Culturally modified skeletal remains from the site of Huamelulpan, Oaxaca, Mexico
Corresponding Author
Alexander F. Christensen
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USASearch for more papers by this authorMarcus Winter
Centro INAH Oaxaca, Pino Suárez 715,68000 Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Alexander F. Christensen
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USASearch for more papers by this authorMarcus Winter
Centro INAH Oaxaca, Pino Suárez 715,68000 Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A series of crania from the site of Huamelulpan, Oaxaca, Mexico (400 BC to AD 800), were examined. Four showed notable cultural modifications. One exhibited a healed trephination, while the other three were perforated through the frontal. The cultural context and significance of these modifications is discussed, especially in relationship to the site of Monte Albán, where trephination was more common than anywhere else in Mesoamerica. The post-mortem cranial perforations appear to be connected with the practice of ancestor veneration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
References
- 1 Romero, M. J. Dental mutilation, trephination, and cranial deformation. In: Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 9, Physical Anthropology (edited by T. D. Stewart). Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970: 50–67.
- 2 Pijoan, A. C. M. and Pastrana, C. A. Evidencias de antropofagia y sacrificio humano en restos óseos. Avances en Antropología Física, 1985; 2: 37–45, Avances en Antropología Física, 1987; 4: 95–101. Cuadernos de Trabajo, Departamento de Antropología Física, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico, DF.
- 3
Nelson, B. A.,
Darling, J. A. and
Kice, D. A.
Mortuary practices and the social order at La Quemada, Zacatecas, Mexico.
Latin American Antiquity,
1992;
3:
298–315.
10.2307/971951 Google Scholar
- 4 Caso, A. El tesoro de Monte Albán. Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1969.
- 5 Winter, M. and Urcid, S. J. Una mandíbula humana grabada de la Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. Notas Mesoamericanas, 1990; 12: 39–49.
- 6 Caso, A. El calendario mixteco. Historia Mexicana, 1956; 5: 481–497.
- 7 Gaxiola, G. M. Huamelulpan: Un centro urbano de la Mixteca Alta. Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1984.
- 8 Winter, M., Herrerra, M. T. A., Spores, R. and Fialko, V. Exploraciones arqueológicas en Huamelulpan, Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca. Informe temporada 1990. Report submitted to the Centro Regional de Oaxaca, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1991.
- 9 Winter, M. The Mixteca prior to the Late Postclassic. In: Mixteca-Puebla: Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology (edited by H. B. Nicholson and E. Quiñones Keber). Culver City: Labyrinthos, 1994: 201–221.
- 10 Marcus, J. Rethinking the Zapotec urn. In: The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations (edited by K. V. Flannery and J. Marcus). New York: Academic Press, 1983: 144–148.
- 11 Wilkinson, R. G. and Winter, M. Cirugía craneal en Monte Albán. Boletin del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1975; 12: 21–26.
- 12 Wilkinson, R. G. and Winter, M. New evidence of trephination from Monte Albán. Actas del XLI Congreso International de Americanistas, 1975; 1: 127–130.
- 13 Kaufman, M. H., Whitaker, D. and McTavish, J. Differential diagnosis of holes in the calvarium: application of modern clinical data to palaeo-pathology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997; 24: 193–218.
- 14
Lumholtz, C. and
Hrdlicka, A.
Trephining in Mexico.
American Anthropologist
(o.s.),
1897;
10:
389–396.
10.1525/aa.1897.10.12.02a00010 Google Scholar
- 15 Velasco, S. M., Bautista, M. J., García, O. R. and Weinstein, P. R. Archaeological origins of cranial surgery: Trephination in Mexico. Neurosurgery, 1992; 31: 313–319.
- 16 Chege, N., Sartoris, D. J., Tyson, R. and Resnick, D. Imaging evaluation of skull trepanation using radiography and computerized tomography. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 1996; 6: 249–258.
- 17 Márquez, M. L. and González, L. E. La trepanación craneana entre los antiguos zapotecos del Monte Albán. Cuademos del Sur, 1992; 1: 25–50.
- 18 Martínez, L. C., Winter, M. and Antonio, J. P. Entierros humanos del Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992–1994. In: Entierros humanos de Monte Albán: Dos estudios (edited by M. Winter). Oaxaca: Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992–1994 Contribución 7, 1996: 79–244.
- 19 Winter, M. La trepanación en Oaxaca. In: Historia general de la medicina en México, Tomo I: México antiguo (edited by A. L. Ópez Austin and C. Viesca Treviño). Mexico, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1984: 59–64.
- 20 Lind, M. Unos problemas con la cronología de Monte Albán y una nueva serie de nombres para las fases. Notas Mesoamericanas, 1991–2; 13: 177–192.
- 21 Lisowski, F. P. Prehistoricand early historic trepanation. In: Diseases in Antiquity (edited by D. Brothwell and A. T. Sandison). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1967: 651–672.
- 22 Spence, M. W. and Urcid, S. J. Further examples of trephination from Mesoamerica. Unpublished manuscript in the possession of the authors, 1996.
- 23 Urcid, S. J. The tombs and burials from Lambityeco: a prehistoric community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. MA thesis, Universidad de las Americas, Choula, 1983.
- 24 Serrano, S. C. and Lagunas, R. Z. Sistema de enterramiento y notas sobre el material osteologico de La Ventilla, Teotihuacan, México. Anales del Instituto National de Antropología e Historia Época 7a, 1974; 4: 105–144.
- 25 Sempowski, M. L. Mortuary practices at Teotihuacan. In: Mortuary Practices and Skeletal Remains at Teotihuacan (edited by R. Millon). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994: 1–314.
- 26 Torres, S. L. La población teotihuacana del sector oeste (estudio osteológico de materiales procedentes de unidades habitacionales). Lie. thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico, DF, 1995.
- 27 Lagunas, R. Z. La trepanación suprainiana entre los Cholultecas prehispánicos. In: Religión en Mesoamérica, XII Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. Mexico, DF: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, 1972: 421–428.
- 28 Lagunas, R. Z. Observaciones recientes sobre la lesion suprainiana. Boletin del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Época 2, 1974; 11: 47–54.
- 29 Stewart, T. D. Are supra-inion depressions evidence of prophylactic trephination? Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1976; 50: 414–434.
- 30 Uruñuela, G. Los entierros del proyecto: Rescate drenaje Cholula 85. Notas Mesoamericanas, 1989; 11: 64–80.
- 31 Romero, M. J. Monte Negro, centro de interés antropológico. In: Exploraciones en Monte Negro, Oaxaca 1937–38,1938–39, y 1939–40 (edited by J. L. Ramírez R. and L. Mirambell). Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1992: 167–189.
- 32 Acosta, J. R. Exploraciones en Monte Negro, Oaxaca 1937–38,1938–39, y 1939–40. Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1992.
- 33 Winter, M., Autry, W. O. Jr., Wilkinson, R. G. and Martínez, L. C. Entierros humanos en una área residencial de Monte Albán: Temporadas 1972–73. In: Entierros humanos de Monte Albán: Dos estudios (edited by M. Winter). Oaxaca: Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992–1994 Contribución 7, 1996: 11–78.
- 34 Blanton, R. Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
- 35
Blanton, R.,
Appel, J.,
Finsten, L.,
Kowalewski, S.,
Feinman, G. and
Fisch, E.
Regional evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca.
Journal of Field Archaeology,
1979;
6:
369–390.
10.2307/529423 Google Scholar
- 36 Drennan, R. D. Appendix: Radiocarbon dates from the Oaxaca region. In: The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations (edited by K. V. Flannery and J. Marcus). New York: Academic Press, 1983: 363–370.
- 37 Feinman, G., Kowalewski, S., Finsten, L., Blanton, R. and Nicholas, L. Long-term demographic change: a perspective from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Journal of Field Archaeology, 1985; 12: 333–362.
- 38 Moser, C. L. Human Decapitation in Ancient Mesoamerica. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oask, 1973.
- 39 McCafferty, S. D. and McCafferty, G. G. Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an old yarn. Current Anthropology, 1992; 35: 143–166.
- 40 Scott, J. F. The Danzantes of Monte Albán. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology 19, 1978: 28.
- 41 Coe, M. D. Mexico. New York: Praeger, 1962.
- 42 Marcus, J. The iconography of militarism at Monte Albán and neighbouring sites in the Valley of Oaxaca. In: The Origins of Religious Art and Iconography in Preclassic Mesoamerica (edited by H. B. Nicholson). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Latin American Center, 1976: 123–139.
- 43 Caso, A. Calendario y escritura de las antiguas culturas de Monte Albán. In: Obras completas de Miguel Othón de Mendizabal. Mexico, DF: Talleres Gráficas de la Nación, 1947: 137–138.
- 44 Bernal, I. and Seuffert, A. The Ballplayers of Dainzu. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlaganstalt, 1979.
- 45 Spencer, C. S. The Cuicatlán Cañada and Monte Alban: A Study of Primary State Formation. New York: Academic Press, 1982: 236–239.
- 46 Pijoan, A. C., Pastrana, C. A. and Maquivar, M. C. El tzompantli de Tlatelolco: Una evidencia de sacrificio humano. Estudios de Antropología Biológica, 1989; 4: 561–583.
- 47 Kelley, E. A. The Temple of the Skulls at Alta Vista, Chalchihuites. In: Across the Chichimec Sea: Papers in Honor of J. Charles Kelley (edited by C. L. Riley and B. C. Hedrick). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978: 102–126.
- 48 DiPeso, C. C., Rinaldo, J. B. and Fenner, G. J. Cases Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca, Vol. 8. Dragoon, AZ: The Amerind Foundation 1974: 53–55.
- 49 Lind, M. and Urcid, J. The lords of Lambityeco and their nearest neighbors. Notas Mesoamericanas, 1983; 9: 70–111.
- 50 Urcid, S. J. La tumba 172 de Monte Albán, Oaxaca, México. Unpublished manuscript in possession of the authors, 1987.
- 51 Urcid, S. J. Zapotec mortuary practices: Implications for the Oaxaca barrio at Teotihuacan. Paper presented at the 61st annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, LA, 1996.
- 52 Long, S. V. Archaeology of the municipio of Etzatlán, Jalisco. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1966.
- 53 Espíndola, N. de. Relación del pueblo de Ocelotepeque, que es de encomendero. In: Ralaciones geográficas del siglo XVI, Vol. 2 (edited by R. Acuña). Mexico, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1984: 89–90.
- 54 Winter, M. and Montague, A. Entierros humanos de las temporadas 1987–1989. In: Exploraciones arqueológicas en Cerro de las Minas, Mixteca Baja, Oaxaca. Temporadas 1987–1990: Informe preliminar (edited by M. Winter). Report submitted to the Centro Regional de Oaxaca, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1991.
- 55 Caso, A. Exploraciones en Oaxaca, quinta y sexta temporadas, 1936–1937. Mexico, DF: Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia, Publicación 34, 1938.
- 56 Label enclosed with skeletal materials, San José Mogote Burial 47, Centro INAH Oaxaca, Cuilapan.
- 57 Acosta, J. R. Exploraciones en la zona arqueológica de Monte Albán, Oaxaca, XVII temporada, 1949. Culturay Sociedad, 1975; 3: 1–16.
- 58 Román, B. J. A. Sacrificio de niños en el Templo Mayor. Mexico, DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Proyecto Templo Mayor, 1990.
- 59 Storey, R. Addendum: Burial descriptions from the apartment compound of Tlajinga 33. In: Mortuary Practices and Skeletal Remains at Teotihuacan (edited by R. Millon). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994: 429–445.
- 60 Lagunas, R. Z. and Serrano, S. C. Los restos oseos humanos excavados en la Plaza de la Luna y Zona de las Cuevas, Teotihuacan, Mexico (Temporada V, 1963). U.N.A.M. Notas Antropolo'gicas, 1985; 2: Nota 5.
- 61 Spence, M. W. and Gamboa, C. L. M. Mortuary practices and social adaptation in the Tlailotlacan enclave. Unpublished manuscript in the possession of the authors, 1995.
- 62 Rattray, E. C. The Oaxaca Barrio at Teotihuacan. Puebla: Universidad de las Americas, Monografias Mesoamericanas 1, 1992.
- 63 Spence, M. W. Human skeletal material from Teotihuacan. In: Mortuary Practices and Skeletal Remains at Teotihuacan (edited by R. Millon). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994: 315–427.
- 64 Ojeda, D. M. A. Ritual de desmembramiento humano en Cholula prehispánica. Notas Mesoamericanas, 1989; 11: 51–63.
- 65 Whalen, M. E. Excavations at Santo Domingo Tomaltepec: Evolution of a Formative Community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. In: Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca (edited by K. V. Flannery), Vol. 6. Ann Arbor: Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 22, University of Michigan, 1981: 147–154.
- 66 McAnany, P. A. Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995.
- 67 Landa, D. Yucatan before and after the Conquest. Translated with notes by W. Gates. New York: Dover, 1978: 57.
- 68 Coggins, C. C. and Shane, O. C. III. Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya Treasures from the Sacred Well at Chichen Itza. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984: 155.
- 69 Jones, C. and Satterthwaite, L. The Monuments and Inscriptions of Tikal: The Carved Monuments. Tikal Report 33A. Philadelphia: The University Museum, Monograph 44, 1982: 38.
- 70 Massey, V. The Human Skeletal Remains from a Terminal Classic Skull Pit at Colha, Belize. Papers of the Colha Project 3. Austin and College Station: Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas, and Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 1989.
- 71 Pickering, R. B. Human osteological remains from Alta Vista, Zacatecas: an analysis of the isolated bone. In: The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mesoamerica (edited by M. S. Foster and P. C. Weigand). Boulder: Westview, 1985: 289–326.
- 72 Spores, R. Stratigraphic Excavations in the Nochixtlan Valley, Oaxaca. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology 11, 1974: 31.
- 73 Christensen, A. F. Field notes, July 1996.