross-linking of β1,6-glucosylated mannoproteins to chitin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with reduced cell wall β1,3-glucan content, J. Bacteriol. 179, 6279–6284.
- Kasahara, S., Yamada, H., Mio, T., Shiratori, Y., Miyamoto, C., Yabe, T., Nakajima, T., Ichishima, E., Furuichi, Y. (1994) Cloning of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene whose overexpression overcomes the effects of HM-1 killer toxin, which inhibits β-glucan synthesis, J. Bacteriol. 176, 1488–1499.
- Katohda, S., Abe, N., Matsui, M., Hayashibe, M. (1976) Polysaccharide composition of the cell wall of baker's yeast with special reference to cell walls obtained from large- and small-sized cells, Plant Cell Physiol. 17, 909–919.
- Kelly, R., Register, E., Hsu, M.-J., Kurtz, M., Nielsen, J. (1996) Isolation of a gene involved in 1,3-β-glucan synthesis in Aspergillus nidulans and purification of the corresponding protein, J. Bacteriol. 178, 4381–4391.
- Kessler, G., Nickerson, W. J. (1959) Glucomannan-protein complexes from cell walls of yeasts, J. Biol. Chem. 234, 2281–2285.
- Klebl, F., Tanner, W. (1989) Molecular cloning of a cell wall exo-β-1,3-glucanase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Bacteriol. 171, 6259–6264.
- Klis, F. M. (1994) Cell wall assembly in yeast, Yeast 10, 851–869.
- Ko, Y.-T., Frost, D. J., Ho, C.-T., Ludescher, R. D., Wasserman, B. P. (1994) Inhibition of yeast (1,3)-β-glucan synthase by phospholipase A2 and its reaction products, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1193, 31–40.
- Kollár, R., Petráková, E., Ashwell, G., Robbins, P. W., Cabib, E. (1995) Architecture of the yeast cell wall. The linkage between chitin and β(1→3)-glucan, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1170–1178.
- Kollár, R., Reinhold, B. B., Petráková, E., Yeh, H. J. C., Ashwell, G., Drgonová, Kapteyn, J. C., Klis, F. M., Cabib, E. (1997) Architecture of the yeast cell wall. β(1→6)-Glucan interconnects mannoprotein, β(1→3)-glucan, and chitin, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17762–17775.
- Kopecká, M., Phaff, H. J., Fleet, G. H. (1974) Demonstration of a fibrillar component in the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its chemical nature, J. Cell Biol. 62, 66–76.
- Larriba, G., Andaluz, E., Cueva, R., Basco, R. D. (1995) Molecular biology of yeast exoglucanases, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 125, 121–126.
- Lee, D.-W., Ahn, G.-W., Kang, H.-G., Park, H.-M. (1999) Identification of a gene, SOO1, which complements osmo-sensitivity and defect in in vitro β1,3-glucan synthase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1450, 145–154.
- Li, H., Pagé, N., Bussey, H. (2002) Actin patch assembly proteins Las17p and Sla1p interact with cis-Golgi protein Kre6p and restrict cell wall growth to daughter cells (in preparation).
- López-Romero, E., Ruiz-Herrera, J. (1977) Biosynthesis of β-glucans by cell-free extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 500, 372–384.
- Lorenz, R. T., Parks, L. W. (1991) Physiological effects of fenpropimorph on wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fenpropimorph-resistant mutants, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 1532–1537.
- Lu, C.-F., Montijn, R. C., Brown, J. L., Klis, F., Kurjan, J., Bussey, H., Lipke, P. N. (1995) Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-dependent cross-linking of α-agglutinin and β1,6-glucan in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, J. Cell Biol. 128, 333–340.
- Madden, K., Sheu, Y. J., Baetz, K., Andrews, B., Snyder, M. (1997) SBF cell cycle regulator as a target of the yeast PKC-MAP kinase pathway, Science 275, 1781–1784.
- Manners, D. J., Patterson, J. C. (1966) A re-examination of the molecular structure of yeast glucan, Biochem. J. 98, 19c–20c.
- Manners, D. J., Masson, A. J., Patterson, J. C. (1973a) The structure of a β-(1→3)-d-glucan from yeast cell walls, Biochem. J. 135, 19–30.
- Manners, D. J., Masson, A. J., Patterson, J. C. (1973b) The structure of a β-(1→6)-d-glucan from yeast cell walls, Biochem. J. 135, 31–36.
-
Manning, B. D.,
Padmanabha, R.,
Snyder, M.
(1997)
The Rho-GEF Rom2p localizes to sites of polarized cell growth and participates in cytoskeletal functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Mol. Biol. Cell 10,
1829–1844.
10.1091/mbc.8.10.1829 Google Scholar
- Martin, H., Dagkessamanskaia, A., Satchanska, G., Dallies, N., François, J. (1999) KNR4, a suppressor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cwh mutants, is involved in the transcriptional control of chitin synthase genes, Microbiology 145, 249–258.
- Martin-Yken, H., Martin, H., Dagkessamanskaia, A., Molina, M., Francois, J. (2001) KNR4 protein takes part in the cell integrity pathway and interacts with the map kinase Slt2p, Yeast 18, S187 (Book of Abstracts of the Twentieth International Conference on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Prague, Czech Republic, August 26–31, 2001).
- Matsui, Y., Toh-e, A. (1992) Yeast RHO3 and RHO4 ras superfamily genes are necessary for bud growth, and their defect is suppressed by a high dose of bud formation genes CDC42 and BEM1, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 5690–5699.
- Mazur, P., Baginsky, W. (1996) In vitro activity of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase requires the GTP-binding protein Rho1, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14604–14609.
- Mazur, P., Morin, N., Baginsky, W., El-Sherbeini, M., Clemas, J. A., Nielsen, J. B., Foor, F. (1995) Differential expression and function of two homologous subunits of yeast 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5671–5681.
- McLellan, W. L., Lampen, J. O. (1968) Phosphomannanase (PR-factor), an enzyme required for the formation of yeast protoplasts, J. Bacteriol. 95, 967–974.
- Meaden, P., Hill, K., Wagner, J., Slipetz, D., Sommer, S. S., Bussey, H. (1990) The yeast KRE5 gene encodes a probable endoplasmic reticulum protein required for (1→6)-β-d-glucan synthesis and normal cell growth, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3013–3019.
- Merkenschlager, M., Schlossmann, K., Kurz, W. (1957) Ein mechanischer zellhomogenisator und seine anwendbarkeit auf biologische probleme, Biochem. Z. 329, 332–340.
- Mol, P. C., Wessels, J. G. H. (1987) Linkage between glucosaminoglycan and glucan determine alkali-insolubility of glucan in walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 41, 95–97.
- Mol, P. C., Park, H.-M., Mullins, J. T., Cabib, E. (1994) A GTP-binding protein regulates the activity of (1→3)-β-glucan synthase, an enzyme directly involved in yeast cell wall morphogenesis, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 31267–31274.
- Montijn, R. C., Vink, E., Müller, W. H., Verkleij, A. J., Van Den Ende, H., Henrissat, B., Klis, F. M. (1999) Localization of synthesis of β1,6-glucan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Bacteriol. 181, 7414–7420.
- Mouassite, M., Camougrand, N., Schwob, E., Demaison, G., Laclau, M., Guerin, M. (2000) The ‘SUN′ family: yeast SUN4/SCW3 is involved in cell septation, Yeast 16, 905–919.
- Mouyna, I., Fontaine, T., Vai, M., Monod, M., Fonzi, W. A., Diaquin, M., Popolo, L., Hartland, R. P., Latgé, J.-P. (2000) Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glucanosyltransferases play an active role in the biosynthesis of the fungal cell wall, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 14882–14889.
- Mundkur, B. (1960) Electron microscopical studies of frozen-dried yeast, Exp. Cell. Res. 20, 28–42.
- Muthukumar, G., Suhng, S. H., Magee, P. T., Jewell, R. D., Primerano, D. A. (1993) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPR1 gene encodes a sporulation-specific exo-1,3-beta-glucanase which contributes to ascospore thermoresistance, J. Bacteriol. 175, 386–394.
- Necas, O. (1956) Regeneration of yeast cells from naked protoplasts, Nature 177, 898–899.
- Necas, O. (1961) Physical conditions as important factors for the regeneration of naked yeast protoplasts, Nature 192, 580–581.
- Nguyen, T. H., Fleet, G. H., Rogers, P. L. (1998) Composition of the cell walls of several yeast species, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 50, 206–212.
-
Ni, L.,
Snyder, M.
(2001)
A genomic study of the bipolar bud site selection pattern in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Mol. Biol. Cell 7,
2147–2170.
10.1091/mbc.12.7.2147 Google Scholar
- Nonaka, H., Tanaka, K., Hirano, H., Fujiwara, T., Kohno, H., Umikawa, M., Mino, A., Takai, Y. (1995) A downstream target of RHO1 small GTP-binding protein is PKC1, a homolog of protein kinase C, which leads to activation of the MAP kinase cascade in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, EMBO J. 14, 5931–5938.
- Northcote, D. H., Horne, R. W. (1952) The chemical composition and structure of the yeast cell wall, Biochem. J. 51, 232–236.
- Oh, C.-S., Toke, D. A., Mandala, S., Martin, C. E. (1997) ELO2 and ELO3, homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ELO1 gene, function in fatty acid elongation and are required for sphingolipid formation, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17376–17384.
- Ohya, Y., Caplin, B. E., Qadota, H., Tibbetts, M. F., Anraku, Y., Pringle, J. R., Marshall, M. S. (1996) Mutational analysis of the β-subunit of yeast geranylgeranyl transferase I, Mol. Gen. Genet. 252, 1–10.
- Onishi, J., Meinz, M., Thompson, J., Curotto, J., Dreikorn, S. et al. (2000) Discovery of novel antifungal (1,3)-β-d-glucan synthase inhibitors, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 739–746.
- Orlean, P. (1997) Biogenesis of yeast wall and surface components, in: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces – Cell Cycle and Cell Biology ( J. R. Pringle, J. R. Broach, E. W Jones, Eds.), Cold Spring Harbor, USA: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 229–362.
- Osmond, B. C., Specht, C. A., Robbins, P. W. (1999) Chitin synthase III: synthetic lethal mutants and “stress related” chitin synthesis that bypasses the CSD3/CHS6 localization pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 11206–11210.
- Osumi, M., Sato, M., Ishijima, S. A., Konomi, M., Takagi, T., Yaguchi, H. (1998) Dynamics of cell wall formation in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Fungal Gen. Biol. 24, 178–206.
- Ozaki, K., Tanaka, K., Imamura, H., Hihara, T., Kameyama, T., Nonaka, H., Hirano, H., Matsuura, Y., Takai, Y. (1996) Rom1p and Rom2p are GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs) for the Rho1p small GTP binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, EMBO J. 15, 2196–2207.
- Parent, S. A., Nielsen, J. B., Morin, N., Chrebet, G., Ramadan, N., Dahl, A. M., Hsu, M.-J., Bostian, K. A., Foor, F. (1993) Calcineurin-dependent growth of an FK506- and CsA-hypersensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 2973–2984.
- Parker, C. G., Fessler, L. I., Nelson, R. E., Fessler, J. H. (1995) Drosophila UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase: sequence and characterization of an enzyme that distinguishes between denatured and native proteins, EMBO J. 14, 1294–1303.
- Parlati, F., Dominguez, M., Bergeron, J. J. M., Thomas, D. Y. (1995) Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNE1 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein with a sequence similarity to calnexin and calreticulin and functions as a constituent of the ER quality control apparatus, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 244–253.
- Parodi, A. J. (2000) Protein glucosylation and its role in protein folding, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69, 69–93.
- Peat, S., Whelan, W. J., Edwards, T.E. (1958a) Polysaccharides of baker's yeast. Part II. Yeast glucan, J. Chem. Soc. 3862–3868.
- Peat, S., Turvey, J. R., Evans, J. M. (1958b) Polysaccharides of baker's yeast. Part III. The presence of 1:6-linkages in yeast glucan, J. Chem. Soc. 3868–3870.
- Peterson, J., Zheng, Y., Benderl, L., Myers, A., Cerione, R., Bender, A. (1994) Interactions between the bud emergence proteins Bem1p and Bem2p and Rho-type GTPases in yeast, J. Cell Biol. 127, 1395–1406.
- Phaff, H. J. (1971) Structure and biosynthesis of the yeast cell envelope, in: The Yeasts – Physiology and Biochemistry of Yeasts ( A. H. Rose, J. S. Harrison, Eds.), London, New York: Academic Press, vol. 2, 135–210.
- Philip, B., Levin, D. E. (2001) Wsc1 and Mid2 are cell surface sensors for cell wall integrity signaling that act through Rom2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho1, Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 271–280.
- Polizotto, R. S., Cyert, M. S. (2001) Calcineurin-dependent nuclear import of the transcription factor Crz1p requires Nmd5p, J. Cell Biol. 154, 951–960.
- Popolo, L., Vai, M. (1999) The Gas1 glycoprotein, a putative wall polymer cross-linker, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1426, 385–400.
- Qadota, H., Python, C. P., Inoue, S. B., Arisawa, M., Anraku, Y, Zheng, Y., Watanabe, T., Levin, D. E., Ohya, Y. (1996) Identification of yeast Rho1p GTPase as a regulatory subunit of 1,3-β-glucan synthase, Science 272, 279–281.
- Radding, J. A., Heidler, S. A., Turner, W. W. (1998) Photoaffinity analog of the semisynthetic echinocandin LY303366: identification of echinocandin targets in Candida albicans, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 1187–1194.
- Ram, A. F. J., Wolters, A., ten Hoopen, R., Klis, F. M. (1994) A new approach for isolating cell wall mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by screening for hypersensitivity to calcofluor white, Yeast 10, 1019–1030.
- Ram, A. F. J., Brekelmans, S. S. C., Oehlen, L. J. W. M., Klis, F. M. (1995) Identification of two cell cycle regulated genes affecting the β1,3-glucan content of cell walls in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FEBS Lett. 358, 165–170.
- Ram, A. F. J., Kapteyn, J. C., Montijn, R. C., Caro, L. H. P., Douwes, J. E., Baginsky, W., Mazur, P., Van Den Ende, H., Klis, F. M. (1998) Loss of the plasma membrane-bound protein Gas1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in the release of β1,3-glucan into the medium and induces a compensation mechanism to ensure cell wall integrity, J. Bacteriol. 180, 1418–1424.
- Robbins, E. A., Seeley, R. D. (1977) Cholesterol lowering effect of dietary yeast and yeast fractions, J. Food Sci. 42, 694–698.
- Rodríguez-Peña, J. M., Cid, V. J., Arroyo, J., Nombela, C. (2000) A novel family of cell wall-related proteins regulated differently during the yeast life cycle, Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 3245–3255.
- Roelofsen, P. A. (1953) Yeast mannan, a cell wall constituent of baker's yeast, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 10, 477–478.
- Roemer, T., Bussey, H. (1991) Yeast β-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11295–11299.
- Roemer, T., Bussey, H. (1995) Yeast Kre1p is a cell surface O-glycoprotein, Mol. Gen. Genet. 249, 209–216.
- Roemer, T., Delaney, S., Bussey, H. (1993) SKN1 and KRE6 define a pair of functional homologs encoding putative membrane proteins involved in β-glucan synthesis, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4039–4048.
- Roemer, T., Paravicini, G., Payton, M. A., Bussey, H. (1994) Characterization of the yeast (1→6)-β-glucan biosynthetic components, Kre6p and Sknlp, and genetic interactions between the PKC1 pathway and extracellular matrix assembly, J. Cell Biol. 127, 567–579.
- Romero, P. A., Dijkgraaf, G. J. P., Shahinian, S., Herscovics, A., Bussey, H. (1997) The yeast CWH41 gene encodes glucosidase I, Glycobiology 7, 997–1004.
- Ross, G. D., Vetvicka, V., Yan, J., Xia, Y., Vetvickova, J. (1999) Therapeutic intervention with complement and β-glucan in cancer, Immunopharmacology 42, 61–74.
- Ruiz-Herrera, J. (1992) Fungal cell wall: structure, synthesis and assembly, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 59–88.
- Sacher, M., Barrowman, J., Wang, W., Horecka, J., Zhang, Y., Pypaert, M., Ferro-Novick, S. (2001) TRAPP I implicated in the specificity of tethering in ER-to-Golgi transport, Mol. Cell 7, 433–442.
-
Salkowski, E.
(1894)
Ueber die Kohlehydrate der Hefe,
Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gess. 27,
497–502; 925–926 and 3325–3329.
10.1002/cber.18940270198 Google Scholar
- Schmidt, A., Bickle, M., Beck, T., Hall, M. N. (1997) The yeast phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog TOR2 activates RHO1 and RHO2 via the exchange factor ROM2, Cell 88, 531–542.
- Shahinian, S., Bussey, H. (2000) β-1,6-Glucan synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol. Microbiol. 35, 477–489.
- Shahinian, S., Dijkgraaf, G. J. P., Sdicu, A.-M., Thomas, D. Y., Jakob, C. A., Aebi, M., Bussey, H. (1998) Involvement of protein N-glycosyl chain glucosylation and processing in the biosynthesis of cell wall β-1,6-glucan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Genetics 149, 843–856.
- Shematek, E. M., Braatz, J. A., Cabib, E. (1980) Biosynthesis of the yeast cell wall. I. Preparation and properties of β-(1→3)glucan synthetase, J. Biol. Chem. 255, 888–894.
- Sietsma, J. H., Wessels, J. G. H. (1979) Evidence for covalent linkages between chitin and β-glucan in a fungal wall, J. Gen. Microbiol. 114, 99–108.
- Silve, S., Leplatois, P., Josse, A., Dupuy, P.-H., Lanau, C., Kaghad, M., Dhers, C., Picard, C., Rahier, A., Taton, M., Le Fur, G., Caput, D., Ferrara, P., Loison, G. (1996) The immunosuppressant SR 31747 blocks cell proliferation by inhibiting a steroid isomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 2719–2727.
- Simpson, K. L., Wilson, A. W., Burton, E., Nakayama, T. O. M., Chichester, C.O. (1963) Modified French press for the disruption of microorganisms, J. Bacteriol. 86, 1126–1127.
- Spellman, P. T., Sherlock, G., Zhang, M. Q., Iyer, V. R., Anders, K., Eisen, M. B., Brown, P. O., Botstein, D., Futcher, B. (1998) Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by microarray hybridization, Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 3273–3297.
- Stasinopoulos, S. J., Fisher, P. R., Stone, B. A., Stanisich, V. A. (1999) Detection of two loci involved in (1→3)-β-glucan (curdlan) biosynthesis by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749, and comparative sequence analysis of the putative curdlan synthase gene, Glycobiology 9, 31–41.
- Stathopoulos, A. M., Cyert, M. S. (1997) Calcineurin acts through the CRZ1/TCN1-encoded transcription factor to regulate gene expression in yeast, Genes Dev. 11, 3432–3444.
- Stathopoulos-Gerontides, A., Guo, J. J., Cyert, M. S. (1999) Yeast calcineurin regulates nuclear localization of the Crz1p transcription factor through dephosphorylation, Genes Dev. 13, 798–803.
- Stock, S. D., Hama, H., Radding, J. A., Young, D. A., Takemoto, J. Y. (2000) Syringomycin E inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: requirement for biosynthesis of sphingolipids with very-long-chain fatty acids and mannose- and phosphoinositol-containing head groups, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1174–1180.
- Surarit, R., Gopal, P. K., Sheperd, M. G. (1988) Evidence for a glycosidic linkage between chitin and glucan in the cell wall of Candida albicans, J. Gen. Microbiol. 134, 1723–1730.
- Sutherland, I. W. (1998) Novel and established applications of microbial polysaccharides, Trends Biotechnol. 16, 41–46.
- Svoboda, A. (1966) Regeneration of yeast protoplasts in agar gels, Exp. Cell. Res. 44, 640–642.
- Szaniszlo, P. J., Kang, M. S., Cabib, E. (1985) Stimulation of β(1→3)glucan synthetase of various fungi by nucleoside triphosphates: generalized regulatory mechanism for cell wall biosynthesis, J. Bacteriol. 161, 1188–1194.
- Tanaka, H., Phaff, H. J. (1965) Enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast cell walls. I. Isolation of wall-decomposing organisms and separation and purification of lytic enzymes, J. Bacteriol. 89, 1570–1580.
- Terashima, H., Yabuki, N., Arisawa, M., Hamada, K., Kitada, K. (2000) Up-regulation of genes encoding glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-attached proteins in response to cell wall damage caused by disruption of FKS1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol. Gen. Genet. 264, 64–74.
- Trombetta, E. S., Simons, J. F., Helenius, A. (1996) Endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase II is composed of a catalytic subunit, conserved from yeast to mammals, and a tightly bound noncatalytic HDEL-containing subunit, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27509–27516.
- Uetz, P., Giot, L., Cagney, G., Mansfield, T. A., Judson, R. S., et al. (2000) A comprehensive analysis of protein–protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nature 403, 623–627.
- Valdivieso, M. H., Ferrario, L., Vai, M., Duran, A., Popolo, L. (2000) Chitin synthesis in a gas1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Bacteriol. 182, 4752–4757.
- Watanabe, D., Abe, M., Ohya, Y. (2001) Yeast Lrg1p acts as a specialized RhoGAP regulating 1,3-β-glucan synthesis, Yeast 18, 943–951.
- Watanabe, Y., Takaesu, G., Hagiwara, M., Irie, K., Matsumoto, K. (1997) Characterization of a serum response factor-like protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rlm1, which has transcriptional activity regulated by the Mpk1 (Slt2) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 2615–2623.
- Williams, D. L., Browder, I. W., Diluzio, deceased, Nicholas, R., Diluzio, N. M. representative of Estate. (1990) Soluble phosphorylated glucan: methods and composition for wound healing, US Patent 4, 975, 421.
- Willment, J. A., Gordon, S., Brown, G. D. (2001) Characterization of the human β-glucan receptor and its alternatively spliced isoforms, J. Biol. Chem. 276, 43818–43823.
- Winzeler, E. A., Shoemaker, D. D., Astromoff, A., Liang, H., Anderson, K. et al. (1999) Functional characterization of the S. cerevisiae genome by gene deletion and parallel analysis, Science 285, 901–906.
- Yabe, T., Yamada-Okabe, T., Kasahara, S., Furuichi, Y., Nakajima, T., Ichishima, E., Arisawa, M., Yamada-Okabe, H. (1996) HKR1 encodes a cell surface protein that regulates both cell wall β-glucan synthesis and budding pattern in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Bacteriol. 178, 477–483.
- Yamochi, W., Tanaka, K., Nonaka, H., Maeda, A., Musha, T., Takai, Y. (1994) Growth site localization of Rho1 small GTP-binding protein and its involvement in bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Cell Biol. 125, 1077–1093.
- Zechmeister, L., Tóth, G. (1934) Über die Polyose der Hefemembran I, Biochem. Z. 270, 309–316.
- Zhao, C., Jung, U. S., Garrett-Engele, P., Roe, T., Cyert, M. S., Levin, D. E. (1998) Temperature-induced expression of yeast FKS2 is under the dual control of protein kinase C and calcineurin, Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 1013–1022.
Citing Literature
Biopolymers Online: Biology • Chemistry • Biotechnology • Applications
Browse other articles of this reference work:
