Original Article
Mathematical detection of aortic valve opening (B point) in impedance cardiography: A comparison of three popular algorithms
Javier Rodríguez Árbol,
Pandelis Perakakis,
Alba Garrido,
José Luis Mata,
M. Carmen Fernández-Santaella,
Jaime Vila,
Corresponding Author
Javier Rodríguez Árbol
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Address correspondence to: Mr. Javier Rodríguez Árbol, Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorPandelis Perakakis
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorAlba Garrido
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJosé Luis Mata
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorM. Carmen Fernández-Santaella
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJaime Vila
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJavier Rodríguez Árbol,
Pandelis Perakakis,
Alba Garrido,
José Luis Mata,
M. Carmen Fernández-Santaella,
Jaime Vila,
Corresponding Author
Javier Rodríguez Árbol
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Address correspondence to: Mr. Javier Rodríguez Árbol, Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorPandelis Perakakis
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorAlba Garrido
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJosé Luis Mata
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorM. Carmen Fernández-Santaella
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJaime Vila
Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorThis research was funded by grants to JRÁ (FPU-MED AP-2010-4126), MCF-S (PSI2013-43777-P), and JV (PSI2011-28530) from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. We are grateful to Eva-Maria Loch for her help in improving the writing style of the manuscript.
Abstract
The preejection period (PEP) is an index of left ventricle contractility widely used in psychophysiological research. Its computation requires detecting the moment when the aortic valve opens, which coincides with the B point in the first derivative of impedance cardiogram (ICG). Although this operation has been traditionally made via visual inspection, several algorithms based on derivative calculations have been developed to enable an automatic performance of the task. However, despite their popularity, data about their empirical validation are not always available. The present study analyzes the performance in the estimation of the aortic valve opening of three popular algorithms, by comparing their performance with the visual detection of the B point made by two independent scorers. Algorithm 1 is based on the first derivative of the ICG, Algorithm 2 on the second derivative, and Algorithm 3 on the third derivative. Algorithm 3 showed the highest accuracy rate (78.77%), followed by Algorithm 1 (24.57%) and Algorithm 2 (13.82%). In the automatic computation of PEP, Algorithm 2 resulted in significantly more missed cycles (48.57%) than Algorithm 1 (6.3%) and Algorithm 3 (3.5%). Algorithm 2 also estimated a significantly lower average PEP (70 ms), compared with the values obtained by Algorithm 1 (119 ms) and Algorithm 3 (113 ms). Our findings indicate that the algorithm based on the third derivative of the ICG performs significantly better. Nevertheless, a visual inspection of the signal proves indispensable, and this article provides a novel visual guide to facilitate the manual detection of the B point.
Supporting Information
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.
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Table S1: Review of recent papers published in Psychophysiology, Biological Psychology, and International Journal of Psychophysiology (2010–2015) that use PEP as a variable (N = 72). |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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