Abstract
The definition and basic principle as well as the reaction mechanism of heterogeneous photocatalysis are described in detail. Several typical examples, such as organic synthesis, oxidation, reduction, and mineralization, are also cited. Especially, TiO2 photocatalysis is mentioned in detail because it is the most extensively used photocatalyst for various kinds of reactions. Photocatalytic decomposition of water is also described.
Bibliography
- 1 P. Pichat in G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, and T. Weitkamp, eds., Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997, p. 2111.
- 2 A. Mills and S. L. Hunte, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 108, 1–35 (1997).
- 3 L. Palmisano and A. Sclafani, in M. Schiavello, ed., Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., West Sussex, 1997, p. 109.
- 4 X.-L. Zhou, X.-Y. Zhu, and J. M. White, Surf. Sci. Rep. 13(3–6) (1991).
- 5 H.-L. Dai and W. Ho, eds., Laser Spectroscopy and Photochemistry on Metal Surfaces: Part I, II, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995.
- 6 A. Perret, J. Chem. Phys. 23, 97–129 (1926).
- 7
C. F. Goodeve and
J. A. Kitchener,
Trans. Faraday Soc.
34,
570–579
(1926), and references cited therein.
10.1039/tf9383400570 Google Scholar
- 8 E. Bequerel, C. R. Acad. Sci. 9, 561–567 (1839).
- 9
W. H. Barattain and
C. G. B. Garret,
Bell. Syst. Tech. J.
34,
129–176
(1955).
10.1002/j.1538-7305.1955.tb03766.x Google Scholar
- 10 H. Gerischer, in H. Eyring, D. Henderson, and W. Jost, eds., Physical Chemistry—An Advanced Treatise, Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 463–542.
- 11
V. A. Myamlin and
Y. Pleskov,
Electrochemistry of Semiconductors,
Plenum,
New York,
1967.
10.1007/978-1-4899-6533-2 Google Scholar
- 12
Y. V. Pleskov and
Y. Y. Gurevich,
Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry,
Plenum,
New York,
1986.
10.1007/978-1-4684-9078-7 Google Scholar
- 13 Y. V. Pleskov, Solar Energy Conversion, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
- 14 Y. Nosaka and M. A. Fox, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 1893–1897 (1988).
- 15 A. L. Lisebigler, G. Lu, and J. T. Yates Jr., Chem. Rev. 95, 735–758 (1995).
- 16 R. W. Matthews, J. Catal. 113, 549–555 (1988).
- 17 A. Hagfeldt and M. Grätzel, Chem. Rev. 95, 49–68 (1995).
- 18 H. Yoneyama, Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 18, 69–111 (1993).
- 19 R. Memming in J. F. Rabek, ed., Photochemical Utilization of Solar Energy, in Photochemistry and Photophysics, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1990.
- 20 M. Grätzel and A. J. Frank, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 2964–2967 (1982).
- 21 G. Rothenberger, J. Moser, M. Grätzel, N. Serpone, and D. K. Sharma, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 8054–8059 (1985).
- 22 F. Williams and A. J. Nozik, Nature 271, 137–139 (1978).
- 23 H. Gerischer, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 6096–6097 (1984).
- 24 J. K. Burdett, T. Hughbands, G. M. Miller, J. W. Richardson Jr., and J. V. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3639–3646 (1987).
- 25 R. W. Matthews and S. R. McEvoy, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 66, 355–366 (1992).
- 26 L. E. Brus, J. Phys Chem. 90, 2555–2560 (1986), and references therein; L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 4403–4409 (1984); R. Rossetti, R. Hull, J. M. Gibson, and L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 1406–1410 (1985).
- 27 M. R. Hoffmann, S. T. Martin, W. Choi, and D. W. Bahnemann, Chem. Rev. 95, 69–96 (1995).
- 28 A. Heller, Acc. Chem. Res. 28, 503–508 (1995).
- 29 A. J. Nozik, in D. Ollis and H. El-Akabi, eds., Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, Elsevier, New York, 1993, p. 39.
- 30 Y. Paz, Z. Luo, L. Rabenberg, and A. Heller, J. Mater. Chem. 10, 2842 (1995).
- 31 P. V. Kamat and M. A. Fox, Chem. Phys. Lett. 102, 379–384 (1983); G. T. Brown and J. R. Darwent, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 80, 1631–1643 (1984); A. Mills and G. Williams, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 83, 2647–2661 (1987); M. A. Ryan, E. C. Fitzgerald, and M. T. Spitler, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 6150–6156 (1989); C. Arbour, D. K. Sharma, and C. H. Langford, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 331–335 (1990); P. V. Kamat, Langmuir 6, 512–513 (1990).
- 32 S. T. Martin, H. Herrmann, W. Choi, and M. R. Hoffmann, Trans. Faraday Soc. 90, 3315–3323 (1994).
- 33 S. T. Martin, H. Herrmann, and M. R. Hoffmann, Trans. Faraday Soc. 90, 3323–3330 (1994).
- 34 C. D. Jaeger and A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem. 83, 3146–3152 (1979).
- 35 C. S. Turchi and D. F. Ollis, J. Catal. 122, 178–192 (1990).
- 36 R. B. Draper and M. A. Fox, Langmuir 6, 1396–1402 (1990); D. Oelkrug, W. Flemming, R. Fullemann, R. Gunther, W. Honnen, G. Krabichler, M. Schafer, and S. Uhl, Pure Appl. Chem. 58, 1207–1218 (1986); F. Wilkinson, C. J. Wilsher, S. Uhl, W. Honnen, and D. Oelkrug, J. Photochem. 33, 273–278 (1986).
- 37 M. A. Fox and M. T. Dulay, Chem. Rev. 93, 341–357 (1993).
- 38 E. R. Carraway, A. J. Hoffman, and M. R. Hoffmann, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 786–793 (1994).
- 39 J. Peral, J. Casado, and J. Domenech, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 44, 209–217 (1988).
- 40 G. Grabner, G. Z. Li, R. M. Quint, R. Quint, and N. Getoff, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 87, 1097–1101 (1991).
- 41 C. Richard, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 72, 179–182 (1993).
- 42 D. Bahnemann, J. Cunningham, M. A. Fox, E. Pelizzetti, P. Pichat, and N. Serpone, in G. R. Helz, R. G. Zepp, and D. G. Crosby, eds., Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry, Lewis, Boca Raton, Fla., 1994, p. 261.
- 43 J. Cunningham and S. Srijaranai, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 58, 361–371 (1991); A. Sclafani, L. Palmisano, and M. Schiavello, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 829–832 (1990); C. D. Jeger and A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem. 83, 3146–3152 (1979); H. Noda, K. Oikawa, H. Ohya-Nishibuchi, and H. Kamada, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 67, 2031–2037 (1994); R. B. Draper, M. A. Fox, E. Pelizzetti, and N. Serpone, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 1938 (1989); M. Anpo and Y. Kubokawa, Res. Chem. Intermed. 8, 105 (1987); H. Gerischer and A. Heller, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 5261–5267 (1991).
- 44 J. Soria, M. L. Lopez-Munoz, V. Augugliaro, and J. C. Conesa, Colloids Surf., A 78, 73–83 (1993).
- 45 P. Pichat, C. Guillard, L. Amalric, A.-C. Renard, and O. Plaidy, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 38, 391–399 (1995).
- 46 C. Kormann, D. W. Bahnemann, and M. R. Hoffmann, Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 798–806 (1988).
- 47 A. J. Hoffmann, E. R. Carraway, and M. R. Hoffmann, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 776–785 (1994).
- 48 B. Kraeutler and A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2239–2240 (1978).
- 49 N. Djeghri and S. J. Teichner, J. Catal. 62, 99–106 (1980).
- 50 W. Mu, J.-M. Herrmann, and P. Pichat, Catal. Lett. 3, 73–84 (1989).
- 51 M. A. Fox and A. A. Abdel-Wahab, J. Catal. 126, 693–696 (1990).
- 52 M. A. Fox and C. C. Chen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 6757–6759 (1981).
- 53 S. Nishimoto, B. Ohtani, T. Yashikawa, and T. Kagiya, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 7180–7182 (1983).
- 54 H. Fujiwara, H. Hosokawa, K. Murakoshi, Y. Wada, S. Yanagida, T. Okada, and H. Kobayashi, J. Phys. Chem. 101, 8270–8278 (1997).
- 55 M. Kanemoto, H. Hosokawa, Y. Wada, K. Murakoshi, S. Yanagida, T. Sakata, H. Mori, M. Ishikawa, and H. Kobayashi, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 92, 2401–2411 (1996).
- 56 S. Yanagida, K. Mizumoto, and C. Pac, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 647–654 (1986).
- 57 P. A. Carson and P. de Mayo, Can. J. Chem. 65, 976–979 (1987).
- 58 H. Ikezawa and C. Kutal, J. Org. Chem. 52, 3299–3303 (1987).
- 59 C. M. Wang and T. E. Mallouk, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 2016–2018 (1990).
- 60 C. Kormann, D. W. Bahnemann, and M. R. Hoffmann, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 494–500 (1991).
- 61 M. Bideau, B. Claudel, C. Dubien, L. Faure, and H. Kazouan, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 91, 137–144 (1995).
- 62 V. Augugliaro, V. Loddo and M. Sciavello, in M. Schiavello, ed., Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., West Sussex, 1997, p. 169.
- 63 C. S. Turchi and D. F. Ollis, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6852–6853 (1988).
- 64 N. Jaffrezic-Renault, P. Pichat, A. Foissy, and R. Mercier, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2733–2738 (1986).
- 65 E. Borgarello, R. Harris, and N. Serpone, Nouv. J. Chim. 9, 743–747 (1985).
- 66 N. Serpone, E. Borgarello, M. Barabeni, E. Pelozzetti, P. Pichat, J. M. Herrmann, and M. A. Fox, J. Photochem. 36, 338–373 (1987).
- 67 A. Fujishima and K. Honda, Nature (London) 238, 37–38 (1972).
- 68 M. Halman, Nature (London) 275, 115–116 (1975).
- 69
M. Grätzel, ed.,
Energy Resources through Photochemistry and Catalysis,
Academic Press,
New York,
1983.
10.1016/B978-0-12-295720-8.50007-7 Google Scholar
- 70 G. N. Schrauzer and T. D. Guth, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 7189–7193 (1977).
- 71 J. A. Davies, D. L. Boucher, and J. G. Edwaeds, Adv. Photochem. 19, 235–309 (1995).
- 72 K. Sayama and H. Arakawa, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 93, 1647–1654 (1997).
- 73 K. Domen, A. Kudo, and T. Onishi, J. Catal. 102, 92–98 (1986).
- 74 T. Takata, Y. Furumi, K. Shinohara, A. Tanaka, M. Hara, J. N. Kondo, and K. Domen, Chem. Mater. 9, 1063–1064 (1997).
- 75 Y. Inoue, M. Kohno, T. Kaneko, S. Ogura, and K. Sato, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 94, 89–94 (1998).
- 76 S. Ikeda, A. Tanaka, K. Shinohara, M. Hara, J. N. Kondo, K. Maruya, and K. Domen, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 9, 253–258 (1997).
- 77 K. Sayama and H. Arakawa, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 531–533 (1993).
- 78 H. Kato and A. Kudo, Catal. Lett. 58, 153–155 (1999).
- 79 A. Kudo, K. Sayama, A. Tanaka, K. Asakura, K. Domen, K. Maruya, and T. Onishi, J. Catal. 120, 337–352 (1989).
- 80 M. Anpo, M. Sunamoto, and M. Che, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 1187–1189 (1989).
- 81 S. Yoshida, S. Takenaka, and T. Tanaka, Res. Chem. Intermed. 24, 309–327 (1998).
- 82 M. Anpo, M. Matsuoka, and H. Yamashita, Catal. Today 35, 177–181 (1997).