Clinical problems in hemodialysis patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Corresponding Author
Ismail Kocyigit
Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
Correspondence
Ismail Kocyigit, Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorEray Eroglu
Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorOzkan Gungor
Department of Nephrology, Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ismail Kocyigit
Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
Correspondence
Ismail Kocyigit, Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorEray Eroglu
Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorOzkan Gungor
Department of Nephrology, Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common monogenic disease characterized by massive enlargement of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney. Due to its genetic pattern, the disease differs from other CKD. ADPKD is a multi-system, progressive disorder which is frequently complicated with hypertension, cardiovascular events and cerebrovascular disease. Thus, there are many clinical problems specific to ADPKD. In this article, we reviewed these clinical problems and their management in ADPKD with hemodialysis patients.
REFERENCES
- 1Gabow PA. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 332-342.
- 2Wilson PD. Polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 151-164.
- 3Reeders ST, Breuning MH, Davies KE, et al. A highly polymorphic DNA marker linked to adult polycystic kidney disease on chromosome 16. Nature. 1985; 317: 542-544.
- 4Kimberling WJ, Kumar S, Gabow PA, Kenyon JB, Connolly CJ, Somlo S. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: localization of the second gene to chromosome 4q13–q23. Genomics. 1993; 18: 467-472.
- 5Hanaoka K, Qian F, Boletta A, et al. Coassembly of polycystin-1 and -2 produces unique cation permeable currents. Nature. 2000; 408: 990-994.
- 6Tsiokas L, Kim E, Arnould T, Sukhatme VP, Walz G. Homo and heterodimeric interactions between the gene products of PKD1 and PKD2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94: 6965-6970.
- 7Parfrey PS, Bear JC, Morgan J, et al. The diagnosis and prognosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1085-1090.
- 8Torra R, Badenas C, Darnell A, et al. Linkage, clinical features, and prognosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease types 1 and 2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996; 7: 2142-2151.
- 9Gabow PA. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: more than a renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990; 16: 403-413.
- 10Ha SK, Park CH, Kna JS, et al. Extrarenal manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Yonsei Med J. 1997; 38: 111-116.
- 11Belet U, Danaci M, Sarikaya S, et al. Prevalence of epididymal, seminal vesicle, prostate, and testicular cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Urology. 2002; 60: 138-141.
- 12Chapman AB, Rubinstein D, Hughes R, et al. Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 916-920.
- 13Gabow PA, Chapman AB, Johnson AM, et al. Renal structure and hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1990; 38: 1177-1180.
- 14Chapman AB, Johnson A, Gabow PA, Schrier RW. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1091-1096.
- 15Kocyigit I, Yilmaz MI, Unal A, et al. A link between the intrarenal renin angiotensin system and hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2013; 38: 218-225.
- 16Klein IH, Ligtenberg G, Oey PL, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ. Sympathetic activity is increased in polycystic kidney disease and is associated with hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001; 12: 2427-2433.
- 17Kocyigit I, Yilmaz MI, Gungor O, et al. Vasopressin-related copeptin is a novel predictor of early endothelial dysfunction in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2016; 17: 196.
- 18Menon V, Rudym D, Chandra P, Miskulin D, Perrone R, Sarnak M. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 7-13.
- 19Klawitter J, Reed-Gitomer BY, McFann K, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014; 307: F1198-F1206.
- 20Ecder T, Schrier RW. Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: early occurrence and unique aspects. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001; 12: 194-200.
- 21Ecder T. Cardiovascular complications in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2013; 9: 2-11.
- 22Gabow PA, Johnson AM, Kaehny WD, et al. Factors affecting the progression of renal disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1992; 41: 1311-1319.
- 23Schrier RW, Brosnahan G, Cadnapaphornchai MA, et al. Predictors of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 25: 2399-2418.
- 24Spithoven EM, Kramer A, Meijer E, et al. ERA-EDTA Registry; EuroCYST Consortium; WGIKD. Renal replacement therapy for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in Europe: prevalence and survival–an analysis of data from the ERA-EDTA Registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; 29: iv15-iv25.
- 25Hamanoue S, Hoshino J, Suwabe T, et al. Peritoneal dialysis is limited by kidney and liver volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Ther Apher Dial. 2015; 19: 207-211.
- 26Kumar S, Fan SL, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Long term outcome of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseases receiving peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 2008; 74: 946-951.
- 27Jankowska M, Chmielewski M, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Jagodziński P, Rutkowski B. Peritoneal dialysis as a treatment option in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2015; 47: 1739-1744.
- 28Khan S, Giuliani A, Crepaldi C, Ronco C, Rosner MH. Peritoneal dialysis for patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Perit Dial Int. 2017; 37: 384-388.
- 29Abbott KC, Agodoa LY. Polycystic kidney disease at end-stage renal disease in the United States: patient characteristics and survival. Clin Nephrol. 2002; 57: 208-214.
- 30Perico N, Cortinovis M, Remuzzi G. [Renal transplantation in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)]. G Ital Nefrol. 2016; 33: pii: gin/33.5.20.
- 31Roozbeh J, Malekmakan L, Harifi MM, Tadayon T. Posttransplant outcomes of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease versus other recipients: a 10-Year report from South of Iran. Exp Clin Transplant. 2016; https://doi.org/10.6002/ect.2016.0163. Epub ahead of print.
- 32Hadimeri H, Nordén G, Friman S, Nyberg G. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in a kidney transplant population. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12: 1431-1436.
- 33Kanaan N, Devuyst O, Pirson Y. Renal transplantation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014; 10: 455-465.
- 34Gabow PA, Johnson AM, Kaehny WD, Manco-Johnson ML, Duley IT, Everson GT. Risk factors for the development of hepatic cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hepatology. 1990; 11: 1033-1037.
- 35Everson GT. Hepatic cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993; 22: 520-525.
- 36Bae KT, Zhu F, Chapman AB, et al. Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP). Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of hepatic cysts in early autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of Polycystic Kidney Disease cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 1: 64-69.
- 37Sherstha R, McKinley C, Russ P, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy selectively stimulates hepatic enlargement in women with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hepatology. 1997; 26: 1282-1286.
- 38Chebib FT, Jung Y, Heyer CM, et al. Effect of genotype on the severity and volume progression of polycystic liver disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016; 31: 952-960.
- 39Jouret F, Lhommel R, Devuyst O, et al. Diagnosis of cyst infection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: attributes and limitations of the current modalities. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012; 27: 3746-3751.
- 40Harris PC, Torres VE. Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant. [updated 2015 Jun 11]. In: MP Adam, HH Ardinger, RA Pagon, SE Wallace, LJH Bean, K Stephens, A Amemiya, eds. GeneReviews®.Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 2002: 1993-2017.
- 41Bleeker-Rovers CP, de Sévaux RG, van Hamersvelt HW, Corstens FH, Oyen WJ. Diagnosis of renal and hepatic cyst infections by 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41: E18-E21.
- 42Gevers TJ, Inthout J, Caroli A, et al. Young women with polycystic liver disease respond best to somatostatin analogues: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145: 357-365.e1-2.
- 43Chrispijn M, Gevers TJ, Hol JC, Monshouwer R, Dekker HM, Drenth JP. Everolimus does not further reduce polycystic liver volume when added to long acting octreotide: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2013; 59: 153-159.
- 44Bajwa ZH, Sial KA, Malik AB, Steinman TI. Pain patterns in patients with polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 1561-1569.
- 45Christophe JL, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Pirson Y. Complications of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in 50 haemodialysed patients. A case-control study. The U.C.L. Collaborative Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996; 11: 1271-1276.
- 46Rizk D, Jurkovitz C, Veledar E, et al. Quality of life in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients not yet on dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4: 560-566.
- 47Imamoglu H, Gokce M, Senol S, Dogan S, Eroglu E, Kocyigit I. Unusual reason of groin pain: pelvic polycystic kidney disease. Pain Pract. 2017; 17: 564-565.
- 48Hogan MC, Norby SM. Evaluation and management of pain in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010; 17: e1-e16.
- 49Casteleijn NF, Visser FW, Drenth JP, et al. DIPAK Consortium. A stepwise approach for effective management of chronic pain in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; 29: iv142-iv153.
- 50Bajwa ZH, Sial KA, Malik AB, Steinman TI. Pain patterns in patients with polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 1561-1569.
- 51Teichman JM, Hulbert JC. Laparoscopic marsupialization of the painful polycystic kidney. J Urol. 1995; 153: 1105-1107.
- 52Brown JA, Torres VE, King BF, Segura JW. Laparoscopic marsupialization of symptomatic polycystic kidney disease. J Urol. 1996; 156: 22-27.
- 53Elzinga LW, Barry JM, Torres VE, et al. Cyst decompression surgery for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992; 2: 1219-1226.
- 54He S, An S, Jiang H, Yang R, Cao Y. Cyst decapitating decompression operation in polycystic kidney: preliminary report of 52 cases. Chin Med J. 1980; 93: 773.
- 55Valente JF, Dreyer DR, Breda MA, Bennett WM. Laparoscopic renal denervation for intractable ADPKD-related pain. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001; 16: 160.
- 56Casteleijn NF, deJager RL, Neeleman M, Blankestijn PJ, Gansevoort RT. Chronic kidney pain in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a case report of successful treatment by catheter- based renal denervation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63: 1019-1021.
- 57Chapuis O, Sockeel P, Pallas G, Pons F, Jancovici R. Thoracoscopic renal denervation for intractable autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease-related pain. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 43: 161-163.
- 58Casale P, Meyers K, Kaplan B. Follow-up for laparoscopic renal denervation and nephropexy for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease-related pain in pediatrics. J Endourol. 2008; 22: 991-993.
- 59Hahn ST, Park SH, Lee JM, Kim C-Y, Chang YS. Renal artery embolization controls intractable pain in a patient with polycystic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1999; 22: 422-424.
- 60Lantinga MA, Casteleijn NF, Geudens A, et al. DIPAK Consortium. Management of renal cyst infection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017; 32: 144-150.
- 61Idrizi A, Barbullushi M, Koroshi A, et al. Urinary tract infections in polycystic kidney disease. Med Arh. 2011; 65: 213-215.
- 62Suwabe T, Ubara Y, Higa Y, et al. Infected hepatic and renal cysts: differential impact on outcome in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009; 112: c157-c163.
- 63Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Eckardt KU, et al. Conference Participants. Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): executive summary from a Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2015; 88: 17-27.
- 64Hoevenaren IA, Wester R, Schrier RW, et al. Polycystic liver: clinical characteristics of patients with isolated polycystic liver disease compared with patients with polycystic liver and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Liver Int. 2008; 28: 264-270.
- 65Sallée M, Rafat C, Zahar JR, et al. Cyst infections in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4: 1183-1189.
- 66Jouret F, Lhommel R, Beguin C, et al. Positron-emission computed tomography in cyst infection diagnosis in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1644-1650.
- 67Albano D, Bosio G, Bertagna F. 18F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated renal and hepatic cyst infection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2016; 19: 26-28.
- 68Suwabe T, Araoka H, Ubara Y, et al. Cyst infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: causative microorganisms and susceptibility to lipid-soluble antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015; 34: 1369-1379.
- 69Suwabe T, Ubara Y, Sumida K, et al. Clinical features of cyst infection and hemorrhage in ADPKD: new diagnostic criteria. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2012; 16: 892-902.
- 70Cheng CI, Karvelas NB, Aronowitz P. Retroperitoneal cyst hemorrhage in polycystic kidney disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015; 82: 20-21.
- 71Bello-Reuss E, Holubec K, Rajaraman S. Angiogenesis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2001; 60: 37-45.
- 72Gupta S, Seith A, Sud K, et al. CT in the evaluation of complicated autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Acta Radiol. 2000; 41: 280-284.
- 73Hughes CR, Stewart PF Jr, Breckenridge JW. Renal cyst rupture following blunt abdominal trauma: case report. J Trauma. 1995; 38: 28-29.
- 74Zahir M, Al Muttairi H, Upadhyay SP, Mallick PN. Rupture in polycystic kidney disease presented as generalized peritonitis with severe sepsis: a rare case report. Case Rep Urol. 2013; 2013: 927676.
- 75Levine E, Grantham JJ. Perinephric hemorrhage in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987; 11: 108-111.
- 76Van Keimpema L, de Koning DB, van Hoek B, et al. Patients with isolated polycystic liver disease referred to liver centres: clinical characterization of 137 cases. Liver Int. 2011; 31: 92-98.
- 77Levine E, Slusher SL, Grantham JJ, Wetzel LH. Natural history of acquired renal cystic disease in dialysis patients: a prospective longitudinal CT study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 501-506.
- 78Truong LD, Choi YJ, Shen SS, Ayala G, Amato R, Krishnan B. Renal cystic neoplasms and renal neoplasms associated with cystic renal diseases: pathogenetic and molecular links. Adv Anat Pathol. 2003; 10: 135-159.
- 79Hurst FP, Jindal RM, Fletcher JJ, et al. Incidence, predictors and associated outcomes of renal cell carcinoma in long-term dialysis patients. Urology. 2011; 77: 1271-1276.
- 80Schmitt MF, Noronha I, Jäger T, Ritz E. Waldherr R [Acquired cystic kidney disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease—precancerous condition?]. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1989; 73: 428-435.
- 81Zeier M, Jones E, Ritz E. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease—the patient on renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996; 11: 18-20.
- 82Caballero Alcántara J, González Hermoso C, Padilla León M, Marchal Escalona C. Renal-cell carcinoma and polycystic disease in an adult. Actas Urol Esp. 1997; 21: 410-414.
- 83Kumar S, Cederbaum AI, Pletka PG. Renal cell carcinoma in polycystic kidneys: case report and review of literature. J Urol. 1980; 124: 708.
- 84Vogelzang NJ, Stadler WM. Kidney cancer. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1691-1696.
- 85Grantham JJ. Clinical practice. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1477-1485.
- 86Yu TM, Chuang YW, Yu MC, et al. Risk of cancer in patients with polycystic kidney disease: a propensity-score matched analysis of a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17: 1419.
- 87Nishimura H, Ubara Y, Nakamura M, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 54: 165-168.
- 88Orskov B, Sørensen VR, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S. Changes in causes of death and risk of cancer in Danish patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012; 27: 1607.
- 89Wetmore JB, Calvet JP, Yu AS, et al. Polycystic kidney disease and cancer after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 25: 2335-2341.
- 90Keith DS, Torres VE, King BF, Zincki H, Farrow GM. Renal cell carcinoma in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994; 4: 1661-1669.
- 91Kliem V, Kolditz M, Behrend M, et al. Risk of renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant. 1997; 11: 255-258.
- 92Bretagnol A, Halimi JM, Roland M, et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer following kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2010; 23: 878-886.
- 93Fick GM, Gabow PA. Hereditary and acquired cystic disease of the kidney. Kidney Int. 1994; 46: 951.
- 94Watson ML. Complications of polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1997; 51: 353.
- 95Xu HW, Yu SQ, Mei CL, Li MH. Screening for intracranial aneurysm in 355 patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Stroke. 2011; 42: 204.
- 96Rozenfeld MN, Ansari SA, Shaibani A, Russell EJ, Mohan P, Hurley MC. Should patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease be screened for cerebral aneurysms? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014; 35: 3-9.
- 97Schievink WI, Torres VE, Piepgras DG, Wiebers DO. Saccular intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992; 3: 88.
- 98Huston J, Torres VE, Sulivan PP, et al. Value of magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1993; 3: 1871.
- 99Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ. Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10: 626-636.
- 100Graf S, Schischma A, Eberhardt KE, et al. Intracranial aneurysms and dolichoectasia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002; 17: 819.
- 101Chauveau D, Pirson Y, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Macnicol A, Gonzalo A, Grünfeld JP. Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1994; 45: 1140-1146.
- 102Belz MM, Hughes RL, Kaehny WD, et al. Familial clustering of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001; 38: 770-776.
- 103Rossetti S, Chauveau D, Kubly V, et al. Association of mutation position in polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene and development of a vascular phenotype. Lancet. 2003; 361: 2196-2201.
- 104Torres VE, Wiebers DO, Forbes GS. Cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1990; 1: 84-90.
- 105Belz MM, Fick-Brosnahan GM, Hughes RL, et al. Recurrence of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2003; 63: 1824-1830.
- 106Rivera M, Gonzalo A, Gobernado JM, Orte L, Quereda C, Ortuño J. Stroke in adult polycystic kidney disease. Postgrad Med J. 1992; 68: 735-738.
- 107Irazabal MV, Huston J, Kubly V, et al. Extended follow-up of unruptured intracranial aneurysms detected by presymptomatic screening in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1274-1285.
- 108Niemczyk M, Gradzik M, Niemczyk S, Bujko M, Gołębiowski M, Pączek L. Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013; 34: 1556-1559.
- 109Jiang T, Wang P, Qian Y, et al. A follow-up study of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with intracranial aneurysms using 3.0 T three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2013; 82: 1840-1845.
- 110Gieteling EW, Rinkel GJ. Characteristics of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with polycystic kidney disease. J Neurol. 2003; 250: 418-423.
- 111Ruggieri PM, Poulos N, Masaryk TJ, et al. Occult intracranial aneurysms in polycystic kidney disease: screening with MR angiography. Radiology. 1994; 191: 33-39.
- 112Chauveau D, Sirieix ME, Schillinger F, Legendre C, Grünfeld JP. Recurrent rupture of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. BMJ. 1990; 301: 966-967.
- 113Linn FH, Wijdicks EF, van der Graaf Y, Weerdesteyn-van Vliet FA, Bartelds AI, van Gijn J. Prospective study of sentinel headache in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 1994; 344: 590-593.
- 114Gibbs GF, Huston J, Qian Q, et al. Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 1621-1627.
- 115Huston J III, Torres VE, Wiebers DO, Schievink WI. Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by magnetic resonance angiography. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996; 7: 2135-2141.
- 116Butler WE, Barker FG II, Crowell RM. Patients with polycystic kidney disease would benefit from routine magnetic resonance angiographic screening for intracerebral aneurysms: a decision analysis. Neurosurgery. 1996; 38: 506-515. discussion 515-6.
- 117Schrier RW, Belz MM, Johnson AM, et al. Repeat imaging for intracranial aneurysms in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with initially negative studies: a prospective ten-year follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15: 1023-1028.
- 118Josephson CB, White PM, Krishan A, Al-Shahi Salman R. Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detection of intracranial vascular malformations in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; CD009372. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009372.pub2
- 119Rinkel GJ, Prins NE, Algra A. Outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients on anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1997; 28: 6-9.
- 120Chang MY, Kuok CM, Chen YC, et al. Comparison of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010; 114: c158-c164.
- 121Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, et al. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1267-1274.
- 122Kelleher CL, McFann KK, Johnson AM, Schrier RW. Characteristics of hypertension in young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease compared with the general U.S. population. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17: 1029-1034.
- 123Chapman AB, Johnson AM, Rainguet S, Hossack K, Gabow P, Schrier RW. Left ventricular hypertrophy in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997; 8: 1292-1297.
- 124Chebib FT, Hogan MC, El-Zoghby ZM, et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney patients may be predisposed to various cardiomyopathies. Kidney Int Rep. 2017; 2: 913.
- 125Ecder T, Edelstein CL, Chapman AB, et al. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999; 14: 1113-1116.
- 126Ecder T, Edelstein CL, Fick-Brosnahan GM, et al. Diuretics versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2001; 21: 98-103.
- 127Leier CV, Baker PB, Kilman JW, Wooley CF. Cardiovascular abnormalities associated with adult polycystic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 1984; 100: 683-688.
- 128Hossack KF, Leddy CL, Johnson AM, Schrier RW, Gabow PA. Echocardiographic findings in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319: 907-912.
- 129Timio M, Monarca C, Pede S, Gentili S, Verdura C, Lolli S. The spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a 10-year follow-up in a five-generation kindred. Clin Nephrol. 1992; 37: 245-251.
- 130Lumiaho A, Ikäheimo R, Miettinen R, et al. Mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation are common in patients with polycystic kidney disease type 1. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001; 38: 1208-1216.
- 131Itty CT, Farshid A, Talaulikar G. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a woman with polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 518-521.
- 132Basile C, Lucarelli K, Langialonga T. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: one more extrarenal manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease? J Nephrol. 2009; 22: 414-416.
- 133Hadimeri H, Lamm C, Nyberg G. Coronary aneurysms in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 837-841.
- 134Qian Q, Hartman RP, King BF, Torres VE. Increased occurrence of pericardial effusion in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 2: 1223-1227.
- 135Grantham JJ, Geiser JL, Evan AP. Cyst formation and growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1987; 31: 1145.
- 136Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Elbahnasy AM, et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with end-stage renal disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 35: 720.