Natural Rubber and Structure of Latex, Biochemistry of
Part 2. Polyisoprenoids
Dr. Dhirayos Wititsuwannakul,
Dr. Rapepun Wititsuwannakul,
Dr. Dhirayos Wititsuwannakul
- [email protected]
- +66-022455195 | Fax: +66-022480375
Mahidol University, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand, 10400
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Rapepun Wititsuwannakul
- [email protected]
- +66-074211030 | Fax: +66-074446656
Prince of Songkla University, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hat-Yai, Songkla, Thailand, 90110
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Dhirayos Wititsuwannakul,
Dr. Rapepun Wititsuwannakul,
Dr. Dhirayos Wititsuwannakul
- [email protected]
- +66-022455195 | Fax: +66-022480375
Mahidol University, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand, 10400
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Rapepun Wititsuwannakul
- [email protected]
- +66-074211030 | Fax: +66-074446656
Prince of Songkla University, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hat-Yai, Songkla, Thailand, 90110
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Introduction
- Historical Outline
- Discovery of Rubber and Improvement of Rubber Properties
- History of Rubber Trees and Rubber Plantations
- Latex of Hevea brasiliensis
- Composition of Hevea Latex
- Non-Rubber Constituents of Hevea Latex
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Inorganic Substances
- Rubber Particles in Hevea Latex
- Rubber Particle Membrane
- Rubber Particle Lipids
- Rubber Particle Proteins
- Rubber Particle Enzymes
- Rubber Particle Charges
- C Serum of Hevea Latex
- High-Molecular Weight Compounds in C Serum
- Low-Molecular Weight Compounds in C Serum
- Lutoids of Hevea Latex
- Lutoids Membrane
- Lutoids Membrane Proteins and Enzymes
- B-Serum of Lutoids and Its Composition
- B-Serum Enzymes of the Lutoids
- Lutoids and Colloidal Stability of Latex
- Lutoids and Latex Vessels Plugging
- Hevea Latex Metabolism
- Rubber and Isoprenoids Biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis
- Isoprenoids Biosynthesis
- Factors Affecting Rubber and Latex Yields
- Rubber Latex Regeneration Capacity
- Ethylene and Latex Yield
- Latex Flow and Affecting Parameters
- Latex of Other Plants
- Latex of Guayule
- Possible Role or Functions of the Latex in Plants
- Latex of Fungi
- Diseases Related to Natural Rubber Latex (Latex Allergy)
- Latex Allergy
- Latex Protein Allergens
- Proteins and Allergens in Latex Gloves
- Cross-Reactivity of Allergens
- Allergens and Antigens of Latex Products
- Remarks on Hevea Latex Usage and Allergy
- Latex Protein Allergens from cDNA Clones
- Outlook and Perspectives
- Relevant Patents
References
- Abraham, P. D., Taylor, R. S. (1967) Stimulation of latex flow in Hevea brasiliensis, Exp. Agric. 3, 1–12.
- Abraham, P. A., Wycherley, P. R., Pakianathan, S. W. (1968) Stimulation of latex flow in Hevea brasiliensis by 4-amino-3, 5,6-trichloropicolinic acid and 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 20, 291–305.
- Ahlroth, M., Alenius, H., Makinen-Kiljunen, S., Turjanmaa, K., Reunala, Palosuo, T. (1994) Cross-reacting allergens in natural rubber latex and avocado [abstract.], J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 93, 299.
- Alenius, H., Turjanmaa, K., Palosuo, T., Makinen-Kiljumem, S., Reunala, T. (1991) Surgical latex glove allergy: Characterization of rubber protein allergens by immunoblotting, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 96, 376–380.
- Alenius, H., Reunala, T., Turjanmaa, K. (1992) Detection of IgG4 and IgE antibodies to rubber proteins by immunoblotting in latex allergy, Allergy Proc. 13, 75–79.
- Alenius, H., Kurup, V., Kelly, K., Palosuo, T., Turjanmaa, K., Fink, J. (1994a) Latex allergy: Frequent occurrence of IgE antibodies to a cluster of 11 latex proteins in patients with spina bifida and histories of anaphylaxis, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 123, 712–720.
- Alenius, H., Makinen-Kiljunen, S., Turjanmaa, K., Palosuo, T., Reunala, T. (1994b) Allergen and protein content of latex gloves, Ann. Allergy 75, 315–320.
- Allen, P. W., Jones, K. P. (1988) A historical perspective of the rubber industry, in: Natural Rubber Science and Technology ( A.D. Roberts, Ed), pp. 1–34. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Amalon, Z., Bangratz, J., Chrestin, H. (1992) Ethrel (ethylene releaser) induced increase in the adenylated pool and transtonoplast pH within latex cells, Plant Physiol. 98, 1270–1276.
- Anabarro, B., Garcia-Ara, M. C., Pascual, C. (1993) Associated sensitization to latex and chestnut, Allergy 48, 130–131.
- Apelbaum, A., Winkler, C., Seakiotakia, E. (1984) Increased mitochondrial DNA and RNA polymerase activity in ethylene-treated potato tubers, Plant Physiol. 76, 461–465.
- Archer, B. L. (1960) The protein of Hevea brasiliensis latex. 4. Isolation and characterization of crystalline hevein, Biochem. J. 75, 236–240.
- Archer, B. L. (1980) Polyisoprene, in: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology New Series, Vol. 8, Plant Products (Bell, E.A., Charlwood, B.W., Eds.), pp. 316–327. Basel: Springer-Verlag.
- Archer, B. L. (1983) An alkaline protease inhibitor from Hevea brasiliensis latex, Phytochemistry 22, 633–639.
- Archer, B. L., Audley, B. G. (1967) Biosynthesis of Rubber, in: Advances in Enzymology. Vol. 29 ( F.F. Nord, Ed.), pp. 221–257. New York: Interscience.
- Archer, B. L., Audley, B. G. (1973) Rubber, gutta percha and chicle, in: Phytochemistry Vol. 2 ( L.P. Miller, Ed), pp. 310–343. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Archer, B. L., Audley, B. G. (1987) New aspects of rubber biosynthesis, Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 94, 309–332.
- Archer, B. L., Barnard, G., Cockbain, E. G. C., Dickenson, P. B., McMullen, A. I. (1963a) Structure, composition and biochemistry of Hevea latex, in: Chemistry and Physics of Rubber-Like Substances ( L. Bateman, Ed.), pp. 41–72. London: McLaren and Sons.
- Archer, B. L., Audley, B. G., Cockbain, E. G., McSweeney, G. P. (1963b) Biosynthesis of rubber, Biochem. J. 89, 565–574.
- Archer, B. L., Cockbain, E. G., McSweeney, G. P., Hong, T. C. (1969) Studies on the composition of latex serum and bottom fraction, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 560–569.
- Archer, B. L., Audley, B. G., Bealing, F. L. (1982) Biosynthesis of rubber in Hevea brasiliensis, Plast. Rubb. Intl 7, 109–111.
- Attanyaka, D. P. S. T. G., Kekwick, R. G. O., Franklin, F. H. C. (1991) Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of rubber elongation factor from Hevea brasiliensis, Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 1079–1081.
- Audley, B. G. (1965) Studies of organelles in Hevea latex containing helical protein microfibrils, in: Proc. Natl.. Rubber Prod. Res. Assoc., Jubilee Conf. (Mullins, L., Ed.), pp. 67–72. London: McLaren & Sons.
- Audley, B. G. (1966) The isolation and chemical composition of helical protein microfibrils from Hevea brasiliensis latex, Biochem. J. 98, 335–341.
- Audley, B. G., Archer, B. L. (1988) Biosynthesis of rubber, in: Natural Rubber Science and Technology ( A. D. Roberts, Ed.), pp. 35–62. London: Oxford University Press.
- Baba, T., Allen, C. M. (1980) Prenyl transferase from Micrococcus luteus, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200, 474–484.
- Bach, T. J. (1986) Hydroxylmethylglutaryl CoA reductase, a key enzyme in phytosterol synthesis, Lipids 21, 82–88.
- Backhaus, R. A. (1985) Rubber formation in plants: a mini-review, Israel J. Bot. 34, 283–293.
- Backhaus, R. A., Walsh, S. (1983) The ontogeny of rubber formation in guayule, Parthenium argentatum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 144, 391–400.
- Baulkwill, W. J. (1989) The history of natural rubber production, in: Rubber ( C. C. Webster, W. J. Baulkwill, Eds), pp. 1–56. Essex: Longman.
- Bealing, F. J. (1965) Role of rubber and other terpenoids in plant metabolism, in: Proc. Nat. Rubber Prod. Res. Assoc., Jubilee Conf. (Mullins, L., Ed), pp. 113–122. London: McLaren & Sons.
- Bealing, F. J. (1969) Carbohydrate metabolism in Hevea latex, availability and utilization of substrates, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 445–455.
- Bealing, F. J. (1976) Quantitative aspects of latex metabolism: possible involvement of precursors other than sucrose in the biosynthesis of Hevea rubber, in: Proc. Intl. Rubb. Conf. Vol. 2, pp. 543–565. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Benedict, C. R. (1983) The biosynthesis of rubber, in: Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds ( J.W. Porter, S.L. Spurgeon, Eds), pp. 355–369. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Bonner, J. (1967) Rubber biosynthesis, in: Biogenesis of Natural Compounds ( P. Bernfield, Ed.), pp. 491–552. Oxford: Pergamon.
- Bonner, J. (1975) Physiology and chemistry of guayule, in: An International Conference on the Utilization of Guayule ( N.G. McGinnies, E.F. Haas, Eds.), pp. 78–83. Tucson: University of Arizona.
- Bonner, J., Galston, A. (1947) Rubber formation in plants - Review, Bot. Rev. 13, 543–596.
- Broekaert, W., Lee, H., Kush, A., Chua, N-.H., Raikhel, N. (1990) Wound-induced accumulation of mRNA containing a hevein sequence in laticifers of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7633–7637.
- Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. (1980) Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism co-ordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth, J. Lipid. Res. 21, 505–517.
- Brydson, J. A. (1978) The historical development of rubber chemistry, in: Rubber Chemistry, pp. 2–9. London: Applied Science.
- Bucks, D. A., Nakayama, F. S., French, O. F. (1984) Water management for guayule rubber production, Trans. ASAE 27, 1763–1770.
- Bucks, D. A., Nakayama, F. S., French, O. F., Legard, W. W., Alexander, W. L. (1985a) Irrigated guyule-production and water use relationships, Agric. Water Manag. 10, 95–102.
- Bucks, D. A., Roth, R. L., Nakayama, F. S., Gardner, B. R. (1985b) Irrigation water, nitrogen, and bioregulation for guayule production, Trans. ASAE 28, 1196–1205.
- Chambeyron, C., Dry, J., Leynadier, F. (1992) Study of allergenic fractions of latex allergy, Allergy 47, 92–97.
- Chrestin, H. (1989) Biochemical aspects of bark dryness induced by over-stimulation of rubber trees with Ethrel, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 431–4421. Florida: CRC Press.
- Chrestin, H., Gidrol, X. (1986) Contribution of lutoidic tonoplast in regulation of cytosolic pH of latex from Hevea brasiliensis, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. Vol. 3, pp. 66–87. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Chrestin, H., Jacob, J.-L., d'Auzac, J. (1986) Biochemical basis for the cessation of latex flow and occurrence of physiological bark dryness, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. Vol. 3, pp. 20–42. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Chrispeels, M. J., Raikhel, N. V. (1991) Lectins, Lectin genes and their role in plant disease, Plant Cell 3, 1–9.
- Christofferson, R. E., Laties, G. G. (1982) Ethylene regulation of gene expression in carrots, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 4060–4064.
- Churngchow, N., Suntaro, A., Wititsuwannakul, R. (1995) β-1,3-Glucanase isozymes from latex of Hevea brasiliensis, Phytochemistry 39, 505–509.
- Chye, M. L., Kush, A., Tan, T. C., Chua, N. H. (1991) Characterization of cDNA and genomic clones encoding HMG CoA reductase from Hevea brasiliensis, Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 567–577.
- Clausen, M. K., Christansen, K., Jensen, P. K., Behnke, O. (1974) Isolation of lipid particles from baker's yeast, FEBS Lett. 43, 176–179.
- Cornforth, J. W., Cornforth, R. H., Donninger, C., Popjak, G. (1966) Biosynthesis of cholesterol, steric course of hydrogen eliminations and C-C bond formation in squalene biosynthesis, Proc. R. Soc. B London. 163, 429–432.
- Cornforth, J. W., Clifford, K., Mallaby, R., Phillips, G. T. (1972) Stereochemistry of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, Proc. R. Soc. B London. 182, 277–281.
- Cornish, K. (1993) The separate role of plant cis and trans prenyl transferases in cis-1,4-polyisoprene biosynthesis, Eur. J. Biochem. 218, 267–271.
- Coupe, M., Chrestin, H. (1989) Physico-chemical and biochemical mechanisms of hormonal (ethylene) stimulation, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 295–319. Florida: CRC Press.
- Cox, A. D., Der, C. J. (1992) Protein prenylation: more than just glue? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4, 1008–1016.
- Czuppens, J. L., Van Durme, P., Dooms-Goosens, A. (1992) Latex allergy in patient with allergy to fruit [letter], Lancet 339, 493.
- Czuppon, A., Chen, Z., Baur, X. (1993a) Chemical synthesis of a peptide representing a major latex allergen, Chest 104, 159S.
- Czuppon, A. B., Chen, Z., Rennert, S., Engelke, T., Meyer, H. E., Heber, M., Baur, X. (1993b) The rubber elongation factor of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) is the major allergen in latex, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92, 690–697.
- d'Auzac, J. (1989a) Factors involved in the stopping of flow after tapping, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 257–285. Florida: CRC Press.
- d'Auzac, J. (1989b) Historical account, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 289–293. Florida: CRC Press.
- d'Auzac, J., Jacob, J.-L. (1969) Regulation of glycolysis in latex of Hevea brasiliensis, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 417–444.
- d'Auzac, J., Jacob, J.-L. (1989) The composition of latex from Hevea brasiliensis as a laticiferous cytoplasm, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 59–96. Florida: CRC Press.
- d'Auzac, J., Sanier, C., Chrestin, H. (1986) Study of a NADH-quinone-reductase producing toxic oxygen from Hevea latex, in: Proc. Int. Rubb. Conf., Vol. 3, pp. 102–126. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Dalrymple, S. J., Audley, B. G. (1992) Allergenic proteins in dipped products: Factors influencing extractable protein levels, Rubb. Dev.. 45, 51–60.
- de Camargo, A. P., Schmidt, N. C., Cardoso, R. M. G. (1976) South American leaf blight epidemics and rubber phenology in Sao Paulo, in: Proc. Intl. Rubb. Conf. Vol. 3, pp. 251–265. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- De Corres, L., Moneo, I., Minoz, D., Bernada, G., Fernandez, E., Auaicana, M., Urrutia, T. (1993) Sensitization from chestnuts and bananas in patients with urticaria and anaphylaxis from contact with latex, Ann. Allergy 70, 35–39.
- de Fay, E., Hebant, Ch., Jacob, J. L. (1989) Cytology and cytochemistry of the laticiferous system, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 15–30. Florida: CRC Press.
- Dennis, M. S., Henzel, W. J., Bell, J., Kohr, W., Light, D. R. (1989) Amino acid sequence of rubber elongation factor protein associated with rubber particles in Hevea latex, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 18618–18626.
- Dickenson, P. B. (1965) The ultrastructure of the latex vessel of Hevea brasiliensis, in: Proc. Natl. Rubber Prod. Res. Assoc., Jubilee Conf. (Mullins, L., Ed.), pp. 52–66. London: McLaren & Sons.
- Dickenson, P. B. (1969) Electron microscopical studies of latex vessel system of Hevea brasiliensis, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 543–559.
- Dooms-Goossens, A. (1988) Contact urticaria caused by rubber gloves [letter], J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 18, 1360–1361.
- Dupont, J., Moreau, F., Lance, C., Jacob, J. L. (1976) Phospholipid composition of the membrane of lutoids of Hevea brasiliensis latex, Phytochemistry 15, 1215–1217.
- Fisher, A.A. (1986) Contact dermatitis from foods and food additives, In: Contact Dermatitis, pp. 582–586. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
- Fisher, A. A. (1987) Contact urticaria and anaphylactoid reaction due to cornstarch surgical glove power, Contact Dermatitis 16, 224–225.
- Fisher, A. A. (1993) Association of latex and food allergy, Cutis 52, 70–71.
- Foegeding, P. M., Busta, F. F. (1991) Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, in: Chemical Food Preservatives ( S. S. Block, Ed.), pp. 816–820. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
- Gidrol, X., Chrestin, H., Tan, H. L., Kush, A. (1994) Hevein, a lectin like protein from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) is involved in the coagulation of latex, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9278–9283.
- Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. (1990) Regulation of mevalonate pathway, Nature 343, 425–430.
- Gomez, J. B. (1976) Comparative ultracytology of young and native vessel in Hevea brasiliensis, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. Vol. 2, pp. 143–164. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Gomez, J. B., Hamzah, S. (1989) Frey-Wyssling complex in Hevea latex – Uniqueness of the organelle, J. Natl.. Rubb. Res. 4, 75–85.
- Gomez, J. B., Moir, G. F. J. (1979) The ultracytology of latex vessels in Hevea brasiliensis, Malaysian Rubber Research and Development Board, Monograph No. 8.
- Gomez, J. B., Southorn, W. A. (1969) Studies in lutoid membrane ultrastructure, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 513–523.
- Gomez, J. B., Tata, S. J. (1977) Further studies on the occurrence and distribution of microhelices in clones of Hevea, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 25, 120–124.
- Goren, R., Huberman, M. (1976) Effects of ethylene and 2,4-D on the activity of cellulose isozymes in abscission zones of the developing orange fruit, Plant Physiol. 37, 123–127.
- Goss, R. A., Benedict, C. R., Keithly, J. H., Nessler, C. L., Stipanovic, R. D. (1984) cis-Polyisoprene synthesis in guayule plants (Parthenium argentatum Gray) exposed to low, non-freezing temperatures, Plant Physiol. 74, 534–537.
- Goyvaerts, E., Dennis, M., Light, D., Chua, N. H. (1991) Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding the rubber elongation factor of Hevea brasiliensis, Plant Physiol. 97, 317–321.
- Granady, L. C., Slater, J. E. (1995) The history and diagnosis of latex allergy, in: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America; Latex Allergy, Vol. 15 ( J. N. Fink, Ed), pp. 21–29. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
-
Hamann, C. P.
(1993)
Natural rubber latex protein sensitivity in review,
Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 4,
4–29.
10.1097/01634989-199303000-00003 Google Scholar
- Hasma, H. (1987) Proteolipids of the natural rubber particles, J. Natl.. Rubb. Res. 2, 129–133.
- Hasma, H., Subramaniam, A. (1978) The occurrence of furanoid fatty acid in Hevea brasiliensis latex, Lipids 13, 905–908.
- Ho, C. C., Subramaniam, A., Yong, W. M. (1976) Lipids associated with the particles in Hevea latex, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. pp. 441–456. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Jacob, J. L., Moreau, F., Dupont, J., Lance, C. (1976) Some characteristics of the lutoids in Hevea brasiliensis latex, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. pp. 470–483. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Jacob, J. L., Eschbach, J. M., Prevot, J. C., Roussel, D., Lacrotte, R., Chrestin, H., d'Auzac, J. (1986) Physiological basis for latex diagnosis of the functioning of the laticiferous system in rubber-tree, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. Vol. 3. pp. 43–65. Kualar Lumpur: RRIM.
- Jacob, J. L., Prevot, J. C., Kekwick, R. G. O. (1989) General metabolism of Hevea brasiliensis latex (with the exception of isoprenoid anabolism), in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), pp. 101–144, Florida: CRC Press.
- John, P. (1993) Rubber, in: Biosynthesis of the Major Crop Products, pp. 114–126. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Keenan, M. V., Allen, C. M. (1974) Phospholipid activation of Lactobacillus plantarum undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61, 338–342.
- Kekwick, R. G. O. (1989) The formation of polyisoprenoids in Hevea latex, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J. L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds.), Florida: CRC Press.
- Kekwick, R. G. O., Archer, B. L., Barnard, D., Higgins, G. M. C., McSweeney, G. P., Moore, C. G. (1959) Incorporation of DL-(2-14C)-mevalonic acid lactone into polyisoprene, Nature 184, 268–270.
- Kleinig, H. (1989) The role of plastids in isoprenoid biosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 39–59.
- Koiwa, H., Bressan, R. A., Hasegawa, P. M. (1997) Regulation of protease inhibitors and plant defense, Trends Plant Sci. 2, 379–384.
- Koyama, T., Wititsuwannakul, D., Wititsuwannakul, R., Ogura, K. (1995) Analysis of prenyltransferase products from C-serum of Hevea brasiliensis, in: Biopolymers and Bioproducts ( J. Svasti, Ed.), pp. 608–612. Bangkok: IUBMB.
- Koyama, T., Wititsuwannakul, D., Asawatreratanakul, K., Wititsuwannakul, R., Ohya, N., Tanaka, Y., Ogura, K. (1996) Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase in rubber latex, Phytochemistry 43, 769–772.
- Kurup, V.P., Kely, K.J., Turjanmaa, K. (1992) Characterization of latex antigen and demonstration of latex-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with latex hypersensitivity, Allergy Proc. 6, 329–333.
- Kurup, V. P., Kelly, K. J., Fink, J. N. (1993a) Characterization of monoclonal antibody against latex protein associated with the latex allergy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92, 638–643.
- Kurup, V. P., Kelly, K. J., Turjanmaa, K. (1993b) Immunoglobulin E reactivity to latex antigens in the sera of patients from Finland and the United States, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 91, 1128–1134.
- Kurup, V. P., Murali, P. S., Kelly, K. J. (1995) Latex antigens, in: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America; Latex Allergy, Vol. 15 ( J. N. Fink, Ed.), pp. 45–59. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
- Kush, A. (1994) Isoprenoid biosynthesis: the Hevea factory, Plant Physiol. Biochem. 32, 761–767.
- Kush, A., Goyvaerts, E., Chye, M. L., Chua, N. H. (1990) Laticifer specific gene expression in Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1787–1790.
- Lau, C. M., Gomez, J. B., Subramaniam, A. (1986) An electron microscopy study of the epoxidation of natural rubber particles, in: Proc. Int. Rubb. Conf. Vol. 2. pp. 525–529. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Lavaud, F., Cossart, C., Reiter, V., Bernard, J., Deltour, G., Holmquist, I. (1992) Latex allergy in patient with allergy to fruit, Lancet 339, 492–493.
- Lee, H., Broekaert, W. F., Raikhel, N. V. (1991) Co- and post-translational processing of the hevein preproprotein of latex of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15944–15948.
- Light, D. R., Dennis, M. S. (1989) Purification of prenyltransferase that elongates cis-polyisoprene rubber from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 18589–18597.
- Light, D. R., Lazarus, R. A., Dennis, M. S. (1989) Rubber elongation by farnesyl pyrophosphate synthases involves a novel switch in enzyme stereospecificity, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8598–8607.
- Low, F. C. (1978) Induction and control of flowing in Hevea, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 26, 21–32.
- Low, F. C., Yeang, H. Y. (1985) Effect of ethephon stimulation on latex invertase in Hevea, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 33, 37–47.
- Lynen, F. (1969) Biochemical problems of rubber synthesis, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 389–406.
- Mahlberg, P. G. (1993) Laticifers: An historical prospective, Bot. Rev. 59, 1–23.
- Makinen-Kilijunen, S., Turjanmaa, K., Palosuo, T., Reunala, T. (1992) Characterization of latex antigens and allergens in surgical gloves and natural rubber by immunoelectrophoretic methods, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90, 230–235.
- Makinen-Kilijunen, S., Alenius, H., Palosuo, T., Reunala, T. (1993) Immunoblot inhibition detects several common allergens in rubber latex and banana [Abstract], J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 91, 242–242.
- Martin, M. N. (1991) The latex of Hevea brasiliensis contains high levels of both chitinases and chitinases/lysozymes, Plant Physiol. 95, 469–476.
- McMullen, A. I. (1962) Particulate ribonucleoprotein components of Hevea brasiliensis latex, Biochem. J. 85, 491–495.
- McMullen, A. I., McSweeney, G. P. (1966) Biosynthesis of rubber, Biochem. J. 101, 42–47.
- Mehta, I. J. (1982) Stem anatomy of Parthenium argentatum, P. incanum and their natural hybrids, Am. J. Bot. 69, 503–512.
- Mehta, I. J., Hanson, G. P. (1983) Distribution of rubber and comparative stem anatomy of high and low rubber-bearing guayule (Parthenium argentatum) from Mexico, in: Proceedings of the Third International Guayule Conference, pp. 181–197. Tucson: University of Arizona.
- Mernagh, L. R. (1986) Rubber, in: The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 21 ( 15th edn), pp. 282–285. London.
- Miyamoto, S., Piela, K., Davis, J. (1984) Water use, growth and rubber yields of guayule selections as related to irrigation regimes, Irrig. Sci. 5, 95–103.
- Moir, G. F. J. (1959) Ultracentrifugation and staining of Hevea latex, Nature 184, 1626–1628.
- Moir, G. F. J., Tata, S. J. (1960) The proteins of Hevea brasiliensis latex. III. The soluble proteins of bottom fraction, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya. 16, 155–159.
- Moreau, F., Jacob, J. L., Dupont, J., Lance, C. (1975) Electron transport in the membrane of lutoids from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 396, 116–124.
- Nutter, A. F. (1979) Contact urticaria to rubber, Br. J. Dermatol. 101, 597–598.
- Oh, S. K., Kang, H., Shin, D. H., Yang, J., Chow, K-S., Yeang, H.Y., Wagner, B., Breiteneder, H., Han, K-H. (1999) Isolation, characterization, and functional analysis of a novel cDNA clone encoding a small rubber particle protein from Hevea brasiliensis, J. Biol. Chem. 274, 17132–17138.
- Paardekooper, E. C. (1989) Exploitation of rubber tree, in: Rubber ( C. C. Webster, W. J. Baulkwill, Eds), pp. 319–414. Essex: Longman.
- Pakianathan, S. W., Milford, G. F. J. (1973) Changes in the bottom fraction contents of the latex during flow in Hevea brasiliensis, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 23, 391–400.
- Pakianathan, S. W., Boatman, S. G., Taysum, D. H. (1966) Particle aggregation following dilution of Hevea latex: a possible mechanism for the closure of latex vessels after tapping, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 19, 259–271.
- Pakianathan, S. W., Wain, R. L., Ng, E. K. (1976) Studies on displacement area on tapping in mature Hevea trees, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. Vol. 3. pp. 225–246. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Park, R. B., Bonner, J. (1958) The enzymatic synthesis of rubber from mevalonic acid, J. Biol. Chem. 233, 340–342.
- Philpott, M. W., Wesgarth, D. R. (1953) Stability and mineral composition of Hevea latex, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 14, 133–148.
- Pujade-Renaud, V., Clement, A., Perrot, C., Prevot, J. C., Chrestin, H., Jacob, J. L., Guern, J. (1994) Ethylene induced increase in glutamine synthetase activity and mRNA levels in Hevea brasiliensis latex cells, Plant Physiol. 105, 127–132.
- Randall, S. K., Marshall, M. S., Crowell, D. N. (1993) Protein isoprenylation in suspension-cultured tobacco cells, Plant Cell 5, 433–442.
- Ritter, F. J. (1954) Biosynthesis of rubber and other isoprenoid compounds, Rubber J. 126, 55–71.
- Ross, B. D., McCullough, J., Owenby, D. R. (1992) Partial cross-reactivity between latex and banana allergens, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90, 409–410.
- Ryan, C. A. (1984) Defense response in plants, in: Genes Involved in Microbe Plant Interaction ( D. Verma, T. Hihn, Eds), pp. 377–386. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Sherief, P. M., Sethuraj, M. R. (1978) The role of lipids and proteins in the mechanism of latex vessel plugging in Hevea brasiliensis, Physiologia Plantarum 42, 351–355.
- Southorn, W. A. (1961) Microscopy of Hevea latex, in: Proc. Nat. Rubb. Conf. 1960. pp. 766–776. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Southorn, W. A. (1969) Physiology of Hevea latex flow, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 494–512.
- Southorn, W. A., Edwin, E. E. (1968) Latex flow studies, II. Influence of lutoids on the stability and flow of Hevea latex, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 20, 187–200.
- Southorn, W. A., Yip, E. (1968) Latex flow studies. III. Electrostatic considerations in the colloidal stability of fresh Hevea latex, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 20, 201–215.
- Stewart, W. D., Wachtel, J. J., Shipman, J. J., Yanks, J. A. (1955) Synthesis of rubber by fungi, Science 122, 1271–1272.
- Subramaniam, A. (1976) Molecular weight and other properties of natural rubber: a study of clonal variation, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. 1975, Vol. 4. pp. 3–11. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Subramaniam, A. (1995) The chemistry of natural rubber latex, in: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America; Latex Allergy, Vol. 15 ( J. N. Fink, Ed.), pp. 1–20. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
- Suvachittanont, W., Wititsuwannakul, R. (1995) 3-Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase in Hevea brasiliensis, Phytochemistry 40, 757–761.
- Tanaka, Y. (1986) Structural characterization of cis-polyisoprene from sunflower, Hevea and guayule, in: Proc. Int. Rubb. Conf. Vol. 2, pp. 1–9. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Tanaka, Y. (1989) Structure and biosynthesis mechanism of natural polyisoprene, Prog. Polym. Sci. 14, 339–371.
- Tanaka, Y. (1991) Recent advances in structural characterization of elastomers, Rubber Chem. Technol. 64, 325–385.
- Tanaka, Y., Mori, M., Ute, K., Hatada, K. (1990) Structure and biosynthesis mechanism of rubber from fungi, Rubber Chem. Technol. 63, 39–45.
- Tanaka, Y., Eng, A. H., Ohya, N., Nishiyama, N., Tangpakdee, J., Kawahara, S., Wititsuwannakul, R. (1996) Initiation of rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis: Characterization of initiating species by structural analysis, Phytochemistry 41, 1501–1505.
- Tangpakdee, J., Tanaka, Y., Ogura, K., Koyama, T., Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D. (1997a) Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase and prenyl transferase activities in bottom fraction and C-serum from Hevea latex, Phytochemistry 45, 261–267.
- Tangpakdee, J., Tanaka, Y., Ogura, K., Koyama, T., Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D. (1997b) Rubber formation by fresh bottom fraction of Hevea latex, Phytochemistry 45, 267–274.
- Tangpakdee, J., Tanaka, Y., Jacob, J. L., d'Auzac, J. (1999) Characterization of Hevea brasiliensis rubber from virgin trees: A possible role of cis-polyisoprene in unexploited tree, Rubber Chem. Technol. 72, 299–307.
- Tata, S. J. (1976) Hevein: its isolation, purification and some structural aspects in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. 1975, Vol. 2. pp. 449–517. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Tata, S. J., Edwin, E. E. (1970) Hevea latex enzymes detected by zymogram technique after starch gel electrophoresis, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 23, 1–12.
- Tata, S. J., Moir, G. F. J. (1964) The proteins of Hevea brasiliensis latex, V. Starch gel electrophoresis of C-serum proteins, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 18, 97–101.
- Tata, S. J., Boyce, A. N., Archer, B. L., Audley, B. G. (1976) Lysozymes: major component of the sedimentable phase of Hevea brasiliensis latex, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 24, 233–240.
- Tata, S. J., Beintema, J. J., Balabaskaran, S. (1983) The lysozyme of Hevea brasiliensis latex, isolation purification: enzyme kinetics and a partial amino acid sequence, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 31, 35–48.
- Tateyama, S., Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Sagami, H., Ogura, K. (1999) Dolicols of rubber plant, ginkgo and pine, Phytochemistry 51, 11–15.
- Taylor, F. R., Parks, L. W. (1978) Metabolic conversion of free sterols and steryl esters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Bacteriol. 126, 531–537.
- Truscott, W. (1995) The industry perspective on latex, in: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America; Latex Allergy, Vol. 15 ( J. N. Fink, Ed.), pp. 89–121. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
- Tupy, J. (1969) Stimulatory effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1-naphthyacetic acid on sucrose level invertase activity and sucrose utilization in the latex of Hevea brasiliensis, Planta 88, 144–148.
- Tupy, J. (1973) The regulation of invertase activity in latex of Hevea brasiliensis, Exp. Bot. 24, 515–524.
- Tupy, J. (1989) Sucrose supply and utilization for latex production, in: Physiology of rubber tree latex ( J. d'Auzac, J.-L. Jacob, H. Chrestin, Eds) pp. 179–199, Florida: CRC Press.
- Tupy, J., Resing, W. L. (1969) Substrate and metabolism of carbon dioxide formation in Hevea latex in vitro, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 21, 456–460.
- Turjanmaa, K., Laurila, K., Makinen-Kiljunen, S., Reunala, T. (1988) Rubber contact urticaria; Allergenic properties of 19 brands of latex gloves, Contact Dermatitis 19, 362–367.
- Turjanmaa, K., Makinen-Kiljunen, S., Reunala, T, Alenius, H., Palosuo, T. (1995) Natural rubber latex allergy: The European experience, in: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America; Latex Allergy, Vol. 15 ( J. N. Fink, Ed.), pp. 71–88. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
- Vehaar, G. (1959) Natural latex as a colloidal system, Rubber Chem. Technol. 32, 1622–1627.
- Vreugdenhil, D., Oerlemans, A. P. C., Steeghs, M. H. G. (1984) Hormonal regulation of tuber induction in radishes (Raphanus sativus): The role of ethylene, Plant Physiol. 62, 175–179.
- Walujono, K., Schiolma, R. A., Beintema, J. J., Mariono, A., Hahv, A. M. (1975) Amino acid sequence of Hevein, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. 1975, Vol. 2. pp. 518–531. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Wititsuwannakul, D., Wititsuwannakul, R., Pasitkul, P. (1997) Lectin binding protein in C-serum of Hevea brasiliensis, Plant Physiol. (Suppl.) 114, 72.
- Wititsuwannakul, R. (1986) Diurnal variation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in latex of Hevea brasiliensis and its relationship to rubber content, Experientia 42, 44–45.
- Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Sothibanhhu, R., Suvachithanont, W., Sukonrat, W. (1988) Correlation studies on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase activity and dry rubber yield in Hevea brasiliensis, in: C.R. Coll. Expl. Physiol. Amel. Hevea, IRCA-CIRAD, France, 2–7 Nov. pp. 161–172. Paris: IRCA-CIRAD.
- Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Suwanmanee, P. (1990a) 3-Hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis, Phytochemistry 29, 1401–1403.
- Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Dumkong, S. (1990b) Hevea calmodulin: Regulation of the activity of latex 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, Phytochemistry 29, 1755–1758.
- Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Pasitkul, P. (1997) Rubber latex coagulation by lutoidic lectin in Hevea brasiliensis, Plant Physiol. (Suppl.) 114, 71.
- Wititsuwannakul, R., Wititsuwannakul, D., Sakulborirug, C. (1998) A lectin from the bark of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), Phytochemistry 47, 183–187.
- Wrangsjo, K., Mellstrom, G., Axelsson, G. (1986) Discomfort from rubber gloves indicating contact urticaria, Contact Dermatitis 15, 70–84.
- Yeang, H. Y., David, M. N. (1984) Quantitation of latex vessels plugging by the intensity of plugging, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 32, 164–169.
- Yeang, H. Y., Paranjothy, K. (1982) Initial physiological changes in Hevea latex flow characteristics associated with intensive tapping, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 30, 31–36.
- Yeang, H. Y., Low, F. C., Gomez, J. B., Paranjothy, K., Sivakumaran, S. (1984) A preliminary investigation into the relationship between latex invertase and latex vessel plugging in Hevea brasiliensis, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 32, 50–54.
- Yeang, H. Y., Jacob, J. L., Prevot, J. C., Vidal, A. (1986) Invertase activity in Hevea latex serum: Interaction between pH and serum concentration, J. Natl. Rubb. Res. 1, 16–22.
- Yeang, H. Y., Yusof, F., Abdullah, L. (1995) Precipitation of Hevea brasiliensis latex proteins with trichloroacetic acid and phosphotungstic acid in preparation for the Lowry protein assay, Anal. Biochem. 226, 35–43.
- Yeang, H. Y., Cheong, K. F., Sunderasan, E., Hamzah, S., Chew, N. P., Hamid, S., Hamilton, R. G., Cardosa, M. J. (1996) The 14.6 kD rubber elongation factor (Hev b1) and 24 kD (Hev b3) rubber particle proteins are recognized by IgE from patients with spina bifida and latex allergy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98, 628–639.
- Yeang, H. Y., Ward, M. A., Zamri, A. S. M., Dennis, M. S., Light, D. R. (1998) Amino-acid sequence similarity of Hev. b3 to 2 previously reported 27 kDa and 23 kDa latex proteins allergenic to spina bifida patients, Allergy 53, 513–519.
- Yip, E., Gomez, J. B. (1984) Characterization of cell sap of Hevea and its influence on cessation of latex flow, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 32, 1–19.
- Yip, E., Southern, W. A. (1968) Latex flow studies, VI. Effects of high pressure gradients on flow of fresh latex in narrow bore capillaries, J. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya 20, 248–256.
- Yokoyama, H., Hayman, W. J., Hsu, W. J., Poling, S. M., Bauman, A. J. (1977) Chemical bioinduction of rubber in guayule, Science 197, 1076–1077.
- Yong, W. M., Singh, M. M. (1976) Thin-layer chromatographic resolution of free amino acids in clonal latices of natural rubber, in: Proc. Int. Rubber Conf. Vol. 2. pp. 484–498. Kuala Lumpur: RRIM.
- Zhao, X-Q. (1987) The significance of the structure of laticifer with relation to the exudation of latex in Hevea brasiliensis, J. Natl. Rubb. Res. 2, 94–98.
- Zhu, J.-K., Bressan, R. A., Hasegawa, P. M. (1993) Isoprenylation of the plant molecular chaperone ANJI facilitates membrane association and function at high temperature, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8557–8561.
Citing Literature
Biopolymers Online: Biology • Chemistry • Biotechnology • Applications
Browse other articles of this reference work:
