An Analytic Characterization of (p, q)-White Noise Functionals
Abstract
In this paper, a characterization theorem for the -transform of infinite dimensional distributions of noncommutative white noise corresponding to the (p, q)-deformed quantum oscillator algebra is investigated. We derive a unitary operator U between the noncommutative L2-space and the (p, q)-Fock space which serves to give the construction of a white noise Gel’fand triple. Next, a general characterization theorem is proven for the space of (p, q)-Gaussian white noise distributions in terms of new spaces of (p, q)-entire functions with certain growth rates determined by Young functions and a suitable (p, q)-exponential map.
1. Introduction
The white noise distribution theory originally aiming to extend Itô theory keeping contact with Lévy’s stochastic variational calculus [1] has been developed to an efficient infinite dimensional calculus with considerable applications to quantum physics, infinite dimensional harmonic analysis, infinite dimensional differential equations, quantum stochastic calculus, and mathematical finance, see, e.g., [2–8] and the references therein. This theory is based on the quantum decomposition of the Gaussian random variable 〈ω, ξ〉 given as the sum of creation and annihilation operators which satisfies the canonical commutative commutation relation. As a generalization by replacing the classical commutative notion of independence by some other type in a noncommutative probability space, we conclude that the noncommutative white noise theory is a generalization of classical white noise theory to the description of quantum systems. In the framework of the free probability, Alpay and Salomon [9] (see also [10]) constructed a noncommutative analog of the Kondratiev space. For q ∈ (−1,1), Bożejko et al. introduced q-analogs of Brownian motions and Gaussian processes in [11, 12], which are governed by classical independence for q = 1 and free independence for q = 0 introduced by Voiculescu et al. in [13].
The aim of the present paper is to introduce a proper mathematical framework of (p, q)-white noise calculus based on the noncommutative white noise corresponding to the (p, q)-deformed oscillator algebra [14]. More precisely, as a generalization by using the second-parameter refinement of the q-Fock space, formulated as the (p, q)-Fock space ℱp,q(ℋ) which is constructed via a direct generalization of Bożejko and Speicher’s framework, yielding the q-Fock space when p = 1, we introduce the noncommutative analogs of Gaussian processes (white noise measure) for the relation of the (p, q)-deformed quantum oscillator algebra. Next, we construct a white noise Gel’fand triple, and we derive the characterization of the space of generalized functions in terms of new spaces of (p, q)-entire functions with certain growth.
2. Noncommutative Orthogonal Polynomials of (p, q)-White Noise
For more details about the properties of the operator and the construction of the (p, q)-Fock space, see [16].
Definition 1. For each ξ ∈ ℋ, we define the (p, q)-creation operator a∗(ξ) and the (p, q)-annihilation operator a(ξ) on the dense subspace as follows:
The (p, q)-creation and (p, q)-annihilation operators fulfill the (p, q)-commutation relations of the (p, q)-deformed quantum oscillator algebra, i.e.,
Now, we will introduce noncommutative analogs of Gaussian processes (white noise measure) for the relation of the (p, q)-deformed quantum oscillator algebra. For t ∈ ℝ, if we denote by bt and the standard pointwise annihilation and creation operators on ℱp,q(ℋ) defined by
Now, the (p, q)-white noise is defined by
Thus, by using (21), we deduce that ω(t) is an operator-valued distribution which satisfies
Moreover, for each , we define a monomial of ω by
Using the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, we easily conclude that (24) indeed identifies a bounded linear operator in ℱp,q(ℋ).
Let denote the complex unital ∗-algebra generated by {〈ω, ξ〉, ξ ∈ ℋ}, i.e., the algebra of noncommutative polynomials in the variables 〈ω, ξ〉. Evidently, consists of all noncommutative polynomials in ω which are of the form:
In particular, elements of are linear operators acting on ℱp,q(ℋ).
Definition 2. Let τ be a vacuum state on defined by
For n ∈ ℕ\{0}, we denote by the subset of consisting of all noncommutative polynomials of order ≤n, i.e., all given as in (25) with k ≤ n. Let denote the closure of in L2(τ), and let be the set of orthogonal polynomials of order n defined by
Theorem 1. For each , define UT≔TΩ. Then, U is extended by continuity to a unitary operator U : L2(τ)⟶ℱp,q(ℋ) defined as follows:
Proof. Firstly from equation (27), it is clear that U : L2(τ)⟶ℱp,q(ℋ) is extended by continuity to a unitary operator. Moreover, since is dense in L2(τ), we get the orthogonal decomposition
On the other hand, we have
3. (p, q) White Noise Gel’fand Triple and Characterization Theorem
Definition 3. The space of (p, q)-white noise test functions is defined as a projective system of Hilbert space , where is the set of function φ of the form
Moreover, if is the set of functions Φ of the form
Theorem 2. Assume that the Young function θ satisfies the following condition:
Then, we obtain the so-called (p, q)-white noise Gel’fand triple of Hilbert spaces
Proof. Let . By definition, we have
On the other hand, condition (52) guarantees the existence of two constant numbers a > 0 and b > 0 such that
Then, by a simple calculus, one can see that
Hence, by using the fact that
Therefore, for γ < (2be)−1, we have . Thus, (55) becomes
Moreover, one can see that is the dual of with respect to L2(τ), and we obtain the nuclear Gel’fand triple given by (53). From here the statement follows.
Now our goal is to derive a characterization of the space of (p, q)-white noise generalized functions by using a suitable space of (p, q)-entire functions with certain growth determined by using the Young functions and a suitable (p, q)-exponential map.
Let (ℬ, ‖⋅‖) be a complex Banach space. Define the space ℬ∞ by
Then, (ℬ∞, ‖⋅‖∞) becomes a Banach space.
Definition 4. Let be a fixed Hilbert space. A ℂ-valued function F is said to be (p, q)-entire function on , if there exists with such that
For s ∈ ℝ and γ > 0, let Γp,q,θ,γ(ℰs,ℂ) be the space of (p, q)-entire functions g on the complex Hilbert space such that
Note that {Γp,q,θ,γ(ℰ−s,ℂ); s ∈ ℕ, γ > 0} becomes a projective system of Banach spaces as s⟶∞ and γ ↓ 0. Then, we can define
This is called the space of (p, q)-entire functions on with (θ, p, q)-exponential growth of minimal type. Similarly, {Γp,q,θ,γ(ℰs,ℂ); s ∈ ℕ, γ > 0} becomes a inductive system of Banach spaces as s⟶∞ and γ ↓ 0. the space of (p, q)-entire functions on ℰs,ℂ with (θ, p, q)-exponential growth of finite type is defined by
Lemma 1. Let be given by
Proof. Fixing s′ > s ≥ 0 and such that
By definition, the series in the right hand side of (67) converges uniformly on every bounded subset of . Then, for every R > 0, we have the following Cauchy’s integral formula:
Therefore, by using the fact that , for γ > 0, we get
Let now be an orthonormal basis of . Then, we get
This provides the desired inequality.
Lemma 2. For each ξ ∈ ℰℂ, the generating function of the noncommutative polynomials defined by
Proof. Let s ≥ 0 and γ > 0, and then for any ξ ∈ ℰs,ℂ, we have
This proves that , and we obtain
On the other hand, if we choose s′ > s such that the embedding is of the Hilbert–Schmidt type and γ′ > 0 such that
This implies that .
As a consequence, we can define the -transform of a distribution , at ξ ∈ ℰℂ, as follows:
Moreover, by using (15) and (49), we get
Theorem 3. Assume that the sequences θn,p,q and satisfy
Proof. Let , and then there exist s ≥ 0 and γ > 0 such that , and we have
On the other hand, by inequality (75), there exist c, γ′ > 0, and s′ > s such that
This proves the continuity and injectivity of the -transform.
Conversely, given , then there exist s ≥ 0 and γ > 0 such that with Taylor expansion
Put , and then (15) and (81) yield
Using the same technics as in Lemma 1, we immediately prove that for all s′ > s such that is of the Hilbert–Schmidt type the following inequality holds:
Thus, under condition (82), we obtain
On the other hand, for all γ′ > 0 such that , one can see that the series converges. This proves that acts surjectively and that is continuous.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for funding this work under project number (RGP-2019-1).
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Data Availability
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