Spatial phylogenetic patterns in the North American moss flora are shaped by history and climate
Corresponding Author
Benjamin E. Carter
Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
Correspondence
Benjamin E. Carter, Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorTracy M. Misiewicz
University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBrent D. Mishler
University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Benjamin E. Carter
Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
Correspondence
Benjamin E. Carter, Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorTracy M. Misiewicz
University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBrent D. Mishler
University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHandling Editor: Alain Vanderpoorten
Abstract
Aim
We documented patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) in the moss flora of North America, determined how environmental variables explain these patterns, compared the patterns in mosses to known patterns in angiosperms and explored how patterns driven by sub-clades might conflict with patterns driven by other sub-clades.
Location
North America north of Mexico.
Taxon
Mosses (Bryophyta).
Methods
A maximum-likelihood tree inferred from publicly available sequence data and locality data from ca. 7.5 × 105 herbarium specimens were combined to build a dataset of 935 species (representing ca. 67% of the known moss flora). Spatial randomization procedures were used to find significance levels of PD and relative phylogenetic diversity (RPD) for the full dataset and three major sub-clades, as well as to carry out a categorical analysis of Neo- and Paleo-endemism (CANAPE). Range weighted turnover in both species and PE was used to identify phytogeographic regions across the continent. Ordinations of environmental data were used to determine the distribution of PD, RPD, and phytogeographic regions within environmental space. Results of this study were compared to known patterns of phylodiversity in angiosperms.
Results
Phylodiversity is distributed non-randomly. Some patterns, for example, long branches in the southeastern US, are consistent with angiosperms; however, there are strong contrasts as well. Overall patterns of PD and RPD are strongly influenced by different phylogenetic scales within mosses, indicating that signal from one clade can obscure patterns in others. Three primary phytogeographic zones are defined by both differing geological histories and differing current abiotic conditions. Phytogeographic regions, PD, and RPD are all aligned with environmental variables.
Main conclusions
There is evidence for both ecological and historical factors in shaping the moss flora of North America, and biogeographic differences between angiosperms and mosses appear to align with important life-history differences between the two groups.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The sequence alignment, ML tree and occurrence data used in this study are openly available from the Dryad Digital Repository (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r7sqv9sd2).
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jbi14385-sup-0001-DataS1.docxWord 2007 document , 1.1 MB |
Data S1. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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