Rapid Communication
Engineering the macrostructure of thermally induced phase separated polysilane foams
L. L. Whinnery,
W. R. Even,
J. V. Beach,
D. A. Loy,
Corresponding Author
L. L. Whinnery
Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969 MS 9403, Livermore, CA 94551-0969
Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969 MS 9403, Livermore, CA 94551-0969Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Even
Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969 MS 9403, Livermore, CA 94551-0969
Search for more papers by this authorJ. V. Beach
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185
Search for more papers by this authorL. L. Whinnery,
W. R. Even,
J. V. Beach,
D. A. Loy,
Corresponding Author
L. L. Whinnery
Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969 MS 9403, Livermore, CA 94551-0969
Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969 MS 9403, Livermore, CA 94551-0969Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Even
Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969 MS 9403, Livermore, CA 94551-0969
Search for more papers by this authorJ. V. Beach
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: June 1996
Citations: 13
1099-0518(199606)34:8<1623::aid-pola30>3.0.co;2-8.fp.png)
References and Notes
- 1 P. Russo, Ed., Reversible Polymeric Gels and Related Systems, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 350, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1986.
- 2 J. H. Aubert, J. Cell. Plast., 24, 132 (1988).
- 3 J. H. Aubert and R. L. Clough, Polymer, 26, 2047 (1985).
- 4 J. H. Aubert, Macromolecules, 21, 3468 (1988).
- 5 J. H. Aubert, Macromolecules, 23, 1446 (1990).
- 6 J. H. Aubert and A. P. Sylwester, J. Mat. Sci., 26, 5741 (1991).
- 7 D. R. Lloyd, J. W. Barlow, and K. E. Kinzer, AIChE Symp. Ser., 84, 28 (1988).
- 8 S. S. Kim and D. R. Lloyd, Polymer, 33, 1026 (1992).
- 9 S. S. Kim and D. R. Lloyd, Polymer, 33, 1036 (1992).
- 10 S. S. Kim and D. R. Lloyd, Polymer, 33, 1047 (1992).
- 11 K. E. Kinzer, U.S. Pat. 4867881, (1989).
- 12 D. R. Lloyd, K. E. Kinzerand, and H. S. Tseng, J. Membr. Sci., 52, 239 (1990).
- 13 D. R. Lloyd, S. S. Kim, and K. E. Kinzer, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 1 (1991).
- 14 S. S. Kim and D. R. Lloyd, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 13 (1991).
- 15 G. B. A. Lim, S. S. Kim, Q. Ye, Y. F. Wang, and D. R. Lloyd, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 31 (1991).
- 16 S. S. Kim, G. B. A. Lim, A. A. Alwattari, Y. F. Wang, and D. R. Lloyd, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 41 (1991).
- 17 A. A. Alwattari and D. R. Lloyd, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 55 (1991).
- 18 A. Laxminarayan, K. S. McGuire, S. S. Kim, and D. R. Lloyd, Polymer, 35, 3060 (1994).
- 19 F. J. Tsai and J. M. Torkelson, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 61, 789 (1989).
- 20 F. J. Tsai and J. M. Torkelson, Macromolecules, 23, 4983 (1990).
- 21 S. W. Song and J. M. Torkelson, Polym. Prepr., 34, 496 (1993).
- 22 S. W. Song and J. M. Torkelson, Macromolecules, 27, 6389 (1994).
- 23 R. D. Miller, Chem. Rev., 89, 1359 (1989).
- 24 P. Trefonas, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Wiley, New York, 1988, Vol. 13, p. 162.
- 25 R. D. Miller, D. Hofer, D. R. McKean, C. G. Wilson, R. West, and P. T. Trefonas, in Materials for Microlithography, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 266, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1984, p. 299.
- 26
G. M. Wallraff,
R. D. Miller,
N. Clecak, and
M. Baler, in
Advances in Resist Technology and Processing VIII,
Vol. 1446,
H. Ito, Ed.,
SPIE, San Jose,
1991,
p. 211.
10.1117/12.46372 Google Scholar
- 27 R. R. Kuna, P. A. Bianconi, M. W. Horn, R. R. Paladuge, D. S. Shaver, D. A. Smith, and C. A. Freed, in Advances in Resist Technology and Processing VIII, Vol. 1446, H. Ito, Ed., SPIE, San Jose, 1991, p. 218.
- 28 M. Fujino, Chem. Phys. Lett., 136, 451 (1987).
- 29 R. West, L. D. David, P. I. Djurovich, H. Yu, and R. Sinclair, Cer. Buil., 62, 899 (1983).
- 30 S. Hayase, Chemtech, 10, 19 (1994).
- 31 T. J. Lemk, R. L. Siemens, V. M. Hallmark, R. D. Miller, and J. F. Rabolt, Macromolecules, 24, 1215 (1991).
- 32 Polysilastyrene is a poly (50% dimethylsilyl) (50% phenylmethyl silane) copolymer obtained from Gelest, Inc.
- 33 I. N. Ermolenko, I. P. Lyubliner, and N. V. Gulko, Chemically Modified Carbon Fibers, translated by E. P. Titovets, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990.
- 34 The bimodal molecular weight distribution of 2000 and 170,000, relative to polystyrene, was determined on a Waters GPC with THF as the solvent.
- 35Bimodal molecular weight distributions are very common for polysilanes. See R. West, L. David, P. Djurovich, H. Yu, and R. Sinclair, Cer. Bull., 62, 899 (1983).
- 36 H. Henisch, Crystals in Gels and Liesegang Rings, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1986.
- 37 S. F. Y. Li, G. C. Maitland, and W. A. Wakeham, Int. J. Thermophys., 5, 351 (1984).
- 38 The cooling rate at the bottom and top of the sample was ca. 0.8 and 0.2 mm/min, respectively.