Article
Free Access
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF SEQUENTIAL LIFE-HISTORY AND JUVENILE TRAITS IN THE PARTIALLY SELFING PERENNIAL, AQUILEGIA CAERULEA
Arlee M. Montalvo,
Ruth G. Shaw,
Arlee M. Montalvo
Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
Present address: A.M.M., Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507; R.G.S., Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.Search for more papers by this authorRuth G. Shaw
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
Present address: A.M.M., Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507; R.G.S., Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.Search for more papers by this authorArlee M. Montalvo,
Ruth G. Shaw,
Arlee M. Montalvo
Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
Present address: A.M.M., Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507; R.G.S., Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.Search for more papers by this authorRuth G. Shaw
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
Present address: A.M.M., Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507; R.G.S., Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
We determined the genetic basis of several traits related to overall fitness of Aquilegia caerulea, a perennial herb of the Rocky Mountains in western North America. To obtain measures of heritability relevant to the evolutionary potential of wild populations, we performed full and partial diallel crosses and studied progeny performance in the field. Based on a joint analysis of two designs with a total of 18 parents and 102 crosses, we detected significant maternal variance for seed mass and emergence time, but this component was negligible for later-expressed traits. Low heritability and evidence that maternal effects on seed mass are largely environmental suggest that in this population there is little evolutionary potential for change in seed mass under conditions experienced during the study. Seed mass varied depending on particular combinations of parents and cross direction. Such an interaction can have several different biological interpretations, including that particular maternal parents selectively provision embryos sired by particular pollen genotypes. Width of the first true leaf after 4 wk of growth and leaf size of juvenile plants at years one and two were significantly heritable and positively genetically correlated. Juvenile survival exhibited significant dominance variance, as expected from evidence of inbreeding depression in this trait. In contrast, for other traits that exhibit inbreeding depression in this population (seed mass and third-year leaf size), dominance variance was negligible.
Literature Cited
- Ågren, J., and D. W. Schemske. 1993. Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in two annual monoecious herbs, Begonia hirsuta and B. semiovata. Evolution 47: 125–135.
- Antonovics, J., and J. Schmitt. 1986. Paternal and maternal effects on propagule size in Anthoxanthum odoratum. Oecologia 69: 277–282.
- Biere, A. 1991a. Parental effects in Lychnis flos-cuculi. II. Selection on time of emergence and seedling performance in the field. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3: 467–486.
- Biere, A. 1991b. Paternal effects in Lychnis flos-cuculi. I. Seed size, germination, and seedling performance in a controlled environment. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3: 447–465.
- Brunet, J. 1990. Gender specialization of flowers within inflorescences of hermaphroditic plants. Ph.D. diss. State University of New York, Stony Brook.
- Bulmer, M. G. 1980. The mathematical theory of quantitative genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Campbell, D. R. 1989. Measurements of selection in a hermaphroditic plant: variation in male and female pollination success. Evolution 43: 318–334.
- Charlesworth, D., and B. Charlesworth. 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 237–268.
- Charlesworth, D., M. T. Morgan, and B. Charlesworth. 1990. Inbreeding depression, genetic load, and the evolution of outcrossing rates in a multilocus system with no linkage. Evolution 44: 1469–1489.
- Chiu, W.-L., and B. B. Sears. 1993. Plastome-genome interactions affect plastid transmission in Oenothera. Genetics 133: 989–997.
- Cockerham, C. C. 1963. Estimation of genetic variances. Pp. 53–94 in W. D. Hanson and H. F. Robinson, eds. Genetics and plant breeding. Publication 982, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
- Cockerham, C. C., and B. S. Weir. 1977. Quadratic analysis of reciprocal crosses. Biometrics 33: 187–203.
- Crow, J. F., and M. Kimura. 1970. An introduction to population genetics theory. Harper and Row, New York.
10.1006/tpbi.1995.1025 Google Scholar
- de Boer, I. J. M., and J. A. M. van Arendonk. 1992. Prediction of additive and dominance effects in selected populations with inbreeding. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 84: 451–459.
- Dixon, W. J. 1983. BMDP statistical software. University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif.
- Endler, J. A. 1986. Natural selection in the wild. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
- Falconer, D. S. 1989. Introduction to quantitative genetics, 3d ed. Longman, New York.
- Fisher, R. A. 1941. Average excess and average effect of a gene substitution. Annals of Eugenics 11: 53–63.
- Hallauer, A. R., and J. B. Miranda. 1981. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
10.1071/BI9560463 Google Scholar
- Hinkelmann, K. 1977. Diallel and multi-cross designs: What do they achieve? Pp. 659–676 in E. Pollak, O. Kempthorne, and T. B. Bailey eds. Proceedings of the International Congress on Quantitative Genetics. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
- Holtsford, T. P., and N. C. Ellstrand. 1990. Inbreeding effects in Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae) populations with different natural outcrossing rates. Evolution 44: 2031–2046.
- Jinks, J. L., and M. J. Lawrence. 1983. The genetical basis of inbreeding and of heterosis: its implications for plant and animal breeding. Porim Occasional Paper, Palm Ohio Research Institute of Malaysia, No. 11.
- Johnston, M. 1992. Effects of cross and self-fertilization on progeny fitness in Lobelia cardinalis and L. siphilitica. Evolution 46: 688–702.
- Kirkpatrick, M., and R. Lande. 1989. The evolution of maternal characters. Evolution 43: 485–503.
- Kohn, J. R., and S. C. H. Barrett. 1991. Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants: implications for conservation. Pp. 3–30 in D. A. Falk and K. E. Holsinger, eds. Genetics and conservation of rare plants. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Lande, R. and D. W. Schemske. 1985. The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic models. Evolution 39: 24–40.
- Levin, D. A. 1984. Inbreeding depression and proximity-dependent crossing success in Phlox drummondii. Evolution 38: 116–127.
- Lynch, M. 1991. The genetic interpretation of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. Evolution 45: 622–629.
- Mazer, S. J. 1987. The quantitative genetics of life history and fitness components in Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Brassicaceae): ecological and evolutionary consequences of seed-weight variation. American Naturalist 130: 891–914.
- Mazer, S. J. 1989. Ecological, taxonomic, and life-history correlates of seed mass among Indiana dune angiosperms. Ecological Monographs 59: 153–175.
- Miller, R. B. 1978. The pollination ecology of Aquilegia elegantula and A. caerulea (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado. American Journal of Botany 65: 406–414.
- Miller, R. B. 1981. Hawkmoths and the geographic patterns of floral variation in Aquilegia caerulea. Evolution 35: 763–774.
- Mitchell-Olds, T. 1986. Quantitative genetics of survival and growth in Impatiens capensis. Evolution 40: 107–116.
- Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. Bergelson. 1990. Statistical genetics of an annual plant, Impatiens capensis. I. Genetic basis of quantitative variation. Genetics 124: 407–415.
- Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. J. Rutledge. 1986. Quantitative genetics in a natural plant population: a review of the theory. American Naturalist 127: 379–402.
- Montalvo, A. M. 1991. Postpollination selection, progeny performance, and the genetic basis of fitness traits in Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae). Ph.D. diss. University of California, Riverside.
- Montalvo, A. M. 1992. Relative success of self and outcross pollen comparing mixed- and single-donor pollination in Aquilegia caerulea. Evolution 46: 1181–1198.
- Montalvo, A. M. 1994. Inbreeding depression and maternal effects in Aquilegia caerulea, a partially selfing plant. Ecology. In press.
- Ritland, K., and F. R. Ganders. 1987. Covariation of selfing rates with parental gene fixation indices within populations of Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 41: 760–771.
- Roach, D. A. 1986. Life-history variation in Geranium carolinianum. I. Covariation between characters at different stages of the life cycle. American Naturalist 128: 47–57.
- Roach, D. A., and R. Wulff. 1987. Maternal effects in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 209–235.
- Schmitt, J., and J. Antonovics. 1986. Experimental studies of the evolutionary significance of sexual reproduction. III. Maternal and paternal effects during seedling establishment. Evolution 40: 817–829.
- Schmitt, J., J. Niles, and R. D. Wulff. 1992. Norms of reaction of seed traits to maternal environments in Plantago lanceolata. American Naturalist 139: 451–466.
- Schoen, D., and A. H. D. Brown. 1991. Whole- and part-flower self-pollination in Glycine clandestina and G. argyrea and the evolution of autogamy. Evolution 45: 1651–1664.
- Schwaegerle, K., and D. A. Levin. 1990. Quantitative genetics of seed size variation in Phlox. Evolutionary Ecology 4: 143–148.
- Schwaegerle, K., and D. A. Levin. 1991. Quantitative genetics of fitness traits in a wild population of phlox. Evolution 45: 169–177.
- Searle, S. R. 1971. Linear models. Wiley, New York.
- Shaw, R. G. 1987. Maximum-likelihood approaches applied to quantitative genetics of natural populations. Evolution 41: 812–826.
- Shaw, R. G., and G. Platenkamp. 1993. Quantitative genetics of competitive ability in Nemophila menziesii: a greenhouse study. Evolution 47: 801–812.
- Shaw, R. G., and F. H. Shaw. 1992. Quercus: programs for quantitative genetic analysis using maximum likelihood. Published electronically on the Internet, available via anonymous ftp from ftp.bio.indiana.edu; directory path biology/quantgen/quercus.
- Shaw, R. G., and N. M. Waser. 1994. Quantitative genetic interpretations of postpollination reproductive traits in plants. American Naturalist 143: 617–635.
- Simms, E. L., and M. D. Rausher. 1989. The evolution of resistance to herbivory in Ipomoea purpurea. II. Natural selection by insects and costs of resistance. Evolution 43: 573–585.
- Stamp, N. E. 1990. Production and effect of seed size in a grassland annual. (Erodium brachycarpum, Geraniaceae). American Journal of Botany 77: 874–882.
- Weis, A. E., and W. L. Gorman. 1990. Measuring selection on reaction norms: an exploration of the Eurosta-Solidago system. Evolution 44: 820–831.
- Willis, J. H. 1993. Effects of different levels of inbreeding on fitness components in Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 47: 864–876.
- Willis, J. H. 1995. Partial inbreeding biases measures of phenotypic selection: an example from Mimulus guttatus. Evolution. In press.
- Winn, A. A. 1988. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of seed size in Prunella vulgaris. Ecology 69: 1537–1544.
- Wolff, K. 1990. Genetic analysis of ecologically relevant morphological variability in Plantago lanceolata L. 5. Diallel analysis of two natural populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 79: 481–488.
- Wright, A. J., and C. C. Cockerham. 1985. Selection with partial selling. I. Mass selection. Genetics 109: 585–597.
