Bias in transfusion research: from study design to result reporting
Donald M. Arnold,
Donald M. Arnold
From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, and the Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Search for more papers by this authorDonald M. Arnold,
Donald M. Arnold
From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, and the Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Search for more papers by this authorDonald M. Arnold, MD, Department of Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Center, Room 3V-50, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5; e-mail: [email protected].
DA is a New Investigator supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research in partnership with Hoffmann-LaRoche.

REFERENCES
- 1 Guyatt G, Furukawa T. An illustration of bias and random error: introduction. In: G Guyatt, D Rennie, O Meade, DJ Cook, editors. Users' guides to the medical literature: a manual for evidence-based clinical practice. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008. p. 59-64.
- 2 Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 1979; 32: 51-63.
- 3 Shapiro S, Strax P, Venet L. Periodic breast cancer screening in reducing mortality from breast cancer. JAMA 1971; 215: 1777-85.
- 4 Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010; 340: c332.
- 5 Arnold DM, Donahoe L, Clarke FJ, Tkaczyk AJ, Heels-Ansdell D, Zytaruk N, Cook RJ, Webert KE, McDonald E, Cook DJ. Bleeding during critical illness: a prospective cohort study using a new measurement tool. Clin Invest Med 2007; 30: E93-E102.
- 6 Heddle NM, Cook RJ, Webert KE, Sigouin C, Rebulla P. Methodologic issues in the use of bleeding as an outcome in transfusion medicine studies. Transfusion 2003; 43: 742-52.
- 7 Heddle NM, Cook RJ, Tinmouth A, Kouroukis CT, Hervig T, Klapper E, Brandwein JM, Szczepiorkowski ZM, AuBuchon JP, Barty RL, Lee KA; SToP Study Investigators of the BEST Collaborative. A randomized controlled trial comparing standard- and low-dose strategies for transfusion of platelets (SToP) to patients with thrombocytopenia. Blood 2009; 113: 1564-73.
- 8 Wartenberg D, Stapleton CP. Risk of breast cancer is also increased among retired US female airline cabin attendants. BMJ 1998; 316: 1902.
- 9 Badrinath P, Ramaiah S. Risk of breast cancer among female airline cabin attendants. Findings may have been due to exposure to cosmic radiation or recall bias. BMJ 1999; 318: 125.
- 10 McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P. The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC Med Res Methodol 2007; 7: 30.
- 11 Fergusson D, Hebert P, Shapiro S. The before/after study design in transfusion medicine: methodologic considerations. Transfus Med Rev 2002; 16: 296-303.
- 12 Hebert PC, Fergusson D, Blajchman MA, Wells GA, Kmetic A, Coyle D, Heddle N, Germain M, Goldman M, Toye B, Schweitzer I, vanWalraven C, Devine D, Sher GD; Leukoreduction Study Investigators. Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions. JAMA 2003; 289: 1941-9.
- 13 Zhou Z, Rahme E, Abrahamowicz M, Pilote L. Survival bias associated with time-to-treatment initiation in drug effectiveness evaluation: a comparison of methods. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 1016-23.
- 14 Stansbury LG, Dutton RP, Stein DM, Bochicchio GV, Scalea TM, Hess JR. Controversy in trauma resuscitation: do ratios of plasma to red blood cells matter? Transfus Med Rev 2009; 23: 255-65.
- 15 Snyder CW, Weinberg JA, McGwin G, Jr, Melton SM, George RL, Reiff DA, Cross JM, Hubbard-Brown J, Rue LW, III, Kerby JD. The relationship of blood product ratio to mortality: survival benefit or survival bias? J Trauma 2009; 66: 358-62.
- 16 Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997; 315: 629-34.
- 17 Dwan K, Altman DG, Arnaiz JA, Bloom J, Chan AW, Cronin E, Decullier E, Easterbrook PJ, Von Elm E, Gamble C, Ghersi D, Ioannidis JP, Simes J, Williamson PR. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. Plos One 2008; 3: e3081.
- 18 Crowther M, Lim W, Crowther MA. Systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Blood 2010; 116: 3140-6.
- 19 Bassler D, Briel M, Montori VM, Lane M, Glasziou P, Zhou Q, Heels-Ansdell D, Walter SD, Guyatt GH, Flynn DN, Elamin MB, Murad MH, Abu Elnour NO, Lampropulos JF, Sood A, Mullan RJ, Erwin PJ, Bankhead CR, Perera R, Ruiz Culebro C, You JJ, Mulla SM, Kaur J, Nerenberg KA, Ramsay T, et al. Stopping randomized trials early for benefit and estimation of treatment effects: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA 2010; 303: 1180-7.
- 20 Slichter SJ, Kaufman RM, Assmann SF, McCullough J, Triulzi DJ, Strauss RG, Gernsheimer TB, Ness PM, Brecher ME, Josephson CD, Konkle BA, Woodson RD, Ortel TL, Hillyer CD, Skerrett DL, McCrae KR, Sloan SR, Uhl L, George JN, Aquino VM, Manno CS, McFarland JG, Hess JR, Leissinger C, Granger S. Dose of prophylactic platelet transfusions and prevention of hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 600-13.