Full Access
ENVIRONMENTAL INSTABILITY AND COMMUNITY DIVERSITY*
RICHARD G. THIERY,
RICHARD G. THIERY
Ecology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A.
†Aquatic Research Group, Coachella Valley Water District, Coachella, California 92236, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD G. THIERY,
RICHARD G. THIERY
Ecology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A.
†Aquatic Research Group, Coachella Valley Water District, Coachella, California 92236, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this author*This paper represents a portion of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy.
References
- Abele, L. G. & Walters, K. (1979). The stability-time hypothesis: re-evaluation of the data. American Naturalist 114, 559–567.
- Addicott, J. F. (1974). Predation and prey community structure: An experimental study on the effect of mosquito larvae on the protozoan communities of pitcher plants. Ecology 55, 475–492.
- Bakus, G. J. & Green, G. (1974). Toxicity in sponges and holothurians. Science 185, 951–953.
-
Bambach, R. K. (1977). Species richness in marine benthic habitats through the Phanerozoic.
Paleobiology
3, 152–167.
10.1017/S0094837300005236 Google Scholar
- Bamforth, S. S. (1980). Test tube and microscope in microbial ecology. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 99, 145–150.
- Belt, A. (1888). The Naturalist in Nicaragua. Bumpus, London .
- Birks, H. J. B. (1980). British trees and insects: a test of the time hypothesis over the last 13,000 years. American Naturalist 115, 600–605.
- Bohnsack, J. A. & Talbot, F. H. (1980). Species-packing by reef fishes on Australian and Caribbean reefs: an experimental approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 30, 710–723.
- Bormann, F. H. & Likens, G. E. (1979). Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwood forests. American Scientist 67, 660–669.
- Bradshaw, W. E. (1980). Thermoperiodism and the thermal environment of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomia smithi. Oecologia 46, 13–17.
- Bretsky, P. W. (1969). Evolution of Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrate communities. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 6, 45–49.
- Brown, G. (Manuscript). On stress: distinguishing ecological from evolutionary phenomena, and a model of physiological resource balancing.
- Brown, J. H. (1973). Species diversity of seed-eating desert rodents in sand dune habitats. Ecology 54, 775–787.
- Carter, J. C. H. (1971). Distribution and abundance of planktonic crustacea in ponds near Georgian Bay (Ontario, Canada) in relation to hydrography and water chemistry. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 68, 204–231.
- Colwell, R. K. (1974). Predictability, constancy, and contingency in periodic phenomena. Ecology 55, 1148–1153.
- Connell, J. H. (1975). Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities: A model and evidence from field experiments. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities (ed. M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond), pp. 460–490. Belknap, Cambridge Massachusetts .
- Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rainforests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302–1310.
- Connell, J. H. & Orias, E. (1964). The ecological regulation of species diversity. American Naturalist 98, 399–414.
- Davidson, D. W. (1977). Species diversity and community organization in desert seed-eating ants. Ecology 58, 711–724.
- Day, R. W. (1977). Two contrasting effects of predation on species richness in coral reef habitats. Marine Biology 44, 1–5.
- Dayton, P. K. (1971). Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in rocky intertidal communities. Ecological Monographs 41, 351–389.
- Dayton, P. K. & Hessler, R. R. (1972). Role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep-sea. Deep-sea Research 19, 199–208.
- Dobzhansky, T. (1950). Evolution in the tropics. American Scientist 38, 209–221.
- Dodson, S. I. (1975). Predation rates of zooplankton in arctic ponds. Limnology and Oceanography 20, 426–433.
- Dunbar, M. J. (1980). The blunting of Occam's razor, or to hell with parsimony. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 123–128.
- Femino, R. J. & Mathieson, A. C. (1980). Investigations of New England marine algae. IV. The ecology and seasonal succession of tide pool algae at Bald Head Cliff, York, Maine, USA. Botanica Marina 23, 319–332.
- Ferguson, A. (1976). Can evolutionary theory predict American Naturalist 110, 1101–1104.
- Fischer, A. G. (1960). Latitudinal variation in organic diversity. Evolution 14, 64–81.
- Fisher, N. S. (1977). On the differential sensitivity of estuarine and open-ocean diatoms to exotic chemical stress. American Naturalist 111, 871–895.
- Garwood, N. C., Janos, D. P. & Brokaw, N. (1979). Earthquake-caused landslides: a major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205, 997–999.
- Gibson, T. G. & Buzas, M. A. (1973). Species diversity: patterns in modern and Miocene foraminifera of the eastern margin of North America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 84, 217–238.
- Glesener, R. R. & Tilman, D. (1978). Sexuality and the components of environmental uncertainty: Clues from geographic partheonogenesis in terrestrial animals. American Naturalist 112, 659–673.
- Glynn, P. (1968). Mass mortalities of echinoids and other reef flat organisms coincident with midday, low water exposures in Puerto Rico. Marine Biology 1, 226–243.
- Grice, G. D. & Hart, A. D. (1962). The abundance, seasonal occurrence and distribution of the epizooplankton between New York and Bermuda. Ecological Monographs 32, 287–309.
- Harper, J. L. (1969). The role of predation in vegetational diversity. Brookhaven Symposium on Biology 22, 48–62.
- Harris, G. P., Haffner, G. D. & Piccinin, B. B. (1980). Physical variability and phytoplankton communities. II. Primary productivity by phytoplankton in a physically variable environment. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 88, 393–425.
- Huston, M. (1979). A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113, 81–101.
- Inger, R. F. & Colwell, R. K. (1977). Organization of contiguous communities of amphibians and reptiles in Thailand. Ecological Monographs 47, 229–253.
- Istock, C. A. (1967). Transient competitive displacement in natural populations of whirligig beetles. Ecology 48, 929–937.
- Janzen, D. H. (1967). Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. American Naturalist 101, 233–249.
- Janzen, D. H. (1970). Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist 104, 501–528.
- Josefson, A. B. (1981). Persistence and structure of two deep macrobenthic communities in the Skagerak (west coast of Sweden). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 50, 63–97.
- Karr, J. A. (1976). Seasonality, resource availability, and community diversity in tropical bird communities. American Naturalist 110, 973–994.
- Karr, J. A. (1981). Estimating the numbers of terrestrial birds. In Studies in Avian Biology, No. 6, pp. 62–67. (ed. C. J. Ralph and J. M. Scott). Cooper Society.
- Klopfer, P. H. (1959). Environmental determinants of faunal diversity. American Naturalist 93, 337–342.
- Klopfer, P. H. & MacArthur, (1961). On the causes of tropical diversity: niche overlap. American Naturalist 95, 223–226.
- Kohzov, M. (1963). Lake Baikal and Its Life. Junk, The Hague .
- LaBarbera, M. C. & Kilham, P. (1974). The chemical ecology of copepod distribution in the lakes of east and central Africa. Limnology and Oceanography 19, 459–465.
- Lewis, J. R. (1977). The role of physical and biological factors in the distribution and stability of rocky shore communities. In The Biology of Benthic Organisms, (ed. B. F. Keegan), pp. 417–423, Pergamon, New York .
- Lieberman, M., John, D. M. & Lieberman, D. (1979). Ecology of subtidal algae on seasonally devastated cobble substrates off Ghana. Ecology 60, 1151–1161.
- Loya, Y. (1976). Recolonization of Red Sea corals affected by natural catastrophes and man-made perturbations. Ecology 57, 278–289.
- Lubchenco, J. (1978). Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. American Naturalist 112, 23–39.
- Lynch, M. (1979). Predation, competition, and zooplankton community structure: an experimental study. Limnology and Oceanography 24, 253–272.
- Macan, T. T. (1961). Factors that limit the range of freshwater animals. Biological Reviews 36, 151–198.
- MacArthur, R. H. (1964). Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. American Naturalist 98, 387–398.
-
MacArthur, R. H. (1969). Patterns of communities in the tropics.
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1, 19–30.
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01809.x Google Scholar
- MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press.
- Margalef, R. (1963). On certain unifying principles in ecology. American Naturalist 97, 357–374.
- Marsden, I. D. (1980). Effects of constant and cyclic temperatures on the salinity tolerance of the estuarine sandhopper Orchestia chilieansis. Marine Biology 59, 211–218.
- May, R. M. (1974). Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton University Press.
- Menge, B. A. & Sutherland, J. P. (1976). Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. American Naturalist 110, 351–369.
- Moldenke, A. R. (1975). Niche specialization and species diversity along a California transect. Oecologia 21, 219–242.
-
Moore, J. E. (1952). The entomostraca of southern Saskatchewan.
Canadian Journal of Zoology
30, 410–449.
10.1139/z52-036 Google Scholar
- Moore, J. W. (1978). Composition and structure of zooplankton communities in eighteen arctic and subarctic lakes. International Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie 63, 545–565.
- Moore, P. D. (1974). Species richness in geological time. Nature 252, 14.
- Newell, N. D. (1962). Paleontological gaps and geochronology. Journal of Paleontology 36, 592–610.
- Noland, L. E. (1925). Factors influencing the distribution of fresh water ciliates. Ecology 6, 437–452.
-
Orians, G. H. (1969). The number of bird species in some tropical forests.
Ecology
50, 783–801.
10.2307/1933692 Google Scholar
- Osman, R. W. (1977). The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community. Ecological Monographs 47, 37–63.
- Osman, R. W. & Whitlach, R. B. (1978). Patterns of species diversity: fact or artifact Paleobiology 4, 41–54.
- Paine, R. T. (1966). Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100, 65–75.
- Peters, R. H. (1976). Tautology in evolution and ecology. American Naturalist 110, 1–12.
- Pianka, E. R. (1966). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. American Naturalist 100, 33–46.
- Pianka, E. R. (1967). On lizard species diversity: North American flatland deserts. Ecology 48, 333–351.
- Pianka, E. R. (1978). Evolutionary Ecology. Harper and Row, New York .
- Pimm, S. L. & Lawton, J. H. (1977). Number of trophic levels in ecological communities. Nature 268, 329–331.
- Poulson, T. L. & Culver, D. C. (1969). Diversity in terrestrial cave communities. Ecology 50, 153–157.
- Rabenold, K. N. (1979). A reversed latitudinal diversity gradient in avian communities of eastern deciduous forests. American Naturalist 114, 275–286.
- Rathcke, B. J. & Price, P. W. (1976). Anomalous diversity of tropical ichneumonid parasitoids: a predation hypothesis. American Naturalist 110, 889–893.
- Ricklefs, R. E. (1969). An analysis of nesting mortality in birds. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 9.
- Ricklefs, R. E. (1979). Ecology. Chiron Press, New York .
- Rohde, K. (1978a). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Zentralblatt für Biologie 97, 393–403.
- Rohde, K. (1978b). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypothesis. Zentralblatt für Biologie 97, 405–418.
- Sanders, H. L. (1968). Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. American Naturalist 102, 243–282.
-
Sastry, A. N. (1978). Physiological adaptation of Cancer irroratus to cyclic temperatures. In Physiology and Behaviour of Marine Organisms (ed.
D. S. McClusky and
A. J. Berry), pp. 57–65. Pergamon,
New York
.
10.1016/B978-0-08-021548-8.50014-0 Google Scholar
- Simpson, G. S. (1964). Species density of North American recent mammals. Systematic Zoology 13, 57–73.
- Slobodkin, L. B. & Sanders, H. L. (1969). On the contribution of environmental predictability to species diversity. Brookhaven Symposium on Biology 22, 82–93.
- Sousa, W. P. (1979). Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: the non-equilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology 60, 1225–1239.
- Southwood, T. R. E. (1961). The number of species associated with various trees. Journal of Animal Ecology 30, 1–8.
-
Southwood, T. R. E. (1975). Time to ecological equilibrium.
Nature, 253, 684.
10.1038/253684a0 Google Scholar
- Spight, T. M. (1977). Diversity of shallow-water gastropod communities on temperate and tropical beaches. American Naturalist 111, 1077–1097.
- Spruies, G. W. (1972). Effects of size-selective predation and food competition on high altitude zooplankton communities. Ecology 53, 375–386.
- Sprules, G. W. (1975). Midsummer crustacean zooplankton communities in acid-stressed lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32, 389–395.
- Stearns, S. C. (1976). Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Quarterly Review of Biology 51, 3–47.
- Stehli, F. R., Douglas, R. G. & Newell, N. D. (1969). Generation and maintenance of gradients in taxonomic diversity. Science 164, 947–949.
- Stehli, F. R. & Wells, J. W. (1971). Diversity and age patterns in hermatypic corals. Systematic 20, 115–126.
- Strong, D. R. (1974a). Non-asymptotic species richness models and the insects on British trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 73, 2766–2769.
- Strong, D. R. (1974b). Rapid asymptotic species accumulation in phytophagous insect communities: the pests of cacao. Science 185, 1064–1066.
- Strong, D. R. & Levin, D. A. (1975). Species richness of the parasitic fungi of British trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 72, 2116–2119.
- Strong, D. R., McCoy, E. D. & Rey, J. R. (1977). Time and the number of herbivore species: the pests of sugarcane. Ecology 58, 167–175.
- Taniguchi, A. (1973). Phytoplankton-zooplankton relationships in the western Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas. Marine Biology 21, 115–121.
- Taylotr, D. L. (1973). Some implications of forest fire control in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Ecology 54, 1394–1396.
- Terdorgh, J. (1973). On the notion of favorableness in plant ecology. American Naturalist 107, 481–501.
- Thistle, D. (1979). Deep-sea harpacticoid copepod diversity maintenance: the role of polychaetes. Marine Biology 52, 371–376.
- Thiery, R. G. (1981). Environmental instability and the structure of temporary pond zooplankton communities. Ph.D. thesis. University of Illinois, Urbana .
- Tinkle, D. W. & Ballinger, R. E. (1972). Sceloporus undulatus: a study of the intraspecific comparative demography of a lizard. Ecology 53, 570–584.
- Veblen, T. T., Schlegel, F. M. & Escorar, B. (1980). Structure and dynamics of old-growth Nothofagus forests in the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Journal of Ecology 68, 1–32.
- Vermeij, G. J. (1978). Biogeography and Adaptation. Harvard, Cambridge , Massachusetts .
- Vermeij, G. J. & Currey, J. D. (1980). Geographic variation in the strength of thaidid snail shells. Biological Bulletin 158, 383–389.
-
Wallace, A. R. (1878). Tropical Nature and Other Essays. Macmillan,
London
.
10.5962/bhl.title.1261 Google Scholar
- Wallace, A. R. (1911). The World of Life. Moffat, New York .
-
Ward, E. B. (1940). A seasonal population study of pond entomostraca in the Cincinnati region.
American Midland Naturalist
23, 635–691.
10.2307/2420452 Google Scholar
- Whittaker, R. H. & Niering, W. A. (1965). Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: a gradient analysis of the south slope. Ecology 46, 429–452.
- Wilbur, H. M. (1972). Competition, predation, and the structure of the Ambystoma-Rana sylvatica community. Ecology 53, 3–21.
- Wolda, H. (1978). Seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, food, and abundance of tropical insects. Journal of Animal Ecology 47, 369–382.
- Yongue, W. H. Jr, Cairns, J. Jr, & Boatin, H. Jr. (1973). A comparison of fresh-water protozoan communities in geographically proximate but chemically dissimilar bodies of water. Archiv für Protistenkunde 115, 154–161.
- Zenkevich, L. A. & Birstein, J. A. (1956). Studies of the deep mater fauna and related problems. Deep-Sea Research 4, 54–64.
