Threatened and extinct island endemic birds of the world: Distribution, threats and functional diversity
Corresponding Author
Thomas J. Matthews
GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
CE3C—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Universidade dos Açores – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
Correspondence
Thomas J. Matthews, GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph P. Wayman
GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPedro Cardoso
Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
CE3C—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Universidade dos Açores – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorFerran Sayol
CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJulian P. Hume
Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
Search for more papers by this authorWerner Ulrich
Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph A. Tobias
Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, Ascot, UK
Search for more papers by this authorFilipa C. Soares
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorChristophe Thébaud
Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174), CNRS-IRD-Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse 3), Toulouse, France
Search for more papers by this authorThomas E. Martin
Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, UK
Wild Planet Trust, Paignton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorKostas A. Triantis
Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Thomas J. Matthews
GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
CE3C—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Universidade dos Açores – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
Correspondence
Thomas J. Matthews, GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph P. Wayman
GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPedro Cardoso
Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
CE3C—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Universidade dos Açores – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorFerran Sayol
CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJulian P. Hume
Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
Search for more papers by this authorWerner Ulrich
Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph A. Tobias
Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, Ascot, UK
Search for more papers by this authorFilipa C. Soares
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorChristophe Thébaud
Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174), CNRS-IRD-Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse 3), Toulouse, France
Search for more papers by this authorThomas E. Martin
Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, UK
Wild Planet Trust, Paignton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorKostas A. Triantis
Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorHandling Editor: Luis Valente
Abstract
Aim
The world's islands support disproportionate levels of endemic avian biodiversity despite suffering numerous extinctions. While intensive recent research has focused on island bird conservation or extinction, few global syntheses have considered these factors together from the perspective of morphological trait diversity. Here, we provide a global summary of the status and ecology of extant and extinct island birds, the threats they face and the implications of species loss for island functional diversity.
Location
Global.
Taxon
Birds.
Methods
We provide a review of the literature on threatened and extinct island birds, with a particular focus on global studies that have incorporated functional diversity. Alongside this, we analyse IUCN Red List data in relation to distribution, threats and taxonomy. Using null models and functional hypervolumes, in combination with morphological trait data, we assess the functional diversity represented by threatened and extinct island endemic birds.
Results and main conclusions
We find that almost half of all island endemic birds extant in 1500 CE are currently either extinct or threatened with extinction, with the majority of threatened extant species having declining population trends. We also found evidence of 66 island endemic subspecies extinctions. The primary threats to extant island endemic birds currently are agriculture, biological resource use, and invasive species. While there is overlap between the hotspots of threatened and extinct island endemics birds, there are some notable differences, including the Philippines and Indonesia, which support a substantial number of threatened species but have no recorded post-1500 CE bird extinctions. Traits associated with threatened island endemic birds are large body mass, flightlessness, aquatic predator, omnivorous and vertivorous trophic niches, marine habitat affinity, and, paradoxically, higher dispersal ability. Critically, we find that threatened endemics (i) occupy distinct areas of beak morphospace, and (ii) represent substantial unique areas of the overall functional space of island endemics. We caution that the loss of threatened species may have severe effects on the ecological functions birds provide on islands.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Due to Dryad's incompatibility with IUCN data licenses we deposited the code and data on Github (txm676/islandbirds; DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7034283).
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jbi14474-sup-0001-supplementary information.docxWord 2007 document , 1.4 MB |
Appendix S1 |
| jbi14474-sup-0002-supplementary information.xlsxapplication/excel, 16.1 KB |
Appendix S2 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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