Carcinogenic Agents
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Introduction |
2. |
Carcinogenesis |
3. |
Genotoxic Mechanisms |
3.1. |
Metabolic Activation |
3.2. |
DNA Binding |
3.3. |
DNA Repair |
3.4. |
Molecular Targets in the Genome |
3.4.1. |
Oncogenes |
3.4.2. |
Tumor-Suppressor Genes |
4. |
Nongenotoxic Mechanisms |
4.1. |
Tumor Promoters |
4.2. |
Hormones |
4.3. |
Peroxisome Proliferators |
4.4. |
Epigenetics |
5. |
Identification of Carcinogenic Agents |
5.1. |
Animals Tests (in Vivo) |
5.1.1. |
Short-Term Assays |
5.1.2. |
Omics |
5.2. |
In Vitro Assays |
5.3. |
Modeling |
5.4. |
Epidemiological Studies |
5.5. |
Molecular Epidemiology |
6. |
Predisposing Factors |
7. |
Classes of Carcinogenic Agents |
7.1. |
N-Nitroso Compounds |
7.2. |
Benzene |
7.3. |
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
7.4. |
Nitroaromatic Compounds |
7.5. |
Aromatic Amines |
7.6. |
Halogenalkyls |
7.7. |
Aldehydes |
7.8. |
Oxygen Damage |
7.9. |
Alkylating Agents |
7.10. |
Metals |
7.11. |
Natural Compounds |
7.12. |
Hormones |
7.13. |
Mixtures |
7.14. |
Mineral Fibers |
7.15. |
Viruses and Other Biological Agents |
7.16. |
Nonionizing Radiation |
7.17. |
Ionizing Radiation |
7.18. |
Electromagnetic Fields |
8. |
Human Carcinogens |
9. |
Forms of Exposure |
9.1. |
Occupational Exposure |
9.2. |
Environmental Exposure |
9.3. |
Lifestyle |
9.4. |
Diet |
9.5. |
Drugs |
9.6. |
Exposure Levels in Developing Countries |
9.7. |
Safe Handling of Carcinogenic Agents |
