Yeast Extracellular Polysaccharides
Part 6. Polysaccharides
Ir. Sophie De Baets,
Ir. Sara Du Laing,
Prof. Dr. Ir. Erick J. Vandamme,
Ir. Sophie De Baets
- [email protected]
- +32-9-264-60-28 | Fax: +32-9-264-62-31
Ghent University, Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium, B-9000
Search for more papers by this authorIr. Sara Du Laing
- [email protected]
- +32-9-264-60-34 | Fax: +32-9-264-62-31
Ghent University, Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium, B-9000
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Ir. Erick J. Vandamme
- [email protected]
- +32-9-264-60-27 | Fax: +32-9-264-62-31
Ghent University, Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium, B-9000
Search for more papers by this authorIr. Sophie De Baets,
Ir. Sara Du Laing,
Prof. Dr. Ir. Erick J. Vandamme,
Ir. Sophie De Baets
- [email protected]
- +32-9-264-60-28 | Fax: +32-9-264-62-31
Ghent University, Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium, B-9000
Search for more papers by this authorIr. Sara Du Laing
- [email protected]
- +32-9-264-60-34 | Fax: +32-9-264-62-31
Ghent University, Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium, B-9000
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Ir. Erick J. Vandamme
- [email protected]
- +32-9-264-60-27 | Fax: +32-9-264-62-31
Ghent University, Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium, B-9000
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Introduction
- Historical Outline
- Chemical Structures
- Ascomycetous Yeasts
- Candida spp.
- Hansenula (Pichia) spp.
- Basidiomycetous Yeasts
- Tremella spp.
- Cryptococcus spp.
- Rhodotorula spp.
- Sporobolomyces spp.
- Ascomycetous Yeasts
- Chemical Analysis and Detection
- Occurrence
- Functions
- Biosynthesis
- Molecular Genetics and Regulation
- Biodegradation
- Production
- Properties and Applications
- Hansenula (Pichia) holstii
- Tremella spp.
- Tremella fuciformis
- Tremella mesenterica
- Tremella aurantia
- Rhodotorula spp.
- Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens
- Outlook and Perspectives
- Patents
- Hansenula (Pichia) holstii
- Tremella fuciformis
- Tremella mesenterica
- Cryptococcus laurentii
References
- Abercrombie, M. J., Jones, J. K. N., Lock, M. V., Perry, M. B., Stoodley, R. J. (1960) The polysaccharides of Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401), Can. J. Chem. 38, 1617–1624.
- Adami, A., Cavazzoni, V. (1990) Exopolysaccharides produced by some yeast strains, Ann. Microbiol. 40, 245–253.
-
Ahearn, D. G.
(1998)
Yeasts pathogenic for humans, in: The Yeasts – A Taxonomic Study ( C. P. Kurtzman, J. W. Fell, Eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier,
9–12.
10.1016/B978-044481312-1/50005-8 Google Scholar
- Alspaugh, J. A., Perfect, J. R., Heitman, J. (1997) Cryptococcus neoformans mating and virulence are regulated by the G-protein α subunit GPA1 and cAMP, Genes Dev. 11, 3206–3217.
- Anan'eva, E. P., Vitovskaya, G. A. (1998) Heteroglycan produced by the yeast Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens VKM Y-2450, Microbiology 67, 181–183.
- Anan'eva, E. P., Vitovskaja, G. A. (2000) Method of heteropolysaccharide producing, Russian Patent 2148648.
- Anderson, R. F., Cadmus, M. C., Benedict, R. G., Slodki, M. E. (1960) Laboratory production of a phosphorylated mannan by Hansenula holstii, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 89, 289–292.
- Ankel, H., Feingold, D. S. (1966) Biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate D-xylose. II. Uridine diphosphate D-glucuronate carboxylase of Cryptococcus laurentii, Biochemistry 5, 182–189.
- Ankel, H., Ankel, E., Feingold, D. S. (1966) Biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate D-xylose. 3. Uridine diphosphate D-glucose dehydrogenase of Cryptococcus laurentii, Biochemistry 5, 1864–1869.
- Ankel, H., Ankel, E., Schutzbach, J. S., Garancis, J. C. (1970) Mannosyl transfer in Cryptococcus laurentii, J. Biol. Chem. 245, 3945–3955.
- Bahareen, S., Vishniac, H. S. (1984) 25S ribosomal RNA homologies of basidiomycetous yeasts: taxonomic and phylogenetic implications, Can. J. Microbiol. 30, 613–621.
- Bandoni, R., Ginns, J. (1998) Notes on Tremella mesenterica and allied species, Can. J. Bot. 76, 1544–1557.
-
Bandoni, R. J.,
Boekhout, T.
(1998)
Tremelloid genera with yeast phases, in: The Yeasts – A Taxonomic Study ( C. P. Kurtzman, J. W. Fell, Eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier,
705–719.
10.1016/B978-044481312-1/50095-2 Google Scholar
- Barnett, J. A., Payne, R. W., Yarrow, D. (2000) Yeasts: Characteristics and identification, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Belay, T., Cherniak, R. (1995) Determination of antigen binding specificities of Cryptococcus neoformans factor sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Infect. Immun. 63, 1810–1819.
- Benedict, R.G., Jeanes, A. R., Wickerham, L. J., Rogovin, S. P. (1960) Method of producing phosphomannan by saccharide fermentation, US Patent 2961378.
- Benedict, R.G., Jeanes, A. R., Wickerham, L. J., Rogovin, S. P. (1962) Phosphomannan NRRL Y-2448, US Patent 3021323
- Bhattacharjee, A. K., Bennett, J. E., Glaudemans, C. P. (1984) Capsular polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6, 619–624.
-
Boekhout, T.,
Bandoni, R. J.,
Fell, J. W.,
Kwon-Chung, K. J.
(1998)
Discussion of teleomorphic and anamorphic genera of heterobasidiomycetous yeasts, in: The Yeasts – A Taxonomic Study ( C. P. Kurtzman, J. W. Fell, Eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier,
609–625.
10.1016/B978-044481312-1/50079-4 Google Scholar
- Cadmus, M. C., Lagoda, A. A., Anderson, R. F. (1962) Production of a new polysaccharide with Cryptococcus laurentii var. flavescens, Appl. Microbiol. 10, 153–156.
- Chaka, W., Verheul, A. F. M., Vaishnav, V. V., Cherniak, R., Scharringa, J., Verhoef, J., Snippe, H., Hoepelman, I. M. (1997) Cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan, galactoxylomannan, and mannoprotein induce different levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Infect. Immun. 65, 272–278.
- Chang, H. Y. (1998) Mycelial properties of Tremella fuciformis and Hypoxylon sp., Korean J. Mycol. 26, 321–326.
- Chang, Y. C., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1994) Complementation of a capsule-deficient mutation of Cryptococcus neoformans restores its virulence, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4912–4919.
- Chang, Y. C., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1998) Isolation of the third capsule-associated gene, CAP60, required for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans, Infect. Immun. 66, 2230–2236.
- Chang, Y. C., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1999) Isolation, characterization, and localization of a capsule-associated gene, CAP10, of Cryptococcus neoformans, J. Bacteriol. 181, 5636–5643.
- Chang, Y. C., Penoyer, L. A., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1996) The second capsule gene of Cryptococcus neoformans, CAP64, is essential for virulence, Infect. Immun. 64, 1977–1983.
- Chang, Y. C., Cherniak, R., Kozel, T. R., Granger, D. L., Morris, L. C., Weinhold, L. C., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1997) Structure and biological activities of acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans 602 complemented with the CAP64 gene, Infect. Immun. 65, 1584–1592.
- Chang, Y. C., Wickes, B. L., Miller, G. F., Penoyer, L. A., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (2000) Cryptococcus neoformans STEα12 regulates virulence but is not essential for mating, J. Exp. Med. 191, 871–881.
- Chang, Y. C., Penoyer, L. A., Kwon-Chung, K. J. (2001) The second STE12 homologue of Cryptococcus neoformans is MATa-specific and plays an important role in virulence, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 3258–3263.
- Cherniak, R., Sundstrom, J. B. (1994) Polysaccharide antigens of the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans, Infect. Immun. 62, 1507–1512.
- Cherniak, R., Reiss, E., Turner, S. H. (1982) A galactoxylomannan antigen of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A, Carbohydr. Res. 103, 239–250.
- Cherniak, R., Jones, R. G., Slodki, M. E. (1988) Type-specific polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans. N.M.R.-spectral study of a glucuronomannan chemically derived from a Tremella mesenterica exopolysaccharide, Carbohydr. Res. 182, 227–239.
- Cherniak, R., Morris, L. C., Spitzer, E. D., Casadevall, A. (1995) Variation in structure of glucuronoxylomannan in isolates from patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis, Infect. Immun. 63, 1899–1905.
- Cherniak, R., Homayoun, V., Morris, L. C., Valafar, F. (1998a) Cryptococcus neoformans chemotyping by quantitative analysis of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of glucuronoxylomannans with a computer-simulated artificial neural network, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5, 146–159.
- Cherniak, R., O'Neill, E. B., Sheng, S. (1998b) Assimilation of xylose, mannose, and mannitol for synthesis of glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Infect. Immun. 66, 2996–2998.
- Cheung, P. C. K. (1996) The hypercholesterolemic effect of two edible mushrooms: Auricularia auricula (tree-ear) and Tremella fuciformis (white jelly-leaf) in hypercholesterolemic rats, Nutr. Res. (NY) 16, 1721–1725.
- Chiura, H., Iizuka, M., Yamamoto, T. (1982a) A gluconomannan as an extracellular product of Candida utilis I. Production and characterization of a glucomannan, Agric. Biol. Chem. 46, 1723–1731.
- Chiura, H., Iizuka, M., Yamamoto, T. (1982b) A gluconomannan as an extracellular product of Candida utilis II. Structure of a glucomannan: characterization of oligosaccharides obtained by partial hydrolysis, Agric. Biol. Chem. 46, 1733–1742.
- Cleare, W., Cherniak, R., Casadevall, A. (1999) In vitro and in vivo stability of a Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan epitope that elicits protective antibodies, Infect. Immun. 67.
- Cohen, A., Feingold, D. S. (1967) Uridine phosphate D-xylose. Acceptor xylosyltransferase of Cryptococcus laurentii, Biochemistry 6, 2933–2939.
- Collins, H. L., Bancroft, G. (1991) Encapsulation of Cryptococcus neoformans impairs antigen-specific T-cell responses, Infect. Immun. 59, 3883–3888.
- De Baets, S., Vandamme, E. J. (1998) Polymers from fungi and yeasts and their technical and medical application, Biologi Italiani 2, 13–17.
- De Baets, S., Vandamme, E. J. (1999) Yeasts as producers of polysaccharides with novel application potential, SIM News 49, 321–328.
- De Baets, S., Vandamme, E. J. (2001) Extracellular Tremella polysaccharides: structure, properties and applications, Biotechnol. Lett. 23, 1361–1366.
- De Baets, S., Bekaert, S., Vandamme, E. J. (1998) Mineral salts affecting exopolymer production by the imperfect yeast Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens CBS 482, Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet., Rijksuniv. Gent 63/4a, 1363–1367.
- De Baets, S., Du Laing, S., François, C., De Caluwé, K., Vandamme, E. J. (2000) Synthesis of exopolysaccharides by Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6158, Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet., Rijksuniv. Gent 65/3a, 187–195.
- Do Carmo-Sousa, L., Barroso-Lopes, C. (1970) A comparative study of the extracellular and cell-wall polysaccharides of some Candida species, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 36, 209–216.
- Doering, T. L. (1999) A unique alpha-1,3 mannosyltransferase of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, J. Bacteriol. 181, 5482–5488.
- Doering, T. L. (2000) How does Cryptococcus get its coat? Trends Microbiol. 8, 547–553.
- Elinov, N. P., Vitovskaya, G. A., Marikhin, V. A., Marjukhta, Y. B., Kozlova, T. V. (1979) Mannan produced by Rhodotorula rubra strain 14, Carbohydr. Res. 75, 185–190.
- Elinov, N. P., Anan'eva, E. P., Vitovskaya, G., Chlenov, M., Trushina, O., Gurina, S. V., Karavaeva, A. (1988) Investigation of fractions and fibrinolytic activity of yeast mannan, Antibiot. Khimioter. 33, 842–845.
- Elinov, N. P., Anan'eva, E. P., Vitovskaya, G. A., Smirnova, N. V. (1992) Peculiarities of biosynthesis and characteristics of exoglycans in yeasts of Sporobolomyces genus, Mikrobiologiya 61, 615–621.
- Elinov, N. P., Gurina, S. V., Anan'eva, E. P. (1995) Immunobiological activity of yeast glycans in the experiment, Mikologiya i Fytopatologiya 29, 39–43.
- Elinov, N. P., Pronina, M. I., Anan'eva, E. P. (1997) Effect of physical and chemical mutagens on variability in Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens VKM Y-2450, Microbiology 66, 188–191.
- Elinov, N. P., Anan'eva, E. P., Yaskovich, G. A. (1999) Activity of exoglycans as sorbents of ions of heavy metals, Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 35, 190–193.
- Fedorova, L. G., Gurina, S. V. (1995) Study of yeast exoglycan and cytostatics influence on the functions of immunocompetent cells, Mikologiya i Fytopatologiya 29, 61–65.
- Fell, J. W., Statzell-Tallman, A. (1998) Rhodotorula F.C. Harrison, in: The Yeasts – A Taxonomic Study ( C. P. Kurtzman, J. W. Fell, Eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 800–827.
- Fell, J. W., Statzell-Tallman, A., Lutz, M. J., Kurtzman, C. P. (1992) Partial rRNA sequences in marine yeasts: a model for identification of marine eukaryotes, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 1, 175–188.
- Fell, J. W., Boekhout, T., Freshwater, D. W. (1995) The role of nucleotide sequence analysis in the systematics of the yeast genera and Rhodotorula, Stud. Mycol. 38, 129–146.
- Fraser, C. G., Jennings, H. J. (1971) A glucan from Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6158, Can. J. Chem. 49, 1804–1807.
- Fraser, C. G., Jennings, H. J., Moyna, P. (1973) Structural analysis of an acidic polysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6158, Can. J. Biochem. 51, 219–224.
- Frengova, G., Simova, E., Beshkova, D. (1997) Caroteno-protein and exopolysaccharide production by co-cultures of Rhodotorula glutinis and Lactobacillus helveticus, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18, 272–277.
- Fries, B. C., Goldman, D. L., Cherniak, R., Ju, R., Casadevall, A. (1999) Phenotypic switching in Cryptococcus neoformans results in changes in cellular morphology and glucuronoxylomannan structure, Infect. Immun. 67, 6076–6083.
- Gao, Q., Jiang, R., Chen, H., Jensen, E., Seljejid, R. (1996a) Characterization and cytokine stimulating activities of heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis, Planta Med. 62, 297–302.
- Gao, Q., Seljejid, R., Chen, H., Jiang, R. (1996b) Characterisation of acidic heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis Berk with cytokine stimulating activity, Carbohydrate Res. 288, 135–142.
- Gao, Q., Killie, M. K., Chen, H., Jiang, R., Seljejid, R. (1997) Characterization and cytokine-stimulating activities of acidic heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis, Planta Med. 63, 457–460.
- Gao, Q., Berntzen, G., Jiang, R., Killie, M. K., Seljejid, R. (1998) Conjugates of Tremella polysaccharides with microbeads and their TNF-stimulating activity, Planta Med. 64, 551–554.
- Gaynor, M. L. (1998) Nutritional powder composition, US Patent 5744187.
- Golubev, W. I. (1991) Capsules, in: The Yeasts ( A. H. Rose, J. S. Harrison, Eds.), London, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Vol. 4, 175–198.
- Gorin, P. A. J. (1973) The position of phosphate groups in the phosphomannan of Hansenula capsulata, as determined by carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Can. J. Chem. 51, 2105–2109.
- Gorin, P. A. J., Spencer, J. F. T. (1968) Structural chemistry of fungal polysaccharides, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 23, 367–417.
-
Gorin, P. A. J.,
Spencer, J. F. T.
(1970)
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy – An aid in identification and chemotaxonomy of yeasts,
Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 13,
25–79.
10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70400-3 Google Scholar
- Gorin, P. A. J., Horitsu, K., Spencer, J. F. T. (1965) An exocellular mannan, alternately linked 1,3-β and 1,4-β from Rhodotorula glutinis, Can. J. Chem. 43, 950–954.
- Granger, D. L., Perfect, J. R., Durack, D. T. (1985) Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon dioxide, J. Clin. Invest. 76, 508–516.
- Guého, E., Improvisi, L., Christen, R., de Hoog, G. S. (1993) Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptococcus neoformans and some related basidiomycetous yeasts determined from partial large subunit rRNA sequences, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63, 175–189.
- Hasebe, K. (1988) Cosmetic containing extract of Tremella fuciformis, Japanese Patent 63227512.
- Helms, C. M., Allen, P. Z., Feingold, D. S. (1969) Comparative immunochemical behavior of acid polysaccharides of Cryptococcus laurentii, Tremella mesenterica and of oxidized cellulose with a type II antipneumococal serum, Immunochemistry 6, 269–277.
- Jacobson, E. S., Tingler, M. J. (1994) Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with defined capsular phenotypes, J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32, 401–404.
- Jacobson, E. S., Ayers, D. J., Harrell, A. C., Nicholas, C. C. (1982) Genetic and phenotypic characterization of capsule mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans, J. Bacteriol. 150, 1292–1296.
- James, P. G., Cherniak, R. (1992) Galactoxylomannans of Cryptococcus neoformans, Infect. Immun. 60, 1084–1088.
- Jeanes, A., Pittsley, J. E., Watson, P. R. (1964) Extracellular polysaccharide produced from glucose by Cryptococcus laurentii var. flavescens NRRL Y-1401: chemical and physical characterization, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 8, 2775–2787.
- John, M., Henninger, W., Schmidt, J. (1978) Isolation and characterization of an exocellular polymer from Candida ingens, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20, 619–623.
- Kakuta, M., Sone, Y., Umeda, T., Misaki, A. (1979) Comparative structural studies on acidic heteropolysaccharides isolated from ‘Shirokikurage', fruit body of Tremella fuciformis Berk, and the growing culture of its yeast-like cells, Agric. Biol. Chem. 43, 1659–1668.
- Kiho, T., Tsujimura, Y., Sakushima, M., Usui, S., Ukai, S. (1994) Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXIII. Hypoglycemic activity of an acidic polysaccharide (AC) from Tremella fuciformis, Yakugaku Zasshi 114, 308–315.
- Kiho, T., Morimoto, H., Sakushima, M., Usui, S., Ukai, S. (1995) Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXV. Anti-diabetic activity of an acidic polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18, 1627–1629.
- Kiho, T., Morimoto, H., Usui, S., Ukai, S. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of an acidic polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia, in: Biomedical Functions and Biotechnology of Natural and Artificial Polymers ( M. Yalpani, Ed.), Shrewsbury: ATL Press, 243–249.
- Kiho, T., Kobayashi, T., Morimoto, H., Usui, S., Ukai, S., Hirano, K., Aizawa, K., Inakuma, T. (2000a) Structural features of an anti-diabetic polysaccharide (TAP) from Tremella aurantia, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 48, 1793–1795.
- Kiho, T., Morimoto, H., Kobayashi, T., Usui, S., Ukai, S., Aizawa, K., Inakuma, T. (2000b) Effect of a polysaccharide (TAP) from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia on glucose metabolism in mouse liver, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64, 417–419.
- Kozak, L. P., Bretthauer, R. K. (1970) Studies on the biosynthesis of Hansenula holstii mannans from guanosine diphosphate mannose, Biochemistry 9, 1115–1122.
-
Kurtzman, C. P.
(1998)
Pichia E. C. Hansen emend. Kurtzman, in: The Yeasts – A Taxonomic Study ( C. P. Kurtzman, J. W. Fell, Eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier,
273–352.
10.1016/B978-044481312-1/50046-0 Google Scholar
- Li, H. (1999) Traditional Chinese medicine for treating infantile diarrhea containing Tremella and medicated leaven, Chinese Patent 1233489.
- Ma, L., Lin, Z. B. (1992) Effect of Tremella polysaccharide on IL-2 production by mouse splenocytes, Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 27, 1–4.
- Mager, J., Aschner, M. (1947) Biological studies on capsulated yeasts, J. Bacteriol. 53, 283–295.
- Margaritis, A., Pace, G. W. (1985) Microbial polysaccharides, in: Comprehensive Biotechnology, 3 ( H.W. Blanch, S. Drew, D. I. C. Wang, Eds.), Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1005–1044.
- Matsuo, K., Isogai, E., Araki, Y. (2000) Utilization of exocellular mannan from Rhodotorula glutinis as an immunoreactive antigen in diagnosis of leptospirosis, J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3750–3754.
- Mayer, R. M. (1971) The enzymatic synthesis of the phosphomannan of Hansenula capsulata, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 252, 39–47.
- Mitchell, T. G., Perfect, J. R. (1995) Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS – 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 515–548.
- Mussa, A. Y., Randhawa, H. S., Khan, Z. U. (2000) Decaying wood as a natural habitat of melanin-forming (Mel+) variant of Cryptococcus laurentii, Curr. Sci. Bangalore 79, 1471–1474.
- Nakajima, Y., Nishio, K., Yamashita, K., Misaki, A. (1989) Food and beverage, Japanese Patent 1020070.
- Nikolaev, A. V., Ivanova, I. A., Shibaev, V. N. (1993) The stepwise synthesis of oligo(glycosyl phosphates) via glycosyl hydrogenphosphonates. The chemical synthesis of oligomeric fragments from Hansenula capsulata Y-1842 exophosphomannan and from Escherichia coli K51 capsular antigen, Carbohydr. Res. 242, 91–107.
- Onishi, N., Yokozeki, K. (1996) Gluco-oligosaccharide and galacto-oligosaccharide production by Rhodotorula minuta IFO879, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 82, 124–127.
- Parish, C. R., Cowden, W. B. (2000) Preparation and use of sulfated oligosaccharides, US Patent 6143730.
- Parish, C. R., Cowden, W. B. (2001) Sulfated oligosaccharides having anticoagulant/antithrombic activity, US Patent 6271215.
- Parish, C. R., Cowden, W. B., Willenborg, D. O. (1996) Phosphosugar-based anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive drugs, US Patent 5506210.
- Parolis, L. A. S., Duus, J. Ø., Parolis, H., Meldal, M., Bock, K. (1996) The extracellular polysaccharide of Pichia (Hansenula) holstii NRRL Y-2448: the structure of the phosphomannan backbone, Carbohydr. Res. 293, 101–117.
- Parolis, L. A. S., Parolis, H., Kenne, L., Meldal, M., Bock, K. (1998) The extracellular polysaccharide of Pichia (Hansenula) holstii NRRL Y-2448: the phosphorylated side chains, Carbohydr. Res. 309, 77–87.
-
Roberts, P.
(1995)
British Tremella species I: Tremella aurantia and T. mesenterica,
Mycologist 9,
110–114.
10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80270-X Google Scholar
- Sakakida, K., Ikekawa, T. (1979) Process for producing emitanin, US Patent 4177108.
- Saldanha-de-Gama, A., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., Loureiro, V. (1997) Characterization of yeasts associated with Portuguese pork-based products, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 37, 201–207.
- San Blas, G., Cunningham, W. L. (1974a) Structure of cell wall and exocellular mannans from the yeast Hansenula holstii. I. Mannans produced in phosphate-containing medium, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 354, 233–246.
- San Blas, G., Cunningham, W. L. (1974b) Structure of cell wall and exocellular mannans from the yeast Hansenula holstii. I. Mannans produced in phosphate-limited medium, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 354, 247–253.
- Savoy, A. C., Bloomer, S. L., Kozel, T. R. (2001) Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM)-O-acetylhydrolase of Cryptococcus neoformans and uses thereof, US Patent 6284508.
- Schindler, J., Weiss, A., Bahn, M. (1984) Process for producing exocellular biopolymers, European Patent 0098473.
- Seymour, F. R., Slodki, M. E., Plattner, R. D., Stodola, R. M. (1976) Methylation and acetolysis of extracellular D-mannans from yeast, Carbohydr. Res. 48, 225–237.
- Shen, R., Zhang, D., Wang, Y.A. (1993) Tremella polysaccharide drink and its making method, Chinese Patent 1069866.
- Slodki, M. E. (1966) The structure of extracellular phosphorylated galactans from Sporobolomyces yeasts, J. Biol. Chem. 241, 2700–2706.
- Slodki, M. E. (1987) Hydrolysis products of Pichia (Hansenula) holstii O-phosphomannan and uses in phosphomannosyl receptor characterization, in: Industrial Polysaccharides: Genetic Engineering, Structure/Property Relations and Applications ( M. Yalpani, Ed.), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 109–119.
- Slodki, M. E., Cadmus, M. C. (1978) Production of microbial polysaccharides, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 23, 19–54.
- Slodki, M. E., Wickerham, L. J., Bandoni, R. J. (1966) Extracellular heteropolysaccharides from Cryptococcus and Tremella: a possible taxonomic relationship, Can. J. Microbiol. 12, 489–494.
- Spencer, J. F. T., Gorin, P. A. J. (1973) Mannose-containing polysaccharides of yeasts, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 1–12.
- Sutherland, I. W. (1997) Microbial exopolysaccharides – structural subtleties and their consequences, Pure Appl. Chem. 69, 1911–1917.
- Sutherland, I. W. (1998) Novel and established applications of microbial polysaccharides, Trends Biotechnol. 16, 41–46.
- Swann, E. C., Taylor, J. W. (1993) Higher taxa of basidiomycetes: an 18s rRNA gene perspective, Mycologia 85, 923–936.
- Tanaka, R., Takayama, H., Morotomi, M., Kuroshima, T., Ueyama, S., Matsumoto, K., Kuroda, A., Mutai, M. (1983) Effects of administration of TOS and Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on the human fecal flora, Bifidobacteria Microflora 2, 17–24.
- Tikhomirova, O. M., Vitovskaya, G. A., Sinitskaya, I. A. (1998) Cellular polysaccharides of Cryptococcus laurentii (Kufferath) Skinner, a producer of extracellular heteroglycan, Microbiology 67, 61–65.
- Uchiyama, M., Ohno, N., Miura, N. N., Adachi, Y., Aizawa, M. W., Tamura, H., Tanaka, S., Yadomae, T. (1999) Chemical and immunochemical characterization of limulus factor G-activating substance of Candida spp., FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 24, 411–420.
- Ukai, S., Hirose, K., Kiho, T., Hara, C., Irikura, T. (1972) Antitumor activity on sarcoma 180 of the polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis Berk, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 20, 2293–2294.
- Ul'yanova, L. P., Anan'eva, E. P., Kashkina, M. A., Elinov, N. P., Budagov, R. S. (1992) Yeast polysaccharides in the prevention and treatment of combined radiation and thermal injuries, Mikologiya i Fytopatologiya 26, 42–44.
- Vaishnav, V. V., Bacon, B. E., O'Neill, M. O., Cherniak, R. (1998) Structural characterization of the galactoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans Cap67, Carbohydr. Res. 306, 315–330.
- Vandamme, E. J., Bruggeman, G., De Baets, S., Vanhooren, P. T. (1996) Useful polymers of microbial origin, Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech 7, 21–25.
- Vanhooren, P. T., De Baets, S., Bruggeman, G., Vandamme, E. J. (1998) Plastics made by bacteria or their enzymes, Biologi Italiani 1, 7–11.
- Vartivarian, S. E., Anaissie, E. J., Cowart, R. E., Sprigg, H. A., Tingler, M. J., Jacobson, E. S. (1993) Regulation of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron, J. Infect. Dis. 167, 186–190.
- Wasser, S. P., Reshetnikov, S. V. G. (2001) Process for producing, methods and compositions of glucuronoxylomannan as nutriceutical agent from higher basidiomycetes mushroom, WO 01/32830 A2.
- White, C. W., Cherniak, R., Jacobson, E. S. (1990) Side group addition by xylosyltransferase and glucuronyltransferase in biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide in Cryptococcus neoformans, J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28, 289–301.
- Wu, Q. (1999) Fast-food dry Tremella and manufacture method, Chinese Patent 1220844.
- Xiu, R. J. (1996) Accelerated wound healing, US Patent 5547672.
- Xiu, R. J. (1997) Stimulator of vascular endothelial cells and use thereof, US Patent 5616325.
- Yui, T., Ogawa, K., Kakuta, M., Misaki, A. (1995) Chain conformation of a glucuronoxylomannan isolated from fruit body of Tremella fuciformis Berk, J. Carbohydr. Chem. 14, 255–263.
- Zhang, M. (2000) Packed instant soup, Chinese Patent 1265367.
- Zhang, W. (2000) Nutritive beverage and its production method, Chinese Patent 1240825.
Citing Literature
Biopolymers Online: Biology • Chemistry • Biotechnology • Applications
Browse other articles of this reference work:
