The IPTA Nashville consensus conference on Post-Transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation in children: II—consensus guidelines for prevention
Corresponding Author
Michael Green
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Correspondence
Michael Green, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJames E. Squires
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRichard E. Chinnock
Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrizia Comoli
Cell Factory & Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorLara Danziger-Isakov
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel E. Dulek
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCarlos O. Esquivel
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBritta Höcker
Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorArnaud G. L'Huillier
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Vincent Mazariegos
Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGary A. Visner
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCatherine M. Bollard
Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnne I. Dipchand
Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorJudith A. Ferry
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorThomas G. Gross
Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRobert Hayashi
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBritta Maecker-Kolhoff
Hannover Medical School, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Marks
Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorOlivia M. Martinez
Department of Surgery and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDiana M. Metes
Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMarian G. Michaels
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJutta Preiksaitis
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorFrançoise Smets
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorStephen H. Swerdlow
Division of Hematopathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRalf U. Trappe
Department of Hematology and Oncology, DIAKO Ev. Diakonie-Krankenhaus Bremen, Bremen, Germany and Department of Internal Medicine II: Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJames D. Wilkinson
Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Search for more papers by this authorUpton Allen
Division of Infectious Diseases and the Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorSteven A. Webber
Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Search for more papers by this authorVikas R. Dharnidharka
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hypertension & Pheresis, Washington University School of Medicine & St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Michael Green
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Correspondence
Michael Green, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJames E. Squires
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRichard E. Chinnock
Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrizia Comoli
Cell Factory & Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorLara Danziger-Isakov
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel E. Dulek
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCarlos O. Esquivel
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBritta Höcker
Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorArnaud G. L'Huillier
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Vincent Mazariegos
Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGary A. Visner
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCatherine M. Bollard
Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnne I. Dipchand
Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorJudith A. Ferry
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorThomas G. Gross
Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRobert Hayashi
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBritta Maecker-Kolhoff
Hannover Medical School, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Marks
Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorOlivia M. Martinez
Department of Surgery and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDiana M. Metes
Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMarian G. Michaels
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJutta Preiksaitis
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorFrançoise Smets
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorStephen H. Swerdlow
Division of Hematopathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRalf U. Trappe
Department of Hematology and Oncology, DIAKO Ev. Diakonie-Krankenhaus Bremen, Bremen, Germany and Department of Internal Medicine II: Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJames D. Wilkinson
Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Search for more papers by this authorUpton Allen
Division of Infectious Diseases and the Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorSteven A. Webber
Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Search for more papers by this authorVikas R. Dharnidharka
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hypertension & Pheresis, Washington University School of Medicine & St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) convened an expert consensus conference to assess current evidence and develop recommendations for various aspects of care relating to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation in children. In this report from the Prevention Working Group, we reviewed the existing literature regarding immunoprophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis, and pre-emptive strategies. While the group made a strong recommendation for pre-emptive reduction of immunosuppression at the time of EBV DNAemia (low to moderate evidence), no recommendations for use could be made for any prophylactic strategy or alternate pre-emptive strategy, largely due to insufficient or conflicting evidence. Current gaps and future research priorities are highlighted.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
C.M.B. is on the scientific advisory boards for Catamaran Bio and Mana Therapeutics with stock options and/or ownership is on the Board of Directors for Caballeta Bio with stock options and has stock in Neximmune and Torque Therapeutics. C.M.B has patent applications related to EBV-specific T cells licensed to Cellmedica, has served on ad hoc advisory boards for BMS, Pfizer, Roche, and CDR-Life AG, and serves on the DSMB for SOBI. VD is a consultant to ATARA. PC is a consultant for ATARA. MG is a consultant to Allovir. OMM was a consultant to ATARA. RUT received grant support, personal fees, and other nonfinancial support from Roche and ATARA. SAW is on a Scientific Advisory Board for Cellevolve. The following authors have no relevant conflicts to declare: UA, REC, AD, DED, COE, JAF, TGG, BH, RH, LDI, AGL, BMK, DMM, GVM, MGM, SM, JP, FS, SHS, GV, and JDW.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
There is no data available from this work.
REFERENCES
- 1Wilkinson G, Allen, Dipchand, Webber and members of the IPTA Pediatric PTLD consensus guidelines conferenc. The IPTA Nashville Consensus Conference on Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders after Solid Organ Transplantation in Children: I – Methodology for the Development of Consensus Practice Guidelines. Pediatric Transplantation. 2022.
- 2Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008; 336(7650): 924-926.
- 3Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013; 66(7): 719-725.
- 4Schunemann HJ, Jaeschke R, Cook DJ, et al. An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ATS guidelines and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 174(5): 605-614.
- 5Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64(4): 383-394.
- 6Elliott SL, Suhrbier A, Miles JJ, et al. Phase I trial of a CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope-based vaccine for infectious mononucleosis. J Virol. 2008; 82(3): 1448-1457.
- 7Sokal EM, Hoppenbrouwers K, Vandermeulen C, et al. Recombinant gp350 vaccine for infectious mononucleosis: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy young adults. J Infect Dis. 2007; 196(12): 1749-1753.
- 8Moutschen M, Leonard P, Sokal EM, et al. Phase I/II studies to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant gp350 Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy adults. Vaccine. 2007; 25(24): 4697-4705.
- 9Rees L, Tizard EJ, Morgan AJ, et al. A phase I trial of epstein-barr virus gp350 vaccine for children with chronic kidney disease awaiting transplantation. Transplantation. 2009; 88(8): 1025-1029.
- 10Abedi MR, Linde A, Christensson B, Mackett M, Hammarstrom L, Smith CI. Preventive effect of IgG from EBV-seropositive donors on the development of human lympho-proliferative disease in SCID mice. Int J Cancer. 1997; 71(4): 624-629.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970516)71:4<624::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-B CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 11Green M, Michaels MG, Katz BZ, et al. CMV-IVIG for prevention of Epstein Barr virus disease and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2006; 6(8): 1906-1912.
- 12Humar A, Hebert D, Davies HD, et al. A randomized trial of ganciclovir versus ganciclovir plus immune globulin for prophylaxis against Epstein-Barr virus related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Transplantation. 2006; 81(6): 856-861.
- 13Khawand N, Light JA, Brems W, Aquino A, Ali A. Does intravenous immunoglobulin prevent primary cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplant recipients? Transplant Proc. 1989; 21(1 Pt 2): 2072-2074.
- 14Stratta RJ, Shaefer MS, Cushing KA, et al. A randomized prospective trial of acyclovir and immune globulin prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients receiving OKT3 therapy. Arch Surg. 1992; 127(1): 55-63. discussion −4.
- 15Solidoro P, Libertucci D, Delsedime L, et al. Combined cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in lung transplantation: effects on acute rejection, lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis, and herpesvirus infections. Transplant Proc. 2008; 40(6): 2013-2014.
- 16Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C, Fickenscher H, Dohler B. Effect of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with immunoglobulin or with antiviral drugs on post-transplant non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicentre retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2007; 8(3): 212-218.
- 17Walti LN, Mugglin C, Sidler D, et al. Association of Antiviral Prophylaxis and Rituximab use with Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD): a Nationwide cohort study. Am J Transplant. 2020; 21: 2532-2542.
- 18Stabler S, Giovannelli J, Launay D, et al. Serious infectious events and immunoglobulin replacement therapy in patients with autoimmune disease receiving rituximab: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 72(5): 727-737.
- 19Chiou FK, Beath SV, Patel M, Gupte GL. Hypogammaglobulinemia and bacterial infections following pediatric post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in the rituximab era. Pediatr Transplant. 2019; 23(6):e13519.
- 20AlDabbagh MA, Gitman MR, Kumar D, Humar A, Rotstein C, Husain S. The role of antiviral prophylaxis for the prevention of Epstein-Barr virus-associated Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review. Am J Transplant. 2017; 17(3): 770-781.
- 21Malouf MA, Chhajed PN, Hopkins P, Plit M, Turner J, Glanville AR. Anti-viral prophylaxis reduces the incidence of lymphoproliferative disease in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002; 21(5): 547-554.
- 22Hocker B, Bohm S, Fickenscher H, et al. (Val-)ganciclovir prophylaxis reduces Epstein-Barr virus primary infection in pediatric renal transplantation. Transpl Int. 2012; 25(7): 723-731.
- 23Kim JM, Lee SK, Kim SJ, et al. Risk factors for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus antigenemia. Transplant Proc. 2010; 42(3): 895-899.
- 24Funch DP, Walker AM, Schneider G, Ziyadeh NJ, Pescovitz MD. Ganciclovir and acyclovir reduce the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2005; 5(12): 2894-2900.
- 25Green M, Kaufmann M, Wilson J, Reyes J. Comparison of intravenous ganciclovir followed by oral acyclovir with intravenous ganciclovir alone for prevention of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus disease after liver transplantation in children. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 25(6): 1344-1349.
- 26Birkeland SA, Andersen HK, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ. Preventing acute rejection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplantation: use of aciclovir and mycophenolate mofetil in a steroid-free immunosuppressive protocol. Transplantation. 1999; 67(9): 1209-1214.
- 27Hocker B, Fickenscher H, Delecluse HJ, et al. Epidemiology and morbidity of Epstein-Barr virus infection in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a multicenter, prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 56(1): 84-92.
- 28Albatati S, Sharma A, Haubrich K, Wright A, Gantt S, Blydt-Hansen TD. Valganciclovir prophylaxis delays onset of EBV viremia in high-risk pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Res. 2020; 87(5): 892-896.
- 29Cameron BM, Kennedy SE, Rawlinson WD, Mackie FE. The efficacy of valganciclovir for prevention of infections with cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus after kidney transplant in children. Pediatr Transplant. 2017; 21(1): e12816.
- 30Verghese PS, Schmeling DO, Knight JA, Matas AJ, Balfour HH Jr. Valganciclovir administration to kidney donors to reduce the burden of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus transmission during transplantation. Transplantation. 2015; 99(6): 1186-1191.
- 31Ville S, Imbert-Marcille BM, Coste-Burel M, et al. Impact of antiviral prophylaxis in adults Epstein-Barr virus-seronegative kidney recipients on early and late post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder onset: a retrospective cohort study. Transpl Int. 2018; 31(5): 484-494.
- 32Caillard S, Lelong C, Pessione F, Moulin B, French PWG. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders occurring after renal transplantation in adults: report of 230 cases from the French registry. Am J Transplant. 2006; 6(11): 2735-2742.
- 33Cockfield SM, Preiksaitis JK, Jewell LD, Parfrey NA. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal allograft recipients. Clinical experience and risk factor analysis in a single center. Transplantation. 1993; 56(1): 88-96.
- 34Katz BZ, Pahl E, Crawford SE, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in a pediatric heart transplant cohort. Pediatr Transplant. 2007; 11(1): 58-65.
- 35Walker RC, Paya CV, Marshall WF, et al. Pretransplantation seronegative Epstein-Barr virus status is the primary risk factor for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in adult heart, lung, and other solid organ transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1995; 14(2): 214-221.
- 36Cox KL, Lawrence-Miyasaki LS, Garcia-Kennedy R, et al. An increased incidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection and lymphoproliferative disorder in young children on FK506 after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1995; 59(4): 524-529.
- 37Kremers WK, Devarbhavi HC, Wiesner RH, Krom RA, Macon WR, Habermann TM. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders following liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors and survival. Am J Transplant. 2006; 6(5 Pt 1): 1017-1024.
- 38Dharnidharka VR, Lamb KE, Gregg JA, Meier-Kriesche HU. Associations between EBV serostatus and organ transplant type in PTLD risk: an analysis of the SRTR National Registry Data in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2012; 12(4): 976-983.
- 39Allen UD, Preiksaitis JK, AST ID Communtiy of Practice. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and disease in solid organ transplantation: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation infectious diseases community of practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13652.
- 40Starzl TE, Nalesnik MA, Porter KA, et al. Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet. 1984; 1(8377): 583-587.
- 41Ganschow R, Schulz T, Meyer T, Broering DC, Burdelski M. Low-dose immunosuppression reduces the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver graft recipients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004; 38(2): 198-203.
- 42Kogan-Liberman D, Burroughs M, Emre S, Moscona A, Shneider BL. The role of quantitative Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction and preemptive immunosuppression reduction in pediatric liver transplantation: a preliminary experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001; 33(4): 445-449.
- 43Narkewicz MR, Green M, Dunn S, et al. Decreasing incidence of symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus disease and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients: report of the studies of pediatric liver transplantation experience. Liver Transpl. 2013; 19(7): 730-740.
- 44Lee TC, Savoldo B, Rooney CM, et al. Quantitative EBV viral loads and immunosuppression alterations can decrease PTLD incidence in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2005; 5(9): 2222-2228.
- 45Kullberg-Lindh C, Saalman R, Olausson M, Herlenius G, Lindh M. Epstein-Barr virus DNA monitoring in serum and whole blood in pediatric liver transplant recipients who do or do not discontinue immunosuppressive therapy. Pediatr Transplant. 2017; 21(5):e12875. doi:10.1111/petr.12875
- 46Comoli P, Ginevri F. Monitoring and managing viral infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012; 27(5): 705-717.
- 47Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA, et al. Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients - BCSH and BTS guidelines. Br J Haematol. 2010; 149(5): 675-692.
- 48Ginevri FDME, Parodi A, Gurrado A, et al. EBV viral load monitoring and reduction of immunosuppression do not successfully prevent PTLD after pediatric kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8(s2): 477.
- 49Holmes RD, Orban-Eller K, Karrer FR, Rowe DT, Narkewicz MR, Sokol RJ. Response of elevated Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels to therapeutic changes in pediatric liver transplant patients: 56-month follow up and outcome. Transplantation. 2002; 74(3): 367-372.
- 50Ozcay F, Arslan H, Bilezikci B, Sevmis S, Moray G, Haberal M. The role of valacyclovir on Epstein-Barr virus viral loads in pediatric liver transplantation patients. Transplant Proc. 2009; 41(7): 2878-2880.
- 51Hierro L, Diez-Dorado R, Diaz C, et al. Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir in liver-transplanted children infected with Epstein-Barr virus. Liver Transpl. 2008; 14(8): 1185-1193.
- 52McDiarmid SV, Jordan S, Kim GS, et al. Prevention and preemptive therapy of postransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver recipients. Transplantation. 1998; 66(12): 1604-1611.
- 53San-Juan R, Manuel O, Hirsch HH, et al. Current preventive strategies and management of Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid organ transplantation in Europe. Results of the ESGICH questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 21(6): 604 e1-604 e9.
- 54Kiskaddon AL, Landmesser K, Carapellucci J, Wisotzkey B, Asante-Korang A. Expanded utilization of rituximab in paediatric cardiac transplant patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021; 46: 762-766.
- 55Martin SI, Dodson B, Wheeler C, Davis J, Pesavento T, Bumgardner GL. Monitoring infection with Epstein-Barr virus among seromismatch adult renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2011; 11(5): 1058-1063.
- 56Choquet S, Varnous S, Deback C, Golmard JL, Leblond V. Adapted treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection to prevent posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder after heart transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2014; 14(4): 857-866.
- 57Barmettler S, Ong MS, Farmer JR, Choi H, Walter J. Association of Immunoglobulin Levels, infectious risk, and mortality with rituximab and Hypogammaglobulinemia. JAMA Netw Open. 2018; 1(7):e184169.
- 58Grim SA, Pham T, Thielke J, et al. Infectious complications associated with the use of rituximab for ABO-incompatible and positive cross-match renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2007; 21(5): 628-632.
- 59Compagno F, Basso S, Panigari A, et al. Management of PTLD after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: immunological perspectives. Front Immunol. 2020; 11:567020.
- 60Savoldo B, Goss JA, Hammer MM, et al. Treatment of solid organ transplant recipients with autologous Epstein Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Blood. 2006; 108(9): 2942-2949.
- 61Comoli P, Labirio M, Basso S, et al. Infusion of autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T cells for prevention of EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients with evidence of active virus replication. Blood. 2002; 99(7): 2592-2598.
- 62Haque T, Amlot PL, Helling N, et al. Reconstitution of EBV-specific T cell immunity in solid organ transplant recipients. J Immunol. 1998; 160(12): 6204-6209.
- 63Leen AM, Bollard CM, Mendizabal AM, et al. Multicenter study of banked third-party virus-specific T cells to treat severe viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2013; 121(26): 5113-5123.
- 64Prockop S, Doubrovina E, Suser S, et al. Off-the-shelf EBV-specific T cell immunotherapy for rituximab-refractory EBV-associated lymphoma following transplantation. J Clin Invest. 2020; 130(2): 733-747.