Successful venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for prolonged hepatopulmonary syndrome following pediatric liver transplantation: A case report and review of the literature
Hamza Hassan Khan
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLaura Schroeder
Critical Care Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMegha S. Fitzpatrick
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorStuart S. Kaufman
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNada A. Yazigi
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGregory K. Yurasek
Critical Care Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid M. Steinhorn
Critical Care Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorThomas M. Fishbein
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Khalid M. Khan
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Correspondence
Khalid M. Khan, Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorHamza Hassan Khan
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLaura Schroeder
Critical Care Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMegha S. Fitzpatrick
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorStuart S. Kaufman
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNada A. Yazigi
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGregory K. Yurasek
Critical Care Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid M. Steinhorn
Critical Care Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorThomas M. Fishbein
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Khalid M. Khan
Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Correspondence
Khalid M. Khan, Transplant Institute, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
HPS is a major complicating feature of end-stage liver disease. Diagnosis is clinical, and LT is the only definitive treatment. While the general impression is that HPS improves quickly after transplantation, it may not always be the case. We describe the smallest reported child with HPS prior to LT and requiring prolonged venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after LT; especially as it is a rare occurrence, physician managing such cases should be aware of the circumstances under which HPS may require specific treatment.
REFERENCES
- 1Rodríguez-Roisin R, Agustí AG, Roca J. The hepatopulmonary syndrome: new name, old complexities. Thorax. 1992; 47: 897-902.
- 2Fallon MB, Abrams GA. Pulmonary dysfunction in chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2000; 32: 859-865.
- 3Pascasio JM, Grilo I, López-Pardo FJ, et al. Prevalence and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome and its influence on survival in cirrhotic patients evaluated for liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2014; 14: 1391-1399.
- 4Schenk P, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, et al. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: prevalence and predictive value of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical consequences. Gut. 2002; 51: 853-859.
- 5Aller R, Moya JL, Moreira V, et al. Diagnosis and grading of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation in cirrhotic patients with contrast transesophageal echocardiography. J Hepatol. 1999; 31: 1044-1052.
- 6Aller R, Moya JL, Moreira V, et al. Diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome with contrast transesophageal echocardiography: advantages over contrast transthoracic echocardiography. Dig Dis Sci. 1999; 44: 1243-1248.
- 7Lima BL, França AV, Pazin-Filho A, et al. Frequency, clinical characteristics, and respiratory parameters of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004; 79: 42-48.
- 8Fallon MB, Krowka MJ, Brown RS, et al. Impact of hepatopulmonary syndrome on quality of life and survival in liver transplant candidates. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135: 1168-1175.
- 9Noli K, Solomon M, Golding F, Charron M, Ling SC. Prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in children. Pediatrics. 2008; 121: e522-e527.
- 10Grilo-Bensusan I, Pascasio-Acevedo JM. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: what we know and what we would like to know. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 5728-5741.
- 11Rodriguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ. Hepatopulmonary syndrome—a liver-induced lung vascular disorder. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2378-2387.
- 12Schenk P, Schöniger-Hekele M, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Silberhumer G, Müller C. Prognostic significance of the hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125: 1042-1052.
- 13Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Krowka MJ. Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: impact of liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2005; 41: 1122-1129.
- 14Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, Cortese DA. Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Clinical observations and lack of therapeutic response to somatostatin analogue. Chest. 1993; 104: 515-521.
- 15Saigal S, Choudhary N, Saraf N, et al. Excellent outcome of living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome: a single centre experience. Clin Transplant. 2013; 27: 530-534.
- 16Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ. Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis. Chest. 1977; 72: 305-309.
- 17Scott-Herridge J, Bhagirath K, Janda S, Jassal DS. The role of TEE in diagnosing hepatopulmonary syndrome and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016; 9029606.
- 18Soulaidopoulos S, Goulis I, Giannakoulas G, et al. Hepatopulmonary syndrome is associated with the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2017; 30: 225-231.
- 19Budhiraja R, Hassoun PM. Portopulmonary hypertension: a tale of two circulations. Chest. 2003; 123: 562-576.
- 20Fallon MB, Abrams GA, McGrath JW, Hou Z, Luo B. Common bile duct ligation in the rat: a model of intrapulmonary vasodilatation and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Am J Physiol. 1997; 272: G779-G784.
- 21Degano B, Mittaine M, Hervé P, et al. Nitric oxide production by the alveolar compartment of the lungs in cirrhosis patients. Eur Respir J. 2009; 34: 138-144.
- 22Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P. Exhaled nitric oxide and impaired oxygenation in cirrhosis patients before and after liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 375-378.
- 23Schenk P, Madl C, Rezaie-Majd S, Lehr S, Muller C. Methylene blue improves the hepatopulmonary syndrome. Ann Int Med. 2000; 133: 701-706.
- 24Brussino L, Bucca C, Morello M, Scappaticci E, Mauro M, Rolla G. Effect of dyspnoea and hypoxemia of inhaled NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in hepatopulmonary syndrome. Lancet. 2003; 362: 43-44.
- 25Zhang XJ, Katsuta Y, Akimoto T, Ohsuga M, Aramaki T, Takano T. Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation and nitric oxide in hypoxemic rats with chronic bile duct ligation. J Hepatol. 2003; 39: 724-730.
- 26Fritz JS, Fallon MB, Kawut SM. Pulmonary vascular complications of liver disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 187: 133-143.
- 27Rodríguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ, Hervé P, et al. Pulmonary-hepatic vascular disorders (PHD). Eur Respir J. 2004; 24: 861-880.
- 28Krowka MJ. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: recent literature (1997 to 1999) and implications for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2000; 6(Suppl. 1): S31-S35.
- 29Jenkins JK, Gebergzabher YD, Island ER, Habashi N, Hauser GJ. Use of airway pressure release ventilation in a child with refractory hepatopulmonary syndrome after liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2013; 17: E81-E87.
- 30Fujita S, Hemming AW, Fujikawa T, et al. Expanded efficacy and indication of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for preoperative pulmonary bleeding on pediatric cadaveric orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2005; 79: 1637.
- 31Son SK, Oh SH, Kim KM, et al. Successful liver transplantation following veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a child with fulminant Wilson disease and severe pulmonary hemorrhage: a case report. Pediatr Transplant. 2012; 16: E281-E285.
- 32Mack CL, Millis JM, Whitington PF, Alonso EM. Pulmonary complications following liver transplantation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Transplant. 2000; 4: 39-44.
- 33Landsman IS, Karsanac CJ. Case report: pediatric liver retransplantation on an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-dependent child. Anesth Analg. 2010; 111: 1275-1278.
- 34Fleming GM, Cornell TT, Welling TH, Magee JC, Annich GM. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: use of extracorporeal life support for life-threatening hypoxia following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2008; 14: 966-970.
- 35Szocik J, Rudich S, Csete M. ECMO resuscitation after massive pulmonary embolism during liver transplantation. Anesthesiology. 2002; 97: 763-764.
- 36Park YH, Hwang S, Park HW, et al. Effect of pulmonary support using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult liver transplant recipients with respiratory failure. Transplant Proc. 2012; 44: 757-761.