The core of Katie Eriksson’s caritative caring theory – a qualitative study from a postdoctoral perspective
Lisbeth Maria Fagerström PhD, RN
Professor in Caring Science
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jessica Hemberg PhD, PHN, RN
Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Correspondence to: Jessica Hemberg PhD, PHN, RN, Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, PB 311, 65101 Vaasa, Finland.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCamilla Koskinen PhD, RN
Professor in Caring Science
Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Caring and Ethics, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorLillemor Östman MSc,
PhD Candidate
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorYvonne Näsman PhD, RN
Associate Professor
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorLinda Nyholm PhD, RN
Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorRegina Santamäki Fischer PhD, RN
Associate Professor emerita
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorLisbeth Maria Fagerström PhD, RN
Professor in Caring Science
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jessica Hemberg PhD, PHN, RN
Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Correspondence to: Jessica Hemberg PhD, PHN, RN, Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, PB 311, 65101 Vaasa, Finland.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCamilla Koskinen PhD, RN
Professor in Caring Science
Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Caring and Ethics, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorLillemor Östman MSc,
PhD Candidate
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorYvonne Näsman PhD, RN
Associate Professor
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorLinda Nyholm PhD, RN
Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorRegina Santamäki Fischer PhD, RN
Associate Professor emerita
Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
For about 40 years, Katie Eriksson developed the caritative caring theory at Åbo Akademi University in Finland. However, a description regarding the most substantial concepts and the relationships between these is lacking and thus needs to be explored.
Aims
The aim of the study was twofold: to explore and describe central concepts in the development of caritative caring theory from a postdoctoral perspective and to uncover and explore the relationships between the concepts.
Methodology
The design of the study was qualitative with a mixed method approach. The material was collected from a postdoctoral group (n = 38) mainly through electronic questionnaires. The texts were interpreted through manifest and latent content analysis.
Findings
The analyses generated five main categories including subcategories. The main categories were ‘Caring’ ‘Ethos’, ‘Suffering’ ‘Health’ and ‘The human being’. The relation between the main concepts compiled as ‘A tentative synthesis of the main concepts and the relationships between them’.
Conclusion
This study contributes to an understanding of the most fundamental and valuable concepts in the development of caritative theory during its first 40 years according to postdoctoral researchers’ perspectives. This study also displays that the concepts ethos and caring have the strongest relationship followed by that between caring and health, indicating the inner core of ethos and love within caring which bears the potential of enhancing the patient’s well-being and health.
Conflicts of interest
The author states that there are no sources of conflicts.
References
- 1Alligood MR. Introduction to Nursing Theory: Its History and Significance. In: Nursing Theorists and Their work. 9th edn ( MR Alligood ed), 2018, Elsevier – Health Sciences Division, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 2–9.
- 2Eriksson K, Isola A, Kyngäs H, Leino-Kilpi H, Lindström UÅ, Paavilainen E, Pietilä A-M, Salanterä S, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K, Åstedt-Kurki P. Hoitotiede. 2003, Helsinski, Sanoma pro Oy, 50–58.
- 3Bixler GK, Bixler RW. The professional status of nursing. Am J Nurs 1959; 59(8): 1142–1146.
- 4Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for theory construction in nursing, 5th edn. 2011, Prentice Hall, Boston.
- 5Im EO, Chang SJ. Current trends in nursing theories. J Nurs Scholarship 2012; 44(2): 156–164.
- 6Fawcett J, DeSanto-Medeya S. Contemporary nursing knowledge: Conceptual models of nursing and nursing theories, 3rd edn. 2013, FA Davis, Philadelphia.
- 7Alligood MR. Nursing theory: Utilization & application, 5th edn. 2014, Mosby-Elsevier, St Louis.
- 8Chinn PL, Kramer MK. Knowledge development in nursing theory and process, 9th edn. 2015, Elsevier-Mosby, St Louis.
- 9 Studyportals. PhDs. Phdportal.com (2020 Retrieved from: https://www.phdportal.com/search/#q=ci-82¦di-113¦lv-phd Accessed 12 June 2020).
- 10Pokorny ME. Nursing Theorists of Historical Significance, In: Nursing Theorists and Their work. 9th edn ( MR Alligood ed), 2018, Elsevier – Health Sciences Division, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 12–25.
- 11Watson J. Postmodern nursing and beyond. 1999, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
- 12Willis DG, Leone-Sheehan DM. Watson’s Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring. In: Nursing Theorists and Their work. 9th ed. ( MR Alligood ed), 2018, Elsevier – Health Sciences Division, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 66–79.
- 13Watson J. Nursing: Human science and human care: A theory of nursing. 1988, National League for Nursing, New York.
- 14Lundgren SM, Valmari G, Skott C. The nature of nursing research: dissertations in the Nordic countries, 2003. Scand J Caring Sci 2008; 23: 402–416.
- 15 National League for Nursing. Core Values. Retrieved from http://www.nln.org/aboutnln/corevalues.htm (2007, Accessed October 8, 2019).
- 16 American Association of Colleges of Nursing. The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice. 2008, Author, Washington, DC.
- 17Lindström UÅ, Nyström LL, Zetterlund JE. Katie Eriksson. Theory of caritative caring. In: Nursing Theorists and Their work. 9th ed. ( MR Alligood ed), 2018, Elsevier – Health Sciences Division, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 448–461.
- 18Eriksson K. The Caring process (In Swedish: Vårdprocessen). 1979, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
- 19Eriksson K. Health. A conceptual analysis and theoretical study of health and its nature as a goal for health care education. (In Swedish: Hälsa. En teoretisk och begreppsanalytisk studie om hälsan och dess natur som mål för hälsovårdsedukation) Unpublished Licentiate thesis, Helsinki, Finland: Department of Education, University of Helsinki, 1976.
- 20Eriksson K. The idea of health. (In Swedish: Hälsans idé). 1984, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
- 21Eriksson K. Becoming through suffering - the path to health and holiness. Int J Human Caring 2007; 11(2): 8–16.
10.20467/1091-5710.11.2.8 Google Scholar
- 22Eriksson K, Bondas-Salonen T, Herberts S, Lindholm L & Matilainen D. The Multidimensional Health – Reality and Visions, 1995. (In Swedish: Den mångdimensionella hälsan – verklighet och visioner). Sjukvårdsdistriktet SKN and Åbo Akademi University. Department of Caring Science, Vaasa.
- 23Eriksson K. The break. A depiction of the knowledge object in caring sciences. 1987a. (In Swedish: Pausen. En beskrivning av vårdvetenskapens kunskapsobjekt). Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
- 24Eriksson K, Vårdandets idé. Stockholms: Almqvist & Wiksell. 1987b, (The idea of caring. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.).
- 25Eriksson K. Systematic and contextual caring science: a study of the basic motive of caring and context. Scand J Caring Sci 1990; 4: 3–5.
- 26Eriksson K, Lindström UÅ. (eds.). Clinical caring science. (In Swedish: Klinisk vårdvetenskap). In Dawn II Clinical caring science (In Swedish: Gryning II Klinisk vårdvetenskap). Department of caring Science, Åbo Akademi University, Vasa, 2003; 3–20.
- 27Eriksson K. The science of caring. (In Swedish: Vårdvetenskap. Vetenskapen om vårdandet). Liber AB, Stockholm.
- 28Eriksson K. Caring science as a discipline, and field of research and application (In Swedish: Vårdvetenskap som disciplin, forsknings – och tillämpningsområde) (Vårdforskningar 1/1988). Vaasa, Finland: Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, Åbo Akademi, 1988.
- 29Eriksson K. Caring, spirituality and suffering. In Caring from the heart: The convergence between caring and spirituality. ( MS Roach ed), 1997, Paulist Press, New York, 68–84.
- 30Eriksson K. The suffering human being. (In Swedish: Den lidande människan). Stockholm, Liber förlag. English translation published in 2006 by Nordic Studies Press, Chicago), 1994.
- 31Gullett DL, Koskinen C, Chapter 33. Katie Eriksson’s Theory of Caritative Caring. In: Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice, 5th ed. 2020, ( M Smith Ed.) F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 523–538.
- 32 Hall EOC. Four generations of nurse theorists in the U.S.: an overview of their questions and answers. Vård i Nord 1997; 17: 15–23.
- 33Wiklund Gustin L, Bergbom I. Caring science concepts in theory and practice (In Swedish: Vårdvetenskapliga Begrepp i teori och praktik) Studentlitteratur, Lund, 2017, 1–601.
- 34Hardin SR. Theory Development Process. In: Nursing Theorists and Their work. 9th ed. ( MR Alligood edn), 2018, Elsevier – Health Sciences Division, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 35–43.
- 35Kyngäs H, Vanhanen L. Sisällön analyysi. (Content analysis). Hoitotiede 1999; 11: 3–12.
- 36Mikkonen K, Kyngäs H. Content Analysis in Mixed Methods Research. In The application of content analysis in nursing science research. ( H Kyngäs, K Mikkonen, M Kääriäinen eds), 2020, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 31–40.
10.1007/978-3-030-30199-6_4 Google Scholar
- 37Elo S, Kyngäs H. The qualitative content analysis process. JAN research methology. 2007, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- 38 World Medical Association. WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, 2013.
- 39Fagerström LM. Åbo Akademi University in Vaasa. (In Swedish: Åbo Akademi i Vasa). In: Hoitotiede, 30(2), 2018a. Hoitotiede Suomen Yliopistossa tänään, 166–172.
- 40Fagerström LM. Caring, health, holism and person-centered ethos – common denominators for health sciences? Guest Editorial. Scand J Caring Sci 2018b; 33(2). 253–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12732.
- 41Söderlund M. Caring (In Swedish: Vårdande). In: Caring science concepts in theory and practice (In Swedish: Vårdvetenskapliga Begrepp i teori och praktik). ( L Wiklund Gustin, I Bergbom eds), 2017, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 295–307.
- 42Hilli Y. The home. (In Swedish: Hemmet). In: Caring science concepts in theory and practice (In Swedish: Vårdvetenskapliga Begrepp i teori och praktik). ( L Wiklund Gustin, I Bergbom eds), 2017, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 257–268.
- 43Fagerström LM. Avansert klinisk sykepleie. 2019, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo.
- 44Meleis AI. Theoretical nursing: development and progress, 6th edn. 2018, Wolters Kluwer, Philadephia, USA.
