Deep Alignment with Country Shrinks the Moral Gap Between Conservatives and Liberals
Corresponding Author
Sanaz Talaifar
University of Texas at Austin
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sanaz Talaifar, the College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, 116 Inner Campus Dr. Stop G6000, Austin, TX 78712. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Sanaz Talaifar
University of Texas at Austin
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sanaz Talaifar, the College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, 116 Inner Campus Dr. Stop G6000, Austin, TX 78712. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Moral foundations theory suggests that relative to liberals, conservatives care more about values that are believed to bind group members together: loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and purity/degradation. In contrast, we propose that individuals who are deeply aligned (“fused”) with their group should display elevated commitment to group-oriented moral values, regardless of their political orientation. The results of three studies supported this hypothesis. The tendency for conservatives to endorse the binding foundations more than liberals only emerged among weakly and moderately fused Americans. In fact, liberals strongly fused with the United States endorsed “binding” foundations more than average conservatives and to the same extent as strongly fused conservatives. These results indicate that to fully understand moral prerogatives, one must consider the nature of the connections people form to the group, as well as their political orientation.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
pops12534-sup-0001-Appendix_A.docxWord document, 196.9 KB | Appendix A |
pops12534-sup-0002-Appendix_B.docxWord document, 86.1 KB | Appendix B |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R. J., & Pierce, C. A. (2005). Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 94–107.
- Ashokkumar, A., Fraser, W. T., Talaifar, S., Burhmester, M. D., Gómez, Á., Paredes, B., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2018). Constructing identity-affirming echo chambers: Who does it and why. Manuscript in preparation.
- Buhrmester, M. D., Fraser, W. T., Lanman, J., Whitehouse, H., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2014). When terror hits home: Identity fused Americans who saw Boston bombing victims as “family” provided aid. Self and Identity, 14(3), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.992465
- Buhrmester, M. D., Talaifar, S., & Gosling, S. D. (2018). An evaluation of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, its rapid rise, and its effective use. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 149–154.
- Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2018). On the left and right ideological divide: Historical accounts and contemporary perspectives. Political Psychology, 39, 49–83.
- Clifford, S., Jewell, R. M., & Waggoner, P. D. (2015). Are samples drawn from Mechanical Turk valid for research on political ideology? Research & Politics, 2(4), 2053168015622072.
- Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.111006343.x Google Scholar
- Curran, P. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009). Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets. Psychological Methods, 14(2), 81–100.
- David, M. (1987). Fraternité et Révolution française 1789–1799. Paris, France: Aubier.
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160.
- Federico, C. M., Ekstrom, P., Tagar, M. R., & Williams, A. L. (2016). Epistemic motivation and the structure of moral intuition: Dispositional need for closure as a predictor of individualizing and binding morality. European Journal of Personality, 30(3), 227–239.
- Federico, C. M., & Malka, A. (2018). The contingent, contextual nature of the relationship between needs for security and certainty and political preferences: Evidence and implications. Political Psychology, 39, 3–48.
- Fredman, L. A., Bastian, B., & Swann, W. B. Jr (2017). God or country? Fusion with Judaism predicts desire for retaliation following Palestinian stabbing intifada. Social and Personality Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617693059
- Frimer, J. A., Biesanz, J. C., Walker, L. J., & MacKinlay, C. W. (2013). Liberals and conservatives rely on common moral foundations when making moral judgments about influential people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 1040–1059. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032277
- Frimer, J. A., Gaucher, D., & Schaefer, N. K. (2014). Political conservatives’ affinity for obedience to authority is loyal, not blind. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(9), 1205–1214.
- Frimer, J. A., Tell, C. E., & Motyl, M. (2017). Sacralizing liberals and fair-minded conservatives: Ideological symmetry in the moral motives in the culture war. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 17(1), 33–59.
- Gauchet, M. (1997). Right and Left. In P. Nora & L. D. Kritzman (Eds.), Realms of memory: Conflicts and divisions. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309353415
- Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 55–130.
- Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
- Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., & Haidt, J. (2012). The moral stereotypes of liberals and conservatives: Exaggeration of differences across the political spectrum. PLoS One, 7(12), e50092.
- Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366–385.
- Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(3), 505–520.
- Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012). Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological inquiry, 23(2), 101–124.
- Greenberg, J., & Jonas, E. (2003). Psychological motives and political orientation—The left, the right, and the rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003). Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376
- Haidt, J., Graham, J., & Joseph, C. (2009). Above and below left–right: Ideological narratives and moral foundations. Psychological Inquiry, 20(2–3), 110–119.
- Hamblin, R. L. (1958). Group integration during a crisis. Human Relations, 11(1), 67–76.
- Heger, A. K., & Gaertner, L. (2018). Testing the identity synergy principle: Identity fusion promotes self and group sacrifice. Self and Identity, 17(5), 487–499.
- Ioannidis, J. P., Munafo, M. R., Fusar-Poli, P., Nosek, B. A., & David, S. P. (2014). Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: Detection, prevalence, and prevention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(5), 235–241.
- Iyer, R. (2009). Robustness of liberal-conservative moral foundations questionnaire differences. Retrieved from https://www.polipsych.com/2009/09/18/robustness-of-liberal-conservative-moral-foundations-questionnaire-differences/
- Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2016). Social justice and social order: Binding moralities across the political spectrum. PLoS One, 11(3), e0152479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152479
- Johnson, K. A., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Van Tongeren, D. R., Sandage, S. J., & Crabtree, S. A. (2016). Moral foundation priorities reflect U.S. Christians’ individual differences in religiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.037
- Jost, J. T. (2017). Ideological asymmetries and the essence of political psychology. Political Psychology, 38(2), 167–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12407
- Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
- Kugler, M., Jost, J. T., & Noorbaloochi, S. (2014). Another look at moral foundations theory: Do authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain liberal-conservative differences in “moral” intuitions? Social Justice Research, 27(4), 413.
- Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., … Cook, A. (2004). Deliver us from evil: The effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W. Bush. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 1136–1150.
- Lilienfeld, S. O., & Latzman, R. D. (2014). Threat bias, not negativity bias, underpins differences in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 318–319.
- Mael, F. A., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202
- Miles, A., & Vaisey, S. (2015). Morality and politics: Comparing alternate theories. Social Science Research, 53, 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.002
- Misch, A., Fergusson, G., & Dunham, Y. (2018). Temporal dynamics of partisan identity fusion and prosociality during the 2016 presidential election. Self and Identity, 17(5), 531–548.
- Paredes, B., Briñol, P., & Gòmez, A. (2018). Identity fusion leads to willingness to fight and die for the group: The moderating impact of being informed of the reasons behind other members’ sacrifice. Self and Identity, 17(5), 517–530.
- Piazza, J., & Sousa, P. (2014). Religiosity, political orientation, and consequentialist moral thinking. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(3), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613492826
- Piurko, Y., Schwartz, S. H., & Davidov, E. (2011). Basic personal values and the meaning of left-right political orientations in 20 countries. Political Psychology, 32(4), 537–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00828.x
- Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jans, L. (2013). A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 597–617.
- Schein, C., & Gray, K. (2015). The unifying moral dyad: Liberals and conservatives share the same harm-based moral template. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(8), 1147–1163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215591501
- Schoemann, A. M., Boulton, A. J., & Short, S. D. (2017). Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617715068
- Segal, K., Jong, J., & Halberstadt, J. (2018). The fusing power of natural disasters: An experimental study. Self and Identity, 17(5), 574–586.
- Sherif, M. (1956). Experiments in group conflict. Scientific American, 195, 54–58.
- Smith, I. H., Aquino, K., Koleva, S., & Graham, J. (2014). The moral ties that bind… even to out-groups: The interactive effect of moral identity and the binding moral foundations. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1554–1562. https://doi.org/10.1177/095679761453445
- Soler, J. (1979). The semiotics of food in the Bible. In R. Forster & O. Ranum (Eds.), Food and drink in history (E. Forster & P. M. Ranum, Trans., pp. 126–138). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Original work published 1973).
- Stein, A. A. (1976). Conflict and cohesion: A review of the literature. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 20(1), 143–172.
- Stewart, N., Ungemach, C., Harris, A. J., Bartels, D. M., Newell, B. R., Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2015). The average laboratory samples a population of 7,300 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(5), 479–491.
- Swann, W. B. Jr, & Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Identity fusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 52–57.
- Swann, W. B. Jr, Buhrmester, M., Gómez, Á., Jetten, J., Bastian, B., Vázquez, A., … Zhang, A. (2014). What makes a group worth dying for? Identity fusion fosters perception of familial ties, promoting self-sacrifice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 912–926. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036089
- Swann, W. B. Jr., Jetten, J., Gómez, Á., Whitehouse, H., & Bastian, B. (2012). When group membership gets personal: A theory of identity fusion. Psychological Review, 119, 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028589
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–37). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- Thórisdóttir, H., & Jost, J. T. (2011). Motivated closed-mindedness mediates the effect of threat on political conservatism. Political Psychology, 32(5), 785–811.
- Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., & Imai, K. (2014). Mediation: R Package for causal mediation analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 59(5), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v059.i05
- Van de Vyver, J., Houston, D. M., Abrams, D., & Vasiljevic, M. (2016). Boosting belligerence: How the July 7, 2005, London bombings affected liberals’ moral foundations and prejudice. Psychological Science, 27(2), 169–177.
- Washburn, A. N., & Skitka, L. J. (2018). Strategies for promoting strong inferences in political psychology research. In B. T. Rutjens & M. J. Brandt (Eds.), Belief systems and the perception of reality. Abington, United Kingdom: Routledge.
- Westfall, J., Van Boven, L., Chambers, J. R., & Judd, C. M. (2015). Perceiving political polarization in the United States: Party identity strength and attitude extremity exacerbate the perceived partisan divide. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 145–158.
- Whitehouse, H., McQuinn, B., Buhrmester, M., & Swann, W. B. Jr. (2014). Brothers in Arms: Libyan revolutionaries bond like family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(50), 17783–17785. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416284111
- Wright, J. C., & Baril, G. (2011). The role of cognitive resources in determining our moral intuitions: Are we all liberals at heart? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(5), 1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.014
- Wright, J. C., & Baril, G. L. (2013). Understanding the role of dispositional and situational threat sensitivity in our moral judgments. Journal of Moral Education, 42(3), 383–397.