Dietary acid load in relation to depression and anxiety in adults
Alireza Milajerdi
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAmmar Hassanzadeh Keshteli
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorFahimeh Haghighatdoost
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorLeila Azadbakht
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
A. Esmaillzadeh, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 81745, Isfahan, Iran.
Tel.: +98 311 7922791
Fax: +98 311 6682509
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPeyman Adibi
Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAlireza Milajerdi
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAmmar Hassanzadeh Keshteli
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorFahimeh Haghighatdoost
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorLeila Azadbakht
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
A. Esmaillzadeh, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 81745, Isfahan, Iran.
Tel.: +98 311 7922791
Fax: +98 311 6682509
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPeyman Adibi
Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
No previous study has examined the association of dietary acid load (DAL) with depression and anxiety in adults. The present study aimed to investigate the association between DAL and the risk of depression and anxiety in Iranian adults.
Methods
In total, 4378 non-academic healthy personnel (1909 men and 2469 women) were included in this cross-sectional study. A validated detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intakes of participants. DAL was estimated using the protein to potassium ratio (Pro:K). Depression and anxiety were screened using an Iranian validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire.
Results
Participants with the highest DAL had a higher risk of depression compared to those in the lowest category [odds ratio (OR) = 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27–1.95, Ptrend < 0.001), which remained unchanged after controlling for probable confounders, such that those in the top category of DAL had a 100% higher risk of having depression than those in the bottom category (OR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.52–2.64). In addition, a significant positive association was seen between DAL and anxiety in a crude model (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.02–1.78, Ptrend = 0.01) and even after adjustment for a wide range of confounders, such that participants in the top category of DAL had a 92% greater risk of anxiety than those in the bottom category (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.35–2.74, Ptrend < 0.001).
Conclusions
In the present study, we found a significant direct association between DAL and the risk of depression, as well as anxiety. Further studies, in particular prospective cohorts are required to confirm these findings.
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