ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN THE CHAROPHYTA. I. GENE DUPLICATION VIA POLYPLOIDY1
Corresponding Author
Michael C. Grant
Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
2 Address for reprint requests.Search for more papers by this authorVernon W. Proctor
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Michael C. Grant
Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
2 Address for reprint requests.Search for more papers by this authorVernon W. Proctor
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
Search for more papers by this authorAccepted: 7 July 1979.
We thank M. R. Reynolds for invaluable technical assistance and J. B. Mitton, Y. B. Linhart, and G. B. Johnson for helpful criticisms. This work was supported by NSF grants DEB76-02236 and SMI77-00697 to MCG and DEB76-02271 to VWP.
ABSTRACT
Electrophoretic analysis of 12 species of Chara indicates that functional gene duplication via polyploidy has commonly occurred in the genus. Duplication has been followed by differentiation of the loci encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). This has led directly to generation of substantial levels of genie variation both within and between taxa. A simple genetic model is proposed to account for the large array of PGI phenotypes encountered in natural populations. Constraints imposed by the reproductive biology of members of the genus, such as selfing, appear to have resulted in selective premiums on intrinsic mechanisms of generating genetic variation. Levels of variation in PGI were higher than would be predicted on the basis of charophyte reproductive characteristics; haploid loci segregate approximately two alleles within each species.
References
- 1 Adams, W. T. & Allard, R. W. 1977. Effect of polyploidy on phosphoglucose isomerase diversity in Festuca microstachys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1652–6.
- 2 Avise, J. C. & Kitto, G. G. 1972. Phosphoglucose isomerase gene duplication in the bony fishes: an evolutionary history. Biochem. Genet. 8: 113–32.
- 3 Ayala, F. J., Tracey, M. L., Barr, L. G., McDonald, J. F. & Pérez-Salas, S. 1974. Genetic variation in natural populations of five Drosophila species and the hypothesis of selective neutrality of protein polymorphisms. Genetics 77: 343–84.
- 4 F. Ayala [Editor]. 1976. Molecular Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland , Massachusetts .
- 5 Biebel, P. 1976. Genetics of Zygnematales. In R. A. Lewin [Ed.] The Genetics of Algae, University of California Press, Berkeley , Los Angeles , 198–209.
- 6 Bold, H. C. & Wynne, M. J. 1978. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey . 706 pp.
- 7 Brandham, P. E. & Godward, M. B. E. 1965. The inheritance of mating type in desmids. New Phytol. 64: 428–35.
- 8 Brooks, A. E. 1966. The sexual cycle and intercrossing in the genus Astrephomene. J. Protozool. 13: 367–75.
- 9 Carefoot, J. R. 1966. Sexual reproduction and intercrossing in Volvulina steinii. J. Phycol. 2: 150–6.
- 10 Cheney, D. P. & Babbel, G. R. 1978. Biosystematic studies of the red algal genus Eucheuma I. Electrophoretic variation among Florida populations. Mar. Biol. 47: 251–64.
- 11 Coleman, A. W. 1977. Sexual and genetic isolation in the cosmopolitan algal species Pandorina morum. Am. J. Bot. 64: 361–8.
- 12 Goldstein, M. 1964. Speciation and mating behaviour in EudorinaJ. Protozool. 11: 317–44.
- 13 Gottlieb, L. D. 1976. Gene duplication and fixed heterozygosity for alcohol dehydrogenase in the diploid plant Clarkia franciscana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 1816–8.
- 14 Gowans, C. S. 1976. Genetics of Chlamydomonas moewusii and Chlamydomonas eugametos. In R. A. Lewin [Ed.] The Genetics of Algae, University of California Press, Berkeley , Los Angeles , 145–73.
- 15 Grant, M. C. & Proctor, V. W. 1972. Chara vulgaris and C. contraria: patterns of reproductive isolation for two cosmopolitan species complexes. Evolution 26: 267–81.
- 16 Holton, R. W. 1973. Electrophoresis and the taxonomy of algae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100: 297–303.
- 17 Johnson, G. B. 1976. Hidden alleles at the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in Colias butterflies. Genetics 83: 149–63.
- 18 Johnson, G. B. 1977. Evaluation of the stepwise mutation model of electrophoretic mobility: comparison of the gel sieving behavior of alleles at the esterase-5 locus of Drosophila pseudobscura. Genetics 87: 139–57.
- 19 Kimura, M. & Ohta, T. 1971. Protein polymorphism as a phase of molecular evolution. Nature London 229: 467–9.
- 20 Lewin, R. A. 1976. Introduction. In R. A. Lewin [Ed.] The Genetics of Algae, University of California Press, Berkeley , Los Angeles , 1–6.
- 21 MacIntyre, R. J. 1976. Evolution and ecological value of duplicate genes. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7: 421–68.
- 22 Manwell, C. & Baker, C. M. 1970. Molecular Biology and the Origin of Species. University of Washington Press, Seattle .
- 23 Markert, C. L. 1963. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: dissociation and recombination of subunits. Science 140: 1329–30.
- 24 Murphy, L. S. 1978. Biochemical taxonomy of marine phytoplankton by electrophoresis of enzymes. II. Loss of heterozygosity in clonal cultures of the centric diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. J. Phycol. 14: 247–50.
- 25 Murphy, L. S. & Guillard, R. R. L. 1976. Biochemical taxonomy of marine phytoplankton by electrophoresis of enzymes. I. The centric diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and T. fluviatilis. J. Phycol. 12: 9–13.
- 26 Ohno, S. 1970. Evolution by Gene Duplication. Springer-Ver-lag, New York .
- 27
Proctor, V. W.
1970. Taxonomy of Chara braunii: an experimental approach.
J. Phycol.
6: 317–21.
10.1111/j.1529-8817.1970.tb02401.x Google Scholar
- 28 Proctor, V. W. 1971. Chara globularis Thuillier (=C. fragilis Desvoux): breeding patterns within a cosmopolitan complex. Limnol. Ocean. 16: 422–36.
- 29
Proctor, V. W.
1975. The nature of charophyte species.
Phycologia
14: 97–114.
10.2216/i0031-8884-14-2-97.1 Google Scholar
- 30 Proctor, V. W. 1976. Genetics of Charophyta. In R. A. Lewin [Ed.] The Genetics of Algae, University of California Press, Berkeley , Los Angeles , 210–18.
- 31 Proctor, V. W. 1980. Historical biogeography of the genus Chara (Charophyta): an appraisal of the Braun-Wood classification plus a falsifiable alternative for future consideration. J. Phycol. 16 (2) in press.
- 32 Shaw, C. R. & Prasad, R. 1970. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes—a compilation of recipes. Biochem. Genet. 4: 297–320.
- 33 Starr, R. C. 1971. Sexual reproduction in Volvox africanus. In B. C. Parker & R. M. Brown, [Eds.] Contributions in Phycology, Allen Press , Lawrence , Kansas , 59–66.
- 34 Stein, J. R. & McCauley, M.J. 1976. Sexual compatibility in Gonium pectorale (Volvocales: Chlorophyceae) from soil of a single pond. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1126–30.
- 35 Wiese, L. 1976. Genetic aspects of sexuality of Volvocales. In R. A. Lewin [Ed.] The Genetics of Algae, University of California Press, Berkeley , Los Angeles , 174–97.
- 36 Wood, R. D. 1965. Monograph of the Characeae. Vol. I. J. Cramer, Weinheim .
