1. Introduction

The fast phase of industrialization and population explosion in a country such as India requires huge electricity demand. The minimum availability of conventional sources, frequent increases in energy tariffs, the increase in energy demand, and global warming force the nation toward renewable energy (RE) sources [1]. However, RE sources are uncertain, and the widely preferred RES are wind, photovoltaic, and fuel cell (FC) [2]. The rising importance and awareness of the RE sources are driving independence in energy and security. Among RE, the photovoltaic source has low maintenance and a high yield of power for 20 years resulting in high reliability [3]. This feature is best suited for the agriculture sector, especially for water irrigation systems. Wheat production generally needs water for 4 months. One kg of wheat requires 500–4000 L of water throughout its growth period. For example, one acre of wheat land produces 9.18 quintals equivalent to 918 kg. Therefore, 36,72,000 L of water are needed for the whole wheat growth period. So, on average, 30,600 L of water are needed per day [4]. The motor running 10 hours daily, resulting in 3000 liters per hour, serves as the design constraint for the proposed topology.

At first, direct connection of a PV array with a DC motor is quite popular for irrigation systems [5]. However, the load line of the motor pump does not match the maximum power point of the PV array. So, the DC converter is inevitable for the solar PV irrigation system because it extracts the maximum power from the solar system. In [6], the comparison between direct connection and the voltage source controlled based water pumping system is given. The article concluded that voltage source controlled conventional boost converter [CBC]–based water pumping system has low DC-link ripple, less torque ripple, and maximum power extraction from the RE source. In [7], the PV with CBC and 3φ voltage source inverter IM drive is given. This system has a less reliable power supply because the source is not the same all the time. It is fluctuating in nature. Also, the induction motor has a maximum efficiency of 90%, and a high weight-to-torque ratio is the drawback of this system. In [8], PV with CBC and 3φ NPC inverter fed IM drive is explained. The single inductor on the input side has high current stress. Failure to the switch in the CBC makes the system shut down. The five-level NPC inverter has more number of switches to control. So, the overall circuit is complex. In [9], two inductors are used instead of a single inductor, thus less current stress. However, the drawback is that the transformer is included, which increases the size and cost of the system. In [10], PV with the CBC and voltage source inverter-fed induction motor-based water pumping application is given. In this article, the main drawback is a single source, and all the required power to the load is delivered by the PV alone; thus, the current stress in the switch and the inductor is high [11]. The grid-tied DFIM drive system for the water pumping system is explained. Here, the control of all the switches is extremely complex, and the system is based on grid ties and DFIM which is not possible in remote areas. In [12], single source PV with Zeta converter and 3φ voltage source inverter fed BLDC drive is explained. The main drawback of the system is less reliable in PV power. The motor has a high torque ripple because of power fluctuation. In [13], single source PV with the Sepic converter fed SRM motor drive system is given. The proposed converter has a coupled inductor and is less reliable to the PV system, which are the main drawbacks of the system. Thus, multiport input is needed for PV-based water pumping applications. In [14], PV with a grid-fed BLDC motor-fed water pumping system is given. Dependent on the grid when PV is unable is the main drawback of the system. Because, in remote areas, if one switch fails, the system comes to a halt. In [15], PV and grid fed SyRM-based water pumping system are explained. However, the motor has back emf issues and complex control, and a high-power grid is not possible in remote areas. In [16], the complex DC-DC converter with a VSI-fed BLDC motor for water pumping application is given. The single source Luo converter and BLDC motor drive are given in [17]. The single source is the main drawback of the system. In [18], PV with battery is the source for the IM drive-based water pumping system. The system has a fast dynamic response and reliable motor operation throughout the day.

Various multiport DC-DC converters are presented in [19–21]. All these converters are high gain dual input single output DC-DC converters. The advantage is continuous power delivered to the load. Less current stress in the inductor and the switches are the advantages of this converter. In [22], various types of the DC-DC converter are reviewed. Integrated energy management features in multiport converters (MPCs) are one of the key features proposed in [23]. If one of the inputs is considered a battery, then the cost, its life, and recycling problem drive us to a combination of PV/wind or PV/FC or PV/wind/FC RE source. PV along with FCs is the best possible solution for water pumping applications when compared to all other RE sources because FC has very high energy density (W/kg) as shown in Figure 1. Also, this combination provides zero carbon at the output, giving us the way towards sustainable development in the green technology.

Thus, by reviewing the kinds of literature, multiple RE sources such as PV and FC are needed for a continuous power system. Also, BLDC motor drive is especially suitable for the water pumping application because of its high efficiency and low weight-to-torque ratio. Thus, implementing energy management techniques for solar PV and FC for water pumping applications for BLDC motors is presented in this article.

Section 2 introduces novel DISOC for solar water pumping applications. Section 3 proposes the modes of operation of DISOC during different types of cases. Section 4 proposes the EMT with its flowchart for transition between cases. Section 5 discusses the selection of the BLDC motor for water pumping application. Section 6 discusses the implementation of the 1 kW prototype using simulation and experimental results. It also includes a comparative analysis of the DISOC system conventional MPCs. Finally, Section 7 concludes the research, outlining potential future directions for this work.

2. Proposed Topology and Various Cases

3. Modes of Operation

Table 1 shows the consolidated RMS and average current and voltage equations of the inductor, the diode, and switches during all the cases.

4. Proposed EMT

The algorithm of EMT for DISOC is based on the case which we are operating. Initially set the minimum and maximum voltage for the PV array and also set the minimum and maximum voltage for the FC. Measure the actual from the solar array and from the FC. Use the MPPT algorithm to decide the maximum power point voltage.

Since the proposed converter is used for constant load water pumping application, the energy management strategy is implemented for load of 1000 W. The water pump is operated in the daytime for 4 h to pump the ground water to overhead tank for irrigation (Algorithm 1).

Use the logic comparator to find the different cases. Once the case is determined, relays R₁ and R₂ are operated based on the flow chart of proposed EMT shown in Figure 7. Fix the reference voltage for each case. Output voltage of DC link capacitors and results in identification of D₁ and D₂ for switches S₁ and S₂. As shown in Table 2 selection of source, if AB = 00, then no change in case; if AB = 01, then choose FC only; if AB = 10, then chose PV only; if AB = 11, then choose both PV and FC.

5. BLDC Motor for Water Pumping Application

BLDC motors have witnessed remarkable growth in recent years owing to their versatility, efficiency, and low maintenance requirements. This section aims to provide a BLDC motor for water pumping application. The detailed schematic diagram of the PV/FC-fed BLDC motor drive system is shown in Figure 8.

5.2. Design of Solar PV

Each solar cell typically produces voltage of (0.46–2) V and current of 0.833 A. So, the solar module of 120 W consists of 12 series solar cells and 6 parallel solar cells to produce a voltage of 24 V and power (213.15 W) = 29 V∗7.35 A.

Number of cells in the module = 60.

For 1200 W of solar power = (Ns∗V_mpp)∗(Np∗I_mpp).

A total of 6 number of 213.15 W solar modules is used. Table 3 shows the specification of the PV array used for designing the topology for water pumping application.

Table 3. Specifications of the PV array.

Quantity		Symbol	Value
Open circuit voltage		Voc	72 V
Short circuit current		Isc	23.2 A
MPP voltage		Vmpp	58 V
MPP current		Impp	22 A
Number of modules	Series	Ns	2
	Parallel	Np	3

Again, we need the solar array for 1.2 times greater than the actual BLDC motor rating. So required solar array power = 1.2∗1000 W = 1200 W. The solar array generating power for different irradiations is shown in Figure 9.

5.5. Electronic Circuits

The detailed voltage and current controller with energy management technique is shown in Figure 10. During case I, the sensed capacitor voltage V_C1 and V_dc is given as feedback to the comparator, which is compared with Vdc1(ref). The error signal is taken as input to the compensation circuit. The control reference inductor current is generated from the compensation circuit and given to the PWM circuit to generate the gate signal. The generated gate signal from the PWM controller has the magnitude of 3.3 V, which is not enough to drive the MOSFET switch. So, further amplification is performed in the gate driver circuit and fed to the MOSFET switches S₁ and S₂. Figure 11 shows the time response of the transfer function of (39); from the figure, the peak overshoot of the converter is 66.67% and the steady state error of 2% of its final value. The response of the transfer function is without compensation. The poles and zeros of DISOC are shown in Figure 12.

The figure shows the zeros in the right half of the s-plane, so we need to include the compensation circuit.

To control the output voltage and make the converter to operate in the stable region, the PI parameters such as delay time τ_T and delay time of D_tp (K_p and K_I) need to be calculated. The PI parameters can be obtained using Ziegler–Nichol’s methods. The controller gain G_C(s) is given in the following equation.

$$ ()

The values of K_p and K_I are calculated using the following equations:

$$ ()

$$ ()

Figure 13 shows the frequency response of the plant and the controller and the step response of the proposed converter. It shows that the peak overshoot without the PI controller is 66.67%, and it is reduced to almost 0%. Similarly, the steady state error without the PI controller is given as 2%, and it is reduced to almost 0%.

6. Results and Discussion

6.1. Simulation Results

6.1.1. Steady State Response

The PV/FC-combined MPC is simulated in MATLAB, and the current and voltage waveforms of all the components have been analyzed. DISOC consists of a 1 kW solar PV array that is fed by an 800 W BLDC motor that runs at a speed of 125 rad/sec. Various simulated waveforms during different cases are shown in Figure 14.

6.1.1.1. Simulation Waveform of Case I

The simulation waveform shown here is operated at 1000 W/m² irradiance and 25°C temperature. Throughout the simulation, the solar irradiance of 1000 W/m² is assumed, so the voltage across the PV source is constant with the voltage value of 48 V. During this case, the pulse to S₁ with D₁ = 0.75 T and also the V_dc across the C₁ and C₂ is equal to 191.2 V with 1% of ripple. The current through the inductor is increasing for the time period 0.75 T and decreasing for the remaining time period. The diodes D₁ and D₃ are turned on only when the switch S₁ is off. The simulated waveform of Case I is shown in Figure 14(a). The voltages $$ and $$ are 96 V for case I, as shown in Figure 15(a).

6.1.1.2. Simulation Waveform of Case II

During case II, the source PV is not available, whereas FC is delivering the power to the BLDC motor. At starting, the FC takes 0.3 s to deliver its rated voltage of 48 V. The simulation is carried out by considering the FC that delivers constant voltage of 48 V. During this case, the pulse to S₂ D₂ is equal to 0.75 and also the V_dc across C₁ and C₂ is equal to 191.2 V. The current through the inductor is increasing for the time period 0.75 T and decreasing for the remaining time period. The diodes D₂ and D₄ are turned on only when the switch S₂ is off. The simulated waveform of Case II is shown in Figure 14(b). The $$ and $$ are 96 V for case I, as shown in Figure 15(b).

6.1.1.3. Simulation Waveforms of Case III

Both sources PV and FC are available, during case III. The simulation is carried out by considering PV that receives the constant irradiation of 1000 W/m² and the FC delivering the rated voltage of 48 V. Both D₁ and D₂ are equal to 0.5, and the DC link voltage across the capacitor C₁ and C₂ is equal to 191.2 V with 1% of ripple. The current through the inductor increases for the time period 0.5 T and decreases for the remaining time period. The diodes D₂ and D₃ are turned on only when the switches S₁ and S₂ are off. The simulated waveform of Case III is shown in Figure 14(c). The voltage across the capacitor $$ is 96 V for case I, as shown in Figure 15(c).

6.1.2. Dynamic Response

In Figure 16, various parameters on the PV side are shown. Figure 16(a) shows the power deliver by the FC. Figure 16(b) shows the inductor current I_L1 of 20.8 A up to 0.02 s and after 0.02 s the inductor current I_L1 of 16.67 A. PV alone operates to deliver the power to the load. After 0.02 s, the PV can able to deliver the power of 800 W, so D₁ = 0.5, and the remaining 200 W of power is delivered by the FC. Figure 16(c) shows the power delivered to load from the PV side. Figure 16(d) shows the PWM pulse given to switch S₁. Figure 16(e) shows the output voltage from the PV side. Upto 0.02 s, the PV side maintains 192 V, and after 0.02 s, the capacitor C₁ is maintained as 96 V by PV since the converter operates in case III. Figure 16(f) shows the output current delivered from the PV side. Up to 0.02 s, the output current of 5.083 A is maintained, and after 0.02 s, the output current of 8.9 A is maintained.

Figure 17 shows the dynamic response with respect to energy management in the PV side. At time t = 0 s, the solar irradiation is 1000 W/m²; thus, the energy management system decides that the converter operates in case I by turn of both relay and providing 1000 W to the BLDC motor. Thus, the PV operates at 50 V as shown in Figure 17(a) and provides 1000 W to the load as shown in Figure 17(f). The voltage across the capacitors C₁ and C₂ is 192 V as shown in Figure 17(b). During case (I), the inductor L₁ operates at the current of 20.8 A as shown in Figure 17(e). The PWM pulse of switch S₁ is shown in Figure 17(c). Up to 0.02 s, the duty cycle of 0.75 is maintained, and after 0.02 s, the duty cycle of 0.5 is maintained as shown in Figure 17(d).

At time t = 0.05 s, the solar irradiation is reduced to 800 W/m². Now, the maximum energy delivered by PV is 800 W. Thus, the energy management system decides which converter to operate in case (III). Now, the maximum power of 800 W is delivered by PV, as shown in Figure 17(f). Now, the relays R₁ and R₂ are turned on. The voltage across the capacitor C₁ is maintained by PV as 96 V as shown in Figure 17(b). The voltage across the capacitor C₂ is maintained by the FC as 96 V. Thus, the total voltage across the capacitors C₁ and C₂ will be 192 V. At time t = 0.1 s, the solar irradiation is further reduced to 200 W/m². Now, the solar PV can deliver 200 W, and the remaining 800 W is delivered by the FC, and the converter operates in case (III). Now, at time t = 0.15 s, the solar irradiation is zero. Now, the converter operates in case (II), and the FC delivers all the required power to the load.

Figure 18 shows the dynamic response with respect to energy management in the FC side. At time t = 0 s, the solar irradiation is 1000 W/m²; thus, the energy management system decides that the converter operates in case I. Thus, the FC operates at 64 V as shown in Figure 18(c) and provides 0 W to the load as shown in Figure 18(f). At time t = 0.05 s, the solar irradiation is 800 W/m², and the converter operates in case (III). The PV side can able to provide 800 W, and 200 W is provided by the FC as shown in Figure 18(f). The duty cycle of 0.5 is maintained as shown in Figure 18(b). The voltage across the capacitor C₂ is 96 V, which is maintained by the FC as shown in Figure 18(d), and the inductor current of 4.13 A is delivered as shown in Figure 18(e). At time t = 0.15 s, the converter operates in case (ii), and the FC delivers the required power to load as shown in Figure 18. The PWM pulse of switch S₂ is shown in Figure 18(a).

6.2. Experimental Results

The solar emulator ITECH solar array SAS1000L is used as one input for the PV array, which is shown in Figure 19. The FC is used to provide a second input to the converter, and the DISOC prototype is constructed in a lab to assess the performance. The controller TMS320 F2837D, C2000 Launch Pad XL generates the switch and relay signal based on the availability of the source. Table 4 shows the hardware prototype parameter.

Table 4. Hardware prototype parameter.

Component	Parameter
Switching frequency, Fsw	50 kHz
Inductor L1/L2	250 μH
Capacitor C1/C2	300 μF
Power MOSFET,  S1, S2	IRFP4137PbF
Power diode (D1 − D4)	LQA30T300

Figure 20(a) shows the experimental waveforms for V_C1, V_C2, V_dc and current I_dc for the constant irradiation of 1000 W/m². Figure 20(b) shows the V_C1 and V_C2 during the change in solar irradiation. The maximum capacitor voltages V_C1 and V_C2 during this case are 95.9 and 96.3 V, respectively. V_dc = 190.9 V, and the DC link current is 5.24 A during normal operation. During transient operation, the capacitor voltages V_C1 and V_C2 are 95 and 95 V, respectively. Figure 20(c) shows the waveforms of the S₁, having D₁ with 0.75, capacitor current I_C1, and diode current during case I.

Figure 21(a) shows the experimental waveforms of the V_C1, V_C2, V_dc, and current I_dc of proposed converter topology during case II. Figure 21(b) shows the capacitor voltage V_C1 and V_C2 during the transient operation of input to the FC. The maximum capacitor voltages V_C1 and V_C2 during this case are 95.6 and 96.2 V, respectively. The V_dc = 191 V, and the I_dc is 5.12 A during normal operation. During transient operation, the capacitor voltages V_C1 and V_C2 both are maintained at 95 V, respectively. During case III, when both sources are available, the voltage across the capacitors C₁ and C₂ is shown in Figure 22(a). Also, Figure 22(b) shows the change in the capacitor voltages V_C1 and V_C2 during change in irradiation. Figures 23(a) and 23(b) show the stator voltage and stator current of the BLDC Motor. Figure 23(c) shows the change in speed from 0 to 1200 rpm during starting.

6.3. Power Loss Analysis

Case I PV alone:

$$ ()

$$ ()

where $$ = average inductor current, and R_DS−ON-On state resistance of switch S₁ is

$$ ()

where V_DS = drain source voltage, I_SW−S1 = switch current, and t_on and t_off are delay time specified in the data sheet. The total power loss of S₁ = 19.98 + 9.10 = 29.08 W.

$$ ()

where R_L1−ON = internal resistance of the inductor = 5e − 3 Ω.

$$ ()

$$ ()

where R_D−ON = on state resistance of the diode.

$$ ()

where V_R = maximum reverse voltage across the diode, in volt, t_rr = reverse recovery time given in the datasheet, I_rr = reverse recovery current given in the datasheet, and f_s = switching frequency Hz.

So, the total power loss of the diode D₁ = 4.5488 W.

Power loss of the capacitor is

$$ ()

So, total power loss P_TLoss1 = 41.1141 W.

So, efficiency of the proposed converter during case I is calculated as follows:

$$ ()

Similarly, the power loss of the individual component and efficiency of all other cases are calculated and tabled in Table 5.

Table 5. Theoretical power loss of each component at different cases.

Components’ power loss (W)	Case I	Case II	Case III
PS1	29.08	—	5.96
PS2	—	28.54	5.86
PD1	4.5488	—	—
PD2	—	4.612	2.46295
PD3	4.742	—	2.3426
PD4	—	4.452	—
PL1	0.6922	—	0.62
PL2	—	0.6913	0.59
PC1	0.181	0.1946	0.066
PC2	0.2423	0.1766	0.072
TPLoss	41.1141	40.4052	17.97
Efficiency	94.2%	95.1%	96.29%

• Note: PS₁ − PS₂: power loss in the switches S₁ − S₂; PD₁ − PD₄: power loss in the diodes D₁ − D₄; PL₁ − PL₂: power loss in the inductors L₁ − L₂; and PC₁ − PC₂: power loss in the capacitors C₁ − C₂. TP_Loss: total power loss during the operating case. C: no conduction of the device during the operating case.

Efficiency for various load power for three different scenarios is shown in Figure 24. The efficiency of the proposed converter when PV alone delivers the power to the load is measured as 95.1% at 1000 W. When the FC alone delivers, the power to the load is given as 95.3% at 1000 W. Similarly, the efficiency plot for various load power starting from 200 to 1400 W is measured.

Figure 25 shows the duty cycle versus efficiency. During Case I, PV alone is operating, and its duty cycle varies from 0.6 to 0.85. During Case II, the FC alone is operating, and its duty cycle varies from 0.7 to 0.8. During case III, both PV and FC are operating, and its duty cycle varies from 0.35 to 0.75. Figure 26 shows the efficiency versus inductor value. The efficiency is maximum at the inductor value of 250 μH for all the cases.

Table 6 shows the comparative analysis of the presented structure with the other previously existing topologies. The proposed converter topology has high efficiency and high gain when compared to other topologies and is operated with a BLDC motor. But voltage and current controller is implemented, and it has faster dynamic response of 0.01 s for every change in input. The nature of control is complex for [8, 11, 15], whereas the proposed converter is less complex. The article [8–10, 18] operates with an induction motor which is heavier, low power factor. In [18], battery is one of the inputs, which is less reliable because of battery life when compared to the proposed converter.

Table 6. Comparative analysis of the presented structure.

Ref	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O
[6]	1	1	91%	Low	1	PMDC	Voltage	1000	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[8]	1	1	NA	Low	1/(1 − d)	IM	Voltage	7500	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Complex
[9]	1	1	93.6%	Low	(2(Ns/Np) + 1)/(1 − D)	IM	Hysteresis and voltage control	210	✓	✗	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[10]	1	1	84.6%	Low	1/(1 − d)	IM	Null	2200	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[11]	1	1	89.8%	High	NA	DFIM	Voltage and current	2200	✗	✗	✓	✗	✗	✓	Complex
[12]	1	1	83%	Low	1/(1 − d)	BLDC	Null	2890	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[13]	1	1	92.7%	Low	(1 + D)/(1 − D)	SRM	Null	1390	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[14]	2	1	NA	Low	1/(1 − d)	BLDC	Voltage and current	1300	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[15]	2	1	NA	Low	1/(1 − d)	SyRM	Voltage and speed	4000	✓	✓	✓	✗	✗	✓	Complex
[16]	1	1	NA	Low	(1 + D)/(1 − D)2	BLDC	Null	600	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗	✓	Medium
[17]	1	1	NA	Low	D/(1 − D)	BLDC	Null	NA	✓	✓	✗	✓	✗	✓	Medium
[18]	2	1	89%	High	1/(1 − d)	IM	Voltage	7500	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✗	Medium
Pro.	2	1	96%	High	2/(1 − d)	BLDC	Voltage and current	1000	✓	✓	✓	✗	✗	✓	Medium

• Note: A: number of input port, B: number of output port, C: efficiency, D: initial cost, E: voltage gain, F: type of motor, G: controller, H: power rating(watt), I: solar panel, J: MPPT, K: continuous power flow, L: bidirectional, M: battery, N: null environmental waste, O: nature of control, and NA: not available.

The comparative analysis based on features is shown in Table 7. Induction motor-based water pumping with a single source is given in [8–11, 18]. There is a high current stress in the inductor of the CBC because of a single power source. The CBC-based water pumping system and single source are given in [8] and [10]. In [9], the transformer is used for voltage control. Thus, the overall size of the system increases. On comparison of all the dimensions, one can conclude that a multiinput renewable power supply fed CBC for a BLDC motor drive is most suitable for water pumping applications.

Table 7. Comparative analysis based on features.

Ref	Topology			Remarks
	Source	DC/DC	DC/AC
[8]	PV	CBC	3φ NPC Inverter	✓ Renewable PV source
				✗ High current stress in the single inductor
				✗ Single source so it is not possible to deliver continuous power to the load throughout the day
				✗ Complex control because of a greater number of switches and diodes
				✗ IM is rugged but less efficiency than the BLDC motor
[9]	PV	TIBC	3φ Inverter	✓ Renewable PV source
				✗ Transformer is included, so converter cost and size are high
				✗ Induction motor has less efficiency than the BLDC motor and a high weight to torque ratio
				✗ Single source so it is not possible to deliver continuous power to the load throughout the day
[10]	PV	CBC	3φ Inverter	✓ Renewable PV source
				✗ Induction motor has less efficiency and high weight to torque ratio.
				✗ Single source so it is not possible to deliver continuous power to the load throughout the day
[11]	Grid	NA	3φ Back-to-back 3Leg-NPC	✗ Huge number of switches, so extreme complex control
				✗ DFIM is large in size and has less efficiency
				✗ No renewable source
				✗ Unit transformer is used, so overall complex, less efficiency, and bulky
[12]	PV	Zeta	3φ Inverter	✓ BLDC motor, high efficiency
				✓ Smooth operation
				✓ Occupy less space
				✓ Less acoustic, easy control, and fast dynamic response
				✗ Single source, less reliable in input source
[13]	PV	Sepic	Split capacitor 3φ Inverter	✗ SRM motor has high torque ripple and complex control circuitry
				✗ Coupled inductor
				✗ Overall size is high
				✗Single source, less reliable in input source
[14]	PV and grid	CBC	3φ Inverter	✓ BLDC motor, high efficiency
				✓ Bidirectional
				✓ Smooth operation
				✓ Occupy less space
				✓ Less acoustic, easy control, and fast dynamic response
				✗ Dependent on the grid when PV is not available
[15]	PV and grid	CBC	3φ Inverter	✓ Renewable PV source
				✓ Continuous power to load
				✗ Complex control and back emf complexity in SyRM
				✗ Not suitable for the remote area
[18]	PV and battery	CBC	3φ Inverter	✓ Multiport input, high reliable source
				✓ Fast dynamic response when PV fluctuates
				✗ Induction motor has a high weight to torque ratio
				✗ Less efficiency
				✗ Life of battery is 2–5 years
Pro.	PV and FC	CBC	3φ Inverter	✓ Multiport input, high reliable source
				✓ Fast dynamic response when PV fluctuates
				✓ Continuous power to load
				✓ Less acoustic, easy control
				✓ Suitable for the remote area
				✗ Maintenance of the FC

• Abbreviations: CBC, conventional boost converter; NA, not available; TIBC, two inductor boost converter.

7. Conclusion

This article presented a DISOC with high efficiency, high gain, and fast dynamic response. The proposed configuration is distinct, enabling it to operate in three different cases and achieve an effective transition between them. This proposed converter discusses the power losses and the converter’s efficiency. The structure proves to work efficiently, even if one source is unavailable. The DISO converter has superior performance for low- to high-power applications. Further, the DISOC is suitable for water pumping systems due to its lower power losses and simple topology. The proposed converter achieves 96.5% efficiency and faster dynamic response of 0.01 s for every step change input. The DISOC is compared with similar converters working for water pumping application, which shows that the DISOC is superior to the converter taken for comparison. However, wide bandgap semiconductors are a key focus for future improvements in the proposed topology. Finally, the simulation results are validated with the experimental lab result energy storage integration, and microgrid and smart grid integration applications are some of the future research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding

No funding was received for this manuscript.