Bases and Base Catalysis—Heterogeneous

Although catalysis by solid bases has received much attention due to its importance in petroleum refining and petrochemical processes, relatively few studies have focused on catalysis by solid bases. Base catalysts, however, play a decisive role in a number of organic reactions essential for fine-chemical synthesis. Solid-base catalysis has many advantages over liquid bases in many respects from environmental aspects. This article offer general accounts of solid-base catalysis and consists of three parts. The first part, gives the definition and concepts of solid bases and the methods for characterizing basic sites on solid surfaces. In the second part the typical solid-base catalysts are surveyed. The solid bases include alkaline earth oxides, hydrotalcites and related materials, oxynitrides, zeolites, and modified zeolites alkaline metals and alkaline compounds such as KF/Al₂O₃ and KNH₂/Al₂O₃ and amines anchored on mesoporous silica. The third part will show that a great variety of organic reactions is catalyzed by solid bases. The reactions described include the isomerization of alkenes and alkyns, aldol condensation, nitroaldol condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, substitution reactions, reactions of silicon compounds, and alkylation reactions.

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Encyclopedia of Catalysis

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