Red Sea fishes in the Mediterranean Sea: a preliminary investigation of a biological invasion using DNA barcoding
Michel Bariche
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorMartha Torres
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorColin Smith
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorNancy Sayar
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorErnesto Azzurro
ISPRA, National Institute of Environmental Protection and Research, Piazzale dei Marmi 2, 57123 Livorno, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorRyan Baker
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Giacomo Bernardi
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Correspondence: Giacomo Bernardi, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMichel Bariche
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorMartha Torres
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorColin Smith
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorNancy Sayar
Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
Search for more papers by this authorErnesto Azzurro
ISPRA, National Institute of Environmental Protection and Research, Piazzale dei Marmi 2, 57123 Livorno, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorRyan Baker
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Giacomo Bernardi
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Correspondence: Giacomo Bernardi, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
More than 90 marine fish species in the Mediterranean have been determined to be alien species of Red Sea origin to date and therefore it is important to prioritize research into cataloguing their distribution and impacts. The aims of this study were to establish a barcode library for alien Mediterranean fishes of probable Red Sea origin and to initiate analyses of their invasion dynamics.
Location
Mediterranean Sea.
Methods
Specimens of exotic fishes were collected directly from the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Lebanon or obtained from fish markets in Lebanon. Samples were first identified morphologically and later barcoded using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial marker. Barcodes were compared with GenBank and BOLD database entries and analysed using genetic similarity indexes and neighbour-joining distance trees.
Results
In total, 156 specimens were collected, corresponding to 43 species. The sequence similarity between these sequences and their closest GenBank and BOLD matches ranged between 100% and 83.5%. The 2% genetic distance criterion, often used as a threshold for assigning positive species identification, was met for 31 of 43 (72%) alien species. Sequences from the remaining species (28%) matched species in the databases that were either in the same genus (congeneric) or in the same family (confamilial). In two cases, namely Plotosus lineatus and Sargocentron rubrum, barcoding revealed a possible species complex (P. lineatus) and multiple unrecognized species existing in the Mediterranean Sea (S. rubrum).
Main conclusions
Our study presents a preliminary DNA barcode library, useful for identifying correctly alien fish species of Red Sea origin in the Mediterranean Sea. The results show that most species could be identified, yet the data also uncovered some taxa with unresolved taxonomy and possible cases of unrecognized or cryptic species invasions.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jbi12595-sup-0001-AppendixS1.docxWord document, 2.8 MB | Appendix S1 A distance tree of the alien Mediterranean fishes based on neighbour-joining methods. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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Citing Literature
December 2015
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