Epidemiologic and virologic assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic on selected temperate countries in the Southern Hemisphere: Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa
Maria D. Van Kerkhove
World Health Organization.
MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, UK.
Search for more papers by this authorMarc-Alain Widdowson
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorJennifer Michalove
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph Bresee
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorSonja J. Olsen
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorLinda Quick
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorElsa Baumeister
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr C. G. Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorLuis O. Carlino
Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorVilma Savy
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr C. G. Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorOsvaldo Uez
Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorRhonda Owen
Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorFatima Ghani
Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorBev Paterson
Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Forde
Department of Health and Ageing, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorRodrigo Fasce
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorGraciela Torres
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorWinston Andrade
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorPatricia Bustos
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorJudith Mora
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorClaudia Gonzalez
Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Olea
Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorViviana Sotomayor
Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorManuel Najera De Ferrari
Unidad de Estudios, Departamento de Epidemiología, Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Ministerio de salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorAlejandra Burgos
Unidad de Estudios, Departamento de Epidemiología, Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Ministerio de salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorDarren Hunt
New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorQ. Sue Huang
WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorLance C. Jennings
Canterbury Health Laboratories and Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorMalcolm Macfarlane
New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorLiza D. Lopez
WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorColin McArthur
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorCheryl Cohen
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorBrett Archer
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorLucille Blumberg
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorAyanda Cengimbo
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorChuma Makunga
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorJo McAnerney
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorVeerle Msimang
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorDhamari Naidoo
Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorAdrian Puren
Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorBarry Schoub
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorJuno Thomas
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorMarietjie Venter
Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorfor the WHO Southern Hemisphere Influenza Comparison Study Working Group
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the members of the Writing Committee and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions or organizations with which they are affiliated.
Search for more papers by this authorMaria D. Van Kerkhove
World Health Organization.
MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, UK.
Search for more papers by this authorMarc-Alain Widdowson
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorJennifer Michalove
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph Bresee
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorSonja J. Olsen
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorLinda Quick
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Search for more papers by this authorElsa Baumeister
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr C. G. Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorLuis O. Carlino
Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorVilma Savy
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr C. G. Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorOsvaldo Uez
Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
Search for more papers by this authorRhonda Owen
Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorFatima Ghani
Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorBev Paterson
Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Forde
Department of Health and Ageing, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorRodrigo Fasce
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorGraciela Torres
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorWinston Andrade
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorPatricia Bustos
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorJudith Mora
Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Sección Virus Respiratorios y Exantematicos, Subdepartamento Virologia Clinica, Santiago, Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorClaudia Gonzalez
Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Olea
Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorViviana Sotomayor
Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorManuel Najera De Ferrari
Unidad de Estudios, Departamento de Epidemiología, Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Ministerio de salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorAlejandra Burgos
Unidad de Estudios, Departamento de Epidemiología, Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Ministerio de salud de Chile.
Search for more papers by this authorDarren Hunt
New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorQ. Sue Huang
WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorLance C. Jennings
Canterbury Health Laboratories and Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorMalcolm Macfarlane
New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorLiza D. Lopez
WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorColin McArthur
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
Search for more papers by this authorCheryl Cohen
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorBrett Archer
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorLucille Blumberg
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorAyanda Cengimbo
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorChuma Makunga
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorJo McAnerney
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorVeerle Msimang
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorDhamari Naidoo
Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorAdrian Puren
Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorBarry Schoub
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorJuno Thomas
Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorMarietjie Venter
Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Search for more papers by this authorfor the WHO Southern Hemisphere Influenza Comparison Study Working Group
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the members of the Writing Committee and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions or organizations with which they are affiliated.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Please cite this paper as: Van Kerkhove et al. (2011) Epidemiologic and virologic assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic on selected temperate countries in the Southern Hemisphere: Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(6), e487–e498.
Introduction and Setting Our analysis compares the most comprehensive epidemiologic and virologic surveillance data compiled to date for laboratory-confirmed H1N1pdm patients between 1 April 2009 - 31 January 2010 from five temperate countries in the Southern Hemisphere–Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Objective We evaluate transmission dynamics, indicators of severity, and describe the co-circulation of H1N1pdm with seasonal influenza viruses.
Results In the five countries, H1N1pdm became the predominant influenza strain within weeks of initial detection. South Africa was unique, first experiencing a seasonal H3N2 wave, followed by a distinct H1N1pdm wave. Compared with the 2007 and 2008 influenza seasons, the peak of influenza-like illness (ILI) activity in four of the five countries was 3-6 times higher with peak ILI consultation rates ranging from 35/1,000 consultations/week in Australia to 275/100,000 population/week in New Zealand. Transmission was similar in all countries with the reproductive rate ranging from 1.2–1.6. The median age of patients in all countries increased with increasing severity of disease, 4–14% of all hospitalized cases required critical care, and 26–68% of fatal patients were reported to have ≥1 chronic medical condition. Compared with seasonal influenza, there was a notable downward shift in age among severe cases with the highest population-based hospitalization rates among children <5 years old. National population-based mortality rates ranged from 0.8–1.5/100,000.
Conclusions The difficulty experienced in tracking the progress of the pandemic globally, estimating its severity early on, and comparing information across countries argues for improved routine surveillance and standardization of investigative approaches and data reporting methods.
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