Pivotal role of plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 in vascular disease
M. Agirbasli,
Corresponding Author
M. Agirbasli
Division of Cardiology, Marmara University Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey
Mehmet Agirbasli MD FACC, Division of Cardiology, Marmara University Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey Tel.: +90 216 327 1010 Fax: +90 216 327 6035 Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorM. Agirbasli,
Corresponding Author
M. Agirbasli
Division of Cardiology, Marmara University Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey
Mehmet Agirbasli MD FACC, Division of Cardiology, Marmara University Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey Tel.: +90 216 327 1010 Fax: +90 216 327 6035 Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Fibrinolysis plays a crucial role in the development of vascular disease. The interface between the plasminogen activators and inhibitors determines the fibrinolytic potential of human blood. In addition to fibrin degradation, fibrinolytic system components modulate several complex biological events such as angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, arteriosclerosis and cellular migration. Recent experimental and clinical data indicated that PAI-1 as a novel vascular risk factor. In this concise review, we will examine the accumulating evidence suggesting that there is an intricate relationship between these systems which may provide new therapeutic strategies for prevention of vascular disease.
References
- 1 Forsgren M, Raden B, Israelsson M, Larsson K, Heden LO. Molecular cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA clone for human plasminogen. FEBS Lett 1987; 213 (2): 254–60.DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81501-6
- 2 Sprengers ED, Kluft C. Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 1987; 69 (2): 381–7.
- 3 Kruithof EK. Plasminogen activator inhibitors – A review. Enzyme 1988; 40: 113–21.
- 4 Pannekoek H, Veerman H, Lambers H et al. Endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI): a new member of the serpin gene family. EMBO J 1986; 5 (10): 2539–44.
- 5 Declerck PJ, De Mol M, Alessi MC et al. Purification and characterization of a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 binding protein from human plasma. Identification as a multimeric form of S protein (vitronectin). J Biol Chem 1988; 263 (30): 15454–61.
- 6 Loskutoff DJ, Van Mourik JA, Erickson LA, Lawrence D. Detection of an unusually stable fibrinolytic inhibitor produced by bovine endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 2956–60.
- 7 Coleman PL, Barouski PA, Gelehrter TD. The dexamethasone-induced inhibitor of fibrinolytic activity in hepatoma cells. A cellular product which specifically inhibits plasminogen activation. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 4260–4.
- 8 Kruithof EK, Trab-Thang C, Ransijn A, Bachmann F. Demonstration of a fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activators in human plasma. Blood 1984; 64: 907–13.
- 9 Erickson LA, Ginsberg MH, Loskutoff DJ. Detection and partial characterization of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator in human platelets. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 1465–72.
- 10 Sprengers ED, Princen HM, Kooistra T, Hinsbergh VW. Inhibition of plasminogen activators by conditioned medium of human hepatocytes and hepatoma cell line Hep G2. J Laboratory Clin Med 1985; 105: 751–8.
- 11 Kruithof EK, Vasalli JD, Schleuning WD, Mattaliano RJ, Bachmann F. Purification and characterization of a plasminogen activator inhibitor from the histiocytic lymphoma cell line U-937. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 11207–13.
- 12 Nordenhem A, Wiman B. Plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) content in platelets from healthy individuals genotyped for the 4G/5G polymorphism in the PAI-1 gene. Scan J Clin Laboratory Invest 1997; 57: 453–62.
- 13 Schleef RR, Loskutoff DJ. Fibrinolytic system of vascular endothelial cells. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitors. Haemostasis 1988; 18: 328–41.
- 14 Hekman CM, Loskutoff DJ. Endothelial cells produce a latent inhibitor of plasminogen activators that can be activated by denaturants. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 11581–7.
- 15 Lindahl TL, Sigurdardottir O, Wiman B. Stability of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Thromb Haemost 1989; 62 (2): 748–51.
- 16 Mimuro J, Loskutoff DJ. Purification of a protein from bovine plasma that binds to the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and prevents its interaction with extracellular matrix. Evidence that the protein is vitronectin. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 936–9.
- 17 Declerck PJ, De Mol M, Vaughan DE, Collen D. Identification of a conformationally distinct form of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, acting as a noninhibitory substrate for tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 11693–6.
- 18 Aertgeerts K, De Bondt HL, De Ranter C, Declerck PJ. Crystallization and x-ray diffraction data of the cleaved form of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Proteins 1995; 23: 118–21.
- 19 Chandler WL. A kinetic model of the circulatory regulation of tissue plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost 1991; 66 (3): 321–8.
- 20 Loskutoff DJ, Linders M, Keijer J, Veerman H, Van Heerikhuizen H, Pannekoek H. Structure of the human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene. Nonrandom distribution of introns. Biochemistry 1987; 26 (13): 3763–8.
- 21 Follo M, Ginsburg D. Structure and expression of the human gene encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Gene 1989; 84 (2): 447–53.DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90519-2
- 22 Vaughan DE. PAI-1: A common denominator in cardiovascular disease. J Invest Med 1998; 46: 370–6.
- 23 Bosma PJ, Kooistra T. Different induction of two plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 mRNA species by phorbol ester in human hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1991; 266 (27): 17845–9.
- 24 Ginsburg D, Zeheb R, Yang AY et al. cDNA cloning of human plasminogen activator-inhibitor from endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1986; 78 (6): 1673–80.
- 25 Chen Y-C, Walia RP, Su M, Hao Q, Vaughan DE. Sp1 mediates glucose activation of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 18268–72.DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.29.18268
- 26 Colucci M, Paramo JA, Collen D. Generation in plasma of a fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in response to endotoxin stimulation. J Clin Invest 1985; 75 (3): 818–23.
- 27 Vaughan DE, Lazos SA, Tong K. Angiotensin II induces the synthesis of PAI-1 in cultured endothelial cells: Evidence that the renin-angiotensin system participates in the regulation of fibrinolysis. J Clin Invest 1995; 95 (3): 995–1001.
- 28 Van Hinsbergh VW, Kooistra T, Van Den Berg EA et al. Tumor necrosis factor increases the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor in human endothelial cells in vitro and in rats in vivo. Blood 1988; 72 (5): 1467–73.
- 29 Andreasen PA, Egelund R, Petersen HH. The plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000; 57: 25–40.DOI: 10.1007/s000180050497
- 30 Pepper MS. Role of the matrix metalloproteinase and plasminogen activator-plasmin systems in angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21(7): 1104–17.
- 31 Brooks TD, Shouming WW, Brünner N, Charlton PA. XR5967, a novel modulator of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, suppresses tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis in vitro. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2004; 15: 37–44.
- 32 Brown NJ, Nadeu JH, Vaughan DE. Selective stimulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in vivo by infusion of bradykinin. Throm Haemost 1997; 77: 522–5.
- 33 Brown NJ, Agirbasli MA, Williams GH, Litchfield WR, Vaughan DE. Effect of activation and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on plasma PAI-1. Hypertension 1998; 32: 965–71.
- 34 Scleef RR, Higgins DL, Pillemer E, Levitt LJ. Bleeding diathesis due to decreased functional activity of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1747–52.
- 35 Hamsten A, Wiman B, De Faire U, Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1557–63.
- 36 Angleton P, Chandler WL, Schmer G. Diurnal variation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and its rapid inhibitor (PAI-1). Circulation 1989; 79: 101–6.
- 37 Kurnik PB. Circadian variation in the efficacy of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 1995; 91: 1341–6.
- 38 Fay WP, Murphy JG, Owen WG. High concentrations of active plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in porcine coronary artery thrombi. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 1277–84.
- 39 Levi M, Biemond BJ, Von Zonneveld AJ, Wouter Ten Cate J, Pannekoek H. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity results in promotion of endogenous fibrinolysis and inhibition of thrombus extension in models of experimental thrombosis. Circulation 1992; 85: 305–12.
- 40 Schneiderman J, Sawdey MS, Keeton MR et al. Increased type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in atherosclerotic human arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 6998–7002.
- 41 Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91: 2844–50.
- 42 Juhan-Vague I, Vague P, Alessi MC et al. Relationships between plasma insulin, triglyceride, body mass index plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diabetes Metab Rev 1987; 13: 331–6.
