LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGENS IN THIN SECTIONS OF BACTERIA BY THE IMMUNO-PEROXIDASE TECHNIQUE
Corresponding Author
A. HAUGEN
The University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway.Search for more papers by this authorS. HELGELAND
The University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorA. GROV
The University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
A. HAUGEN
The University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway.Search for more papers by this authorS. HELGELAND
The University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorA. GROV
The University of Bergen, School of Medicine, The Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The immunoperoxidase technique together with electron microscopy has been examined for the ultrastructural localization of staphylococcal protein A, the immunoferritin method being included for comparison. The results show that protein A is uniformly distributed in the whole cell wall. Both the direct and indirect methods, Fab- as well as Fc-reactions, showed identical results. The immunoperoxidase method was superior to the immunoferritin method, especially when applied to thin sections of the bacteria, and the clear specificity demonstrated indicates a useful method for localization of cellular antigens.
REFERENCES
- 1 Avrameas, S.: Détection d'anticorps et d'antigènes a l'aide d'enzymes. Bull. Soc. Chim. biol. 50: 1169–1178, 1968.
- 2 Avrameas, S.: Coupling of enzymes to proteins with glutaraldehyde. Use of the conjugates for the detection of antigens and antibodies. Immunochemistry 6: 43–52, 1969.
- 3 Avrameas, S.: Immunoenzyme techniques: enzymes as markers for the localization of antigens and antibodies. Int. Rev. Cytol. 27: 349–385, 1970.
- 4 Avrameas, S. & Lespinats, G.: Enzymes couplées aux protéines: leur utilisation pour la détection des antigénes et des anticorps. C. R. Aad. Sci. 265: 1149–1152, 1967.
- 5 Avrameas, S. & Ternynck, T.: Peroxidase labelled antibody and Fab conjugates with enhanced intracellular penetration. Immunochemistry 8: 1175–1179, 1971.
- 6 Avrameas, S. & Uriel, J.: Méthode de marquage d'antigènes et d'anticorps avec des enzymes et son application en immunodiffusion. C. R. Acad. Sci. 262: 2543–2545, 1966.
- 7 Bretton, R., Ternynck, T. & Avrameas, S.: Comparison of peroxidase and ferritin labelling of cell surface antigens. Exp. Cell. Res. 71: 145–155, 1972.
- 8 Burgos, M. H., Vitale-Calpe, R. & Tellez, de Iñon, M. T.: Studies on paraformaldehyde fixation for electron microscopy. I. Effect of concentration on ultrastructure. J. Microscopie 6: 457–468, 1967.
- 9 Campbell, D. H., Garvey, J. S., Cremer, N. E. & Sussdorf, D. H.: DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In: Methods in Immunology, Benjamin, Inc., New York 1970, pp. 193–197.
- 10 Campbell, D. H., Garvey, J. S., Cremer, N. E. & Sussdorf, D. H.: Enzymic digestion of IgG. In: Methods in Immunology, Benjamin, Inc., New York 1970, pp. 224–234.
- 11 Dawes, C. J.: Plastic mixture and embedding. In: Biological Techniques in Electron Microscopy, Barnes & Noble, Inc., New York 1971, pp. 66–67.
- 12 Graham, R. C. & Karnowsky, M. J.: The early stages of absorption of injected horseradish peroxidase in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney: ultrastructural cytochemistry by a new technique. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 14: 291–302, 1966.
- 13 Grov, A.: Studies on the interaction between staphylococcal protein A and the Fc-region of immunoglobulin G. Acta path. microbiol. scand. Sect. A. Suppl. 236: 77–83, 1973.
- 14 Grov, A., Myklestad, B. & Oeding, P.: Immunochemical studies on antigen preparations from Staphylococcus aureus. 1. Isolation and chemical characterization of antigen A. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 61: 588–596, 1964.
- 15 Haukenes, G.: Immunochemical studies on polysaccharide A of Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Further studies on purification methods. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 55: 117–126, 1962.
- 16 Huis in'T Veld, J. H. J. & Linssen, W. H.: The localization of streptococcal group and type antigens: an electron-microscopic study using ferritin-labelled antisera. J. gen. Microbiol. 74: 315–324, 1973.
- 17 Kawarai, Y. & Nakane, P. K.: Localization of tissue antigens on the ultrathin sections with peroxidase-labelled antibody method. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18: 161–166, 1970.
- 18 Kellenberger, E., Ryter, A. & Béchaud, J.: Electron microscopic study of DNA-containing plasma. II. Vegetative and mature phage DNA as compared with normal bacterial nucleoids in different physiological states. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 4: 671–676, 1958.
- 19 Kind, J. & Krieg, J.: Glutaraldehyde als Kopplungsreagenz von Ferritin and Antikörper. Cytobiologie 6: 22–28, 1972.
- 20 Leduc, E. H. & Bernhard, W.: Recent modifications of the glycol methacrylate embedding procedure. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 19: 196–199, 1967.
- 21 Leduc, E. H. & Holt, S. J.: Hydroxypropyl methacrylate, a new water-miscible embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Cell. Biol. 26: 137–155, 1965.
- 22 Leduc, E. H., Scott, C. B. & Avrameas, S.: Ultrastructural localization of intracellular immune globulins in plasma cells and lymphoblasts by enzyme-labelled antibodies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17: 211–224, 1969.
- 23 Lind, I., Reyn, A. & Birch-Andersen, A.: Electron microscopy of staphylococcal protein A reactivity and specific antigen-antibody reactions. Acta path. microbiol. scand. Sect. B, 80: 281–291, 1972.
- 24 Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. L.: Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem. 193: 265–275, 1951.
- 25 Mandy, W. J. & Nisonoff, A.: Effect of reduction of several disulfide bonds on the properties and recombination of univalent fragments of rabbit antibody. J. biol. Chem. 238: 206–213, 1963.
- 26
Marinozzi, V.: The role of fixation in electron staining.
J. roy. micr. Soc.
81: 141–154, 1963.
10.1111/j.1365-2818.1963.tb02083.x Google Scholar
- 27 McLean, J. D. & Singer, S. J.: Cross-linked polyampholytes. New water-soluble embedding media for electron microscopy. J. Cell. Biol. 20: 518–521, 1964.
- 28 McLean, J. D. & Singer, S. J.: A general method for the specific staining of intracellular antigens with ferritin-antibody conjugates. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 65: 122–128, 1970.
- 29 Moriarty, G. C. & Halmi, N. S.: Adrenocorti-cotropin production by the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary. An electron microscopic-immunohistochemical study. Z. Zellforsch. 132: 1–14, 1972.
- 30 Naik, D. V.: Immunohistochemical localization of adrenocorticotropin and melanocyte stimulating hormone in pars intermedia of rat hypophysis. Z. Zellforsch. 142: 289–304, 1973.
- 31 Nakane, P. K.: Simultaneous localization of multiple tissue antigens using the peroxidase-labelled antibody method: A study on pituitary glands of the rat. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 16: 557–560, 1968.
- 32 Nakane, P. K., Nichoalds, G. E. & Oxender, D. L.: Cellular localization of leucine-binding protein from Escherichia coli. Science 161: 182–183, 1968.
- 33 Nakane, P. K. & Pierce, G. B.: Enzyme-labelled antibodies: preparation and application for the localization of antigens. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 14: 929–931, 1966.
- 34 Nakane, P. K. & Pierce, G. B.: Enzyme-labelled antibodies for the light and electron microscopic localization of tissue antigens. J. Cell. Biol. 33: 307–318, 1967.
- 35 Nickerson, D. S., White, J. G., Kronvall, G., Williams, R. C. jr. & Quie, P. G.: Indirect visualization of Staphylococcus aureus protein A. J. exp. Med. 131: 1039–1047, 1970.
- 36 Oeding, P., Grov, A. & Myklestad, B.: Immunochemical studies on antigen preparations from Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Precipitating and erythrocyte-sensitizing properties of protein A (antigen A) and related substances. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 62: 117–127, 1964.
- 37 Porath, J., Axén, R. & Ernback, S.: Chemical coupling of proteins to agarose. Nature (Lond.) 215: 1491–1492, 1967.
- 38 Rossi, G. & Nisonoff, A.: Crystallization of fragment Fab of human IgG myeloma proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 31: 914–918, 1968.
- 39 Sabatini, D. D., Bensch, K. & Barrnett, R. J.: Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. J. Cell. Biol. 17: 19–58, 1963.
- 40 Saussure, V. A. de & Dandliker, W. B.: Ultracentrifuge studies on the effects on thiocyanate ion on antigen-antibody systems. Immunochemistry 6: 77–83, 1969.
- 41 Scott, G., Avrameas, S. & Bernhard, W.: Etude au microscope électronique de la formation d'anticope à l'aide de la phosphatase alcaline utilisée comme antigène. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 266: 746–748, 1968.
- 42 Sharabadi, M. S. & Yamamoto, T.: A method for staining intracellular antigens in thin sections with ferritin-labelled antibody. J. Cell. Biol. 50: 246–250, 1971.
- 43 Singer, S. J.: Preparation of an electron-dense antibody conjugate. Nature (Lond.) 183: 1523–1524, 1959.
- 44 Singer, S. J.: The properties of proteins in nonaqueous solvents. Adv. Protein Chem. 17: 1–68, 1962.
- 45 Spurr, A. R.: A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26: 31–43, 1969.
- 46 Wagner, M. & Wagner, B.: Immunelektronen-mikroskopischer Nachweis von Zellwandantigenen bei Streptokokken. I. Vergleichende Darstellung des M Proteins von Streptococcus pyogenes mit ferritin-, peroxydase- und ferro-cenmarkierten Antikörpern. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. I. Abt. Orig. A 222: 468–483, 1972.