The semantics of the basic psychiatric technical terms related to the anxiety disorders, anxiety, fear and panic, raises complex problems of translation, especially between the English, French and German languages. Some of the specific difficulties and their consequences on the international understanding of the underlying concepts are outlined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

REFERENCES

American Medical Association (1952). Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations. Blackinstone, Philadelphia.
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington.
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (Third Edition). DSM-III. American Psychiatric Association, Washington.
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington.
Google Scholar
Bechterew, W. M. (1910). La Suggestion et son Rôle dans la Vie Sociale. A. Coccoz, C. Boulanger, Paris.
Google Scholar
Brissaud (1890). De l'anxiété paroxystique. Semaine Med., 10, 410–411.
Google Scholar
Diethelm, O. (1932). Panic. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 28, 1153–1168.
Google Scholar
Diethelm, O. (1934). The nosological position of panic reactions. Amer. J. Psychiat., 13, 1295–1316.
Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1895a). Über die Berechtigung, von der Neurasthenie einen bestimmten Symptomenkomplex als ‘Angstneurose' abzutrennen. Neurol. Centralblatt, 14, 50–66.
Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1895b). Obsessions et phobies. Leur mécanisme psychique et leur étiologie. Rev. Neurol., 3, 33–38.
Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1921). Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig.
Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1924). Collected Papers. Authorized Translation under the Supervision of Joan Rivière. The Hogarth Press, London.
Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1955). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Under the General Editorship of James Strachey. The Hogarth Press, London.
Google Scholar
Gaffiot, F. (1934). Dictionnaire Latin-Français. Hachette, Paris.
Google Scholar
Glick, B. S. (1959). Homosexual panic: clinical and theoretical considerations. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 129, 20–28.
10.1097/00005053-195907000-00003
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Grimm, J. and Grimm, W. (1889). Deutsches Wörterbuch. S. Hirzel, Leipzig.
Google Scholar
Hinsie, L. E. and Shatzky, J. (1953). Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press, New York.
Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1913). Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Springer, Berlin.
Google Scholar
Kempf, E. J. (1920). Psychopathology. Mosby, St. Louis.
10.1037/10580-000
Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (1844). Begrebet Angest. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
Google Scholar
Klein, D. F. and Fink, M. (1962). Psychiatric reaction patterns to imipramine. Amer. J. Psychiat., 119, 432–438.
10.1176/ajp.119.5.432
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Lalanne, G. (1902). Des états anxieux dans les maladies mentales. Rev. Neurol., 10, 756–766.
Google Scholar
Laplanche, J. and Pontalis, J. B. (1967). Vocabulaire de la Psychanalyse. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
Littre, E. (1960). Dictionnaire de la Langue Française. Gallimard/Hachette, Paris.
Google Scholar
Maudsley, H. (1879). The Pathology of Mind. Macmillan, London.
Google Scholar
Noyes, A. P. and Kolb, L. C. (1958). Modern Clinical Psychiatry, 5th edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Google Scholar
Onions, C. T. (Ed.) (1984). The Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles, 3rd ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1988). Anxiety and anxiety disorders—general overview. In Handbook of Anxiety, Vol. 1, M. Roth, R. Noyes and G. D. Burrows (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Google Scholar
Uhde, T. W. and Nemiah, J. C. (1985). Anxiety disorders (anxiety and phobic neuroses). In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th edn, H. I. Kaplan and B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
Google Scholar
Westphal, C. (1872). Agoraphobie, eine neuropathische Erscheinung. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenheilk., 3, 138–161.
Google Scholar