Men with Intellectual Disabilities Who Sexually Abuse: A Review of the Literature
Corresponding Author
David Thompson
Tizard Centre, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7LZ, UK
Family Planning, New South Wales, 328–336 Liverpool Rd, Ashfield, NSW 2131, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorHilary Brown
School of Health and Social Welfare, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Bucks MK6 7AA, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
David Thompson
Tizard Centre, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7LZ, UK
Family Planning, New South Wales, 328–336 Liverpool Rd, Ashfield, NSW 2131, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorHilary Brown
School of Health and Social Welfare, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Bucks MK6 7AA, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Trailing behind the recent acknowledgement of the high incidence of sexual abuse amongst people with intellectual disabilities is a recognition of men with intellectual disabilities as perpetrators of sexual abuse. This paper reviews the North American, Australian and British literature published in this area. It demonstrates that both theoretical understandings and clinical interventions with men with intellectual disabilities are often discordant with wider perspectives of work with sexual abusers. The effect of this is shown to be common discriminatory practice received by men with intellectual disabilities which at times shows poor regard for their rights.
References
- Barmann, B.C. and Murrey, W.J. (1981) Suppression of inappropriate sexual behaviour by facial screening. Behaviour Therapy 12, 730–35.
- Bear, D., Freeman, R. and Greenberg, M. (1984) Behavioural alterations in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. In D. Blumer (ed) Psychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
-
Bowden, K. (1994) ‘No control of penis or brain’? Key questions in the assessment of sex offenders with a learning difficulty.
The Journal of Sexual Aggression
1 (1), 57–63.
10.1080/13552609408413242 Google Scholar
- Bowler, C. and Collacott, R.A. (1993) Crossdressing in men with learning disabilities. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 566–8.
- Brandt, D.E. and Zlotnick, G.J. (1988) The Psychology and Treatment of the Youthful Offender. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.
- British Psychological Society (1990) DJM-111 (Revised).
- Brown, H., Egan-Sage, E., Barry, G. and McKay, C. (1996) Towards Better Interviewing: A Handbook for Police Officers and Social Workers on the Sexual Abuse of Adults With Learning Disabilities. ‘Need to know’ Series. Nottingham: NAPSAC. Available from Pavilion Publishing, Brighton.
- Brown, H. and Barrett, S. (1994) Understanding and responding to difficult sexual behaviour. In A. Craft (ed) Practice Issues in Sexuality and Learning Disabilities. London: Routledge.
- Brown, H. and Stein, J. (1997) Sexual abuse perpetrated by men with learning disabilities: A comparative study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41 (3), 215–24.
- Brown, H., Stein, J. and Turk, V. (1995) The sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities: Report of a second two year incidence survey. Mental Handicap Research 8 (1), 3–24.
- Brown, H. and Thompson, D. (1997) The ethics of research with men who have learning disabilities and abusive sexual behaviours: A minefield in a vacuum. Disability and Society 12 (5).
-
Brown, H. and
Turk, V. (1992) Defining sexual abuse as it affects adults with learning disabilities.
Mental Handicap
20 (2), 44–55.
10.1111/j.1468-3156.1992.tb00658.x Google Scholar
- Burns, J. (1993) Invisible women who have learning disabilities. The Psychologist 6, 102–205.
- Bye, P. (unpublished) Male Hyper-Sexuality. Available from Schering Health Care Ltd, The Brow, Burgess Hill, West Sussex RH15 9NE.
-
Charman, T. and
Clare, I. (1992) Education about the laws and social rules relating to sexual behaviour.
Mental Handicap
20 (2) 74–80.
10.1111/j.1468-3156.1992.tb00663.x Google Scholar
-
Clare, I.C.H. (1993) Issues in the assessment and treatment of male sex offenders with mild learning disabilities.
Sexual and Marital Therapy
8 (2), 167–180.
10.1080/02674659308408192 Google Scholar
- Clarke, D.J. (1989) Antilibinial drugs and mental retardation — A review. Medical Science and the Law 29 (2), 136–46.
- Coleman, E.M. and Murphey, W.D. (1980) A survey of sexual attitudes and sex education programmes amongst facilities for the mentally retarded. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 1, 269–79.
- Cooper, A.J. (1995) Review of the role of two antilibidinal drugs in the treatment of sex offenders with mental retardation. Mental Retardation 33, 42–8.
- Cormack, E. (1993) Group therapy with adults with learning difficulties who have committed sexual offences. Groupwork 6 (2), 162–76.
- Cox-Lindenbaum, D. (1990) A model for staff training and clinical treatment for the mentally retarded sex offender. In A. Dosen, A. Gennep and G.J. Zwanikkeen (Ed.) Treatment of Mental Illness and Behavioural Disorders in the Mentally Retarded, Proceedings of the International Congress (pp. 387–94). Leiden, The Netherlands: Logan Publications.
-
Crossmaker, M. (1991) Behind locked doors — Institutional sexual abuse.
Sexuality and Disability
9 (3), 201–19.
10.1007/BF01102393 Google Scholar
- Day, K. (1988) A hospital-based treatment for male mentally handicapped offenders. British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 635–44.
- Day, K. (1994) Male mentally handicapped sex offenders. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 630–39.
- Deisher, R.W. (1973) Sexual behaviour of retarded in institutions. In F.F. Cruz and G.D. LaVeck (eds) Human Sexuality and the Mentally Retarded. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
- Department of Health (1989) Needs and Responses: Services for Adults with Mental Handicap Who Are Mentally III, Who Have Behaviour Problems or Who Offend. London: Department of Health.
- Dworkin, A. (1981) Pornography: Men Possessing Women. London: Women's Press.
- E. Emerson, P. McGill and J. Mansell (eds) (1994) Severe Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour: Designing High Quality Services. London: Chapman and Hall.
- D. Finkelhor (ed) (1984) Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, New York: Free Press.
- Finkelhor, D. (1986) A Source Book on Child Sexual Abuse, London: Sage.
-
Fisher, D. and
Howells, K. (1993) Social relationships in sexual offenders.
Sexual and Marital Therapy
8 (2), 123–36.
10.1080/02674659308408188 Google Scholar
- Foxx, R.M. (1976) The use of overcorrection to eliminate the public disrobing (stripping) of retarded women. Behavioural Research and Therapy 14, 53–61.
- Frenken, J. and Van Stolk, B. (1987) Hulpverleners en Incestslachtoffers. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.
- Fried, E.R. (1986) A Multi-Modal Treatment of Developmentally Disabled Sex Offenders. Fourth National Conference on the Sexual Victimisation of Children (May 16). New Orleans: L.A.
- Frosh, S. (1993) The seeds of masculine sexuality. In J.M. Usher and C.D. Baker (eds) Physiological Perspectives on Sexual Problems — New Directions in Theory in Practice. London: Routledge.
- Gebherd, P.M. (1973) Sexual behaviour of the mentally retarded. In F. Cruz and G. Laveck (eds) Human Sexuality and the Mentally Retarded. London: Butterworths.
- Gilby, R., Wolf, L. and Goldberg, B. (1989) Mentally retarded adolescent sex offenders. A survey and pilot study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34 (6), 542–8.
- Gordon, G.C., Southren, A.L., Tochimoto, S., Olivo, J., Altman, K., Rand, J., and Lemberger, L. (1970) Effect of medroxprogesterone acetate (Provera) on the metabolism and biological activity of testosterone. Clinical Endocrinology Metabolics, 30, 449–56.
- Griffiths, D.M., Quinsey V.L. and Hingsburger, D. (1989) Changing Inappropriate Sexual Behaviour: A Community-Based Approach for Persons with Development Disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes.
- Gross, G. (1984) Activities of the Developmental Disabilities Adult Offender Project. Olympia, WA: Washington State Developmental Disabilities Planning Council.
-
Groth, A.N. (1979) Men Who Rape. New York: Plenum.
10.1007/978-1-4899-6078-8 Google Scholar
- Groth, A.N., Burgess, A.W., Birnbaum, H.J. and Gary, T.S. (1978) A study of the child molester: Myths and realities. LAE Journal of the American Criminal Justice Association 41, 17–22.
- Haaven, J. (1983) Taped site-interview by F.H. Knopp 12, 17 October. In A. Hames (Ed.) Sexual offences involving children: A suggested treatment for adolescents with mild mental handicaps. Mental Handicap 15, 19–21.
- Haaven, J. (1984) Retraining Adult Sex Offenders: Methods and Models. (Cited in F.H. Knopp). Synacuise: Safer Society Press.
- Halleck, S.L. (1981) The ethics of Antiandroges Therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 138, 642–3.
-
Hames, A. (1987) Sexual offences involving children: A suggested treatment for adolescents with mild mental handicap.
Mental Handicap
15, 19–21.
10.1111/j.1468-3156.1987.tb00383.x Google Scholar
- Hames, A. (1993) People with learning disabilities who commit sexual offences: Assessment and treatment. NAPSAC Bulletin 6, 3–5.
- Haslam, M.T. (unpublished) The mentally handicapped patient. In P. Bye (ed) Male Hypersexuality: Aspects of Assessment and Treatment. Burgess Hill: Schering Health Care.
- Haslam, M.T. (1976) Psychosexual disorders and their treatment. Part III: Sexual devaluation. Current Medical Research Opinion 3, 726–35.
- Hayes, S., (1991) Sex offenders. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Development Disabilities 172, 221–7.
- Herzog, D. and Money, J. (1993) Sexology and social work in a case of Klinefelters (47, XXY) Syndrome. Mental Retardation 3 (3), 161–2.
- Hingsburger, D. (1987) Sex counselling with the developmentally handicapped: The assessment and management of seven critical problems. Psychiatric Aspects of Mental Retardation Reviews 6 (9), 41–6.
- Hingsburger, D., Griffiths, D. and Quinsey, V. (1991) Detecting counterfeit deviance differentiating sexual deviance from sexual inappropriateness. The Habilatative Mental Healthcare Newsletter 10 (9), 51–4.
- Hummel, P., Aschoff, W., Blessmann, F. and Anders, D. (1993) Sexually aggressive acts of an adolescent with Klinefelter Syndrome. Uprax-Kinderpsychol-Kinderpsychiatr 42 (4), 132–8.
- Jeffcoate, W.J., Matthews, R.W., Edwards, C.R., Field, L.H. and Besser, G.M. (1980) The effect of Cyuproterone acetate on serum testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin in male sex offenders. Clinical Endocrinal 13, 189–95.
- Knopp, F.H., (1984) The Sex Offender Unit and the Social Skills Unit Correctional Treatment Programs. In F.H. Knopp (Ed.) Retraining Adults Sex Offenders: Methods and Models. Synacuise: Safer Society Press.
- Lachmann, M., Brzek, A., Mellan, J., Hampl, R., Starka, L. and Motlik, K. (1991) Recidivous offence in sadistic homosexual paedophile with karyotype 48, XXXY after testicular pulpectomy. Exp-Clin-Endocrinal 98 (2), 171–4.
- Landesman-Dwyer, S. and Sulzbacher, F.M. (1981) Residential placements and adaptation of severe and profoundly retarded individuals. In R.H. Bruininks, C.E. Meyers, B.B. Sigford, and K.C. Lakin (eds) Deinstitutionalisation and Community Adjustment of Mentally Retarded People. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Deficiency.
- Lewis, D.O., Shanok, S.S., Pincus, J.H. (1981) Juvenile male sexual assaulters: Psychiatric, neurological, psychoeducational abuse factors. In D.O. Lewis (ed) Vulnerabilities to Delinquency. New York: SP Medical and Scientific Books.
- Lisman, W.A. (1987) Organic Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Luiselli, J.K., Helfen, C.S., Pemberton, B.W. and Reisman, J. (1977) The elimination of a child's in class masturbation by overcorrection and reinforcement. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 8, 201–4.
- Lundervold, D.A. and Young, L.G., (1992) Treatment acceptability ratings for sexual offenders: Effects of diagnosis and offence. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13, 229–37.
- Luria, A.R. (1963) The Mentally Retarded Child. Oxford: Pergamon.
- Marshal, W.L. (1993) The role of attachments, intimacy and loneliness in the etiology and maintenance of sexual offending. Sexual and Marital Therapy 8 (2), 109–21.
-
McCarthy, M. (1993) The sexual experiences and sexual abuse of women with learning disabilities.
Sexuality and Disability
11 (4), 277–87.
10.1007/BF01102172 Google Scholar
- McCarthy, M. and Thompson, D. (1991) Politics of sex education. Community Care, 21/ 11.
- McCarthy, M. and Thompson, D. (1994) Sex and Staff Training. Brighton: Pavilion.
- Mitchell, L. (1987) In A. Craft (Ed.) Sexuality and Mental Handicap: Issues and Perspectives. London: Costello.
-
Murphy, G. (1994) Understanding challenging behaviour. In E. Emerson,
P. McGill and
J. Mansell (eds) Severe Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviours: Designing High Quality Services (pp. 37–68), London: Chapman and Hall.
10.1007/978-1-4899-2961-7_3 Google Scholar
- Murphy, W.D., Coleman, E.M., Haynes, M.R. (1983) Treatment and evaluation issues with the mentally retarded sex offender. In J.D. Greer and I.R. Stuart (Ed.) The Sexual Aggressor: Current Perspectives on Treatment (pp. 21–41). New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
- Murrey, G.H., Briggs, D. and Davis, C. (1992) Psychopathically disordered, mentally ill and mentally handicapped sex offenders: A comparative study. Medical Science Law 32 (4) 1, 331–6.
- Myers, B.A. (1991) Treatment of sexual offences by persons with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation 95 (5), 563–9.
- O'Connor, W. (1994) A Preliminary Report on Intervention with Sex Offenders With An Intellectual Disability. Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Social Health.
- Parsons, H. (1994) The Intellectually Handicapped Sex Offender. Connecticut: Ross Loss and Associates.
- Perdue, W.C. and Lester, D. (1972) Personality characteristics of rapists. Perceptual and Motor Skills 37, 1699–1712.
- Polvinale, R.A. and Lutzker, J.R. (1980) Elimination of assaultative and inappropriate sexual behaviour by reinforcement and social-restitution. Mental Retardation 27–30.
- Quinsey, V.L. (1986) Men who have sex with children. In D.N. Weisstub (Ed.) Law and Mental Health: International Perspectives (pp. 140–72). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
- Raboch, J., Cerna, H. and Zemek, P. (1987) Sexual aggressivity and androgens. British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 398–400.
- Raboch, J., Mellan, K. and Starka, L. (1979) Klinefelter's Syndrome: Sexual development and activity. Archives of Sexual Behaviour 8 (4), 333–9.
- Respond (1995) Communication for Group With Men With Learning Disabilities Who Sexually Offend. London: Respond.
-
Robertson, G. (1981) The extent and pattern of crime amongst mentally handicapped offenders.
Apex, Journal of the British Institute of Mental Handicap
9 (3), 100–103.
10.1111/j.1468-3156.1981.tb00623.x Google Scholar
- Robertson, J. (1994) Risk management for men who have learning disabilities and have sexually abused others. NAPS AC Bulletin, 8, June, 7–11.
- Salter, A.C. (1988) Treating Child Sex Offenders and Victims: A Practical Guide. London: Sage.
- Schalock, R.L. (1992) Commentaries on Calnen and Blackman: Capital punishment and the dilemmas faced by law and mental retardation professionals. American Journal on Mental Retardation 96 (6), 570–72.
- Sgroi, S.M. (1989a) Evaluation and treatment of sexual offence behaviour in persons with mental retardation. In S.M. Sgroi (Ed.) Vulnerable Populations (pp. 245–283). Toronto: Lexington Books.
- S.M. Sgroi (Ed.) (1989b) Vulnerable Populations: Sexual Abuse Treatment for Children, Adult Survivors, Offenders and Persons with Mental Retardation (Vol. 2). Toronto: Lexicon Books.
- Sobsey, D. (1994) Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People with Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes.
- Sorenson, K. (1992) Physical and mental development of adolescent males with Klinefelter's Syndrome. Horm-Res 37 (3), 55–61.
- Svendsen, B.B. and Werner, J. (1977) Offenders within ordinary services for the mentally retarded in Denmark. In P. Mittler (Ed.) Research to Practice in Mental Retardation. Baltimore: University Park Press.
- Swanson, C.K. and Garwick, G.B. (1990) Treatment for low functioning sex offenders: Group therapy and interagency co-ordination. Mental Retardation 28 (3), 155–61.
- Thompson, D.J. (1994) Sexual experience and sexual identity for men with learning disabilities who have sex with men. Changes 12 (4), 254–63.
- Thompson, D.J. (forthcoming) Men with learning disabilities who sexually abuse: A prevalence study of referrals to the Sex Education Team 1989–1995.
-
Turk, V. and
Brown, H. (1993) The sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities: Results of a two-year incidence survey.
Mental Handicap Research
6 (3), 193–216.
10.1111/j.1468-3148.1993.tb00053.x Google Scholar
- Tutt, N.S. (1971) The subnormal offender. British Journal of Subnormality 17, 42–7.
- Verba, H., Barnard, G.W. and Holtzer, C. (1979) The intelligence of rapists: New data. Archives of Sexual Behaviour 8, 375–8.
- Verbenne, G.J.C.M. (1990) Treatment of sexually deviant behaviours in mildly mentally retarded adults. In A. Dosen, A. Gennep and G.J. Zwanikkeen (eds) Treatment of Mental Illness and Behavioural Disorders in the Mentally Retarded (Proceedings of the International Congress, 3/4 May) (pp. 374–86). Leiden, The Netherlands: Logal Publications.
- Walker, J. and Biles, D. (1986) Australian Prisoners, 1986. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
- Walker, N. and McCabe, S. (1973) Crime and Insanity in England. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Waterhouse, L., Dobash, R.P. and Carnie, J. (1994) Child Sexual Abusers. Edinburgh: Central Research Unit, The Scottish Office.
- Watkins, B. and Bentovim, A. (1992) The sexual abuse of male children and adolescents: A review of current research. Journal Child Psychology 33 (1), 197–248.
- Wellings, J.F., Johnson, A.M., Wadsworth, J. (1994) Sexual Behaviour in Britain: The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. London: Penguin.
- West, D.J. (1991) The effects of sex offences. In C.R. Hollin and K. Howells (Ed.) Clinical Approaches to Sex Offenders and Their Victims (pp. 55–76). Chichester: John Wiley.
-
Williams, C. (1993) Vulnerable victims? A current awareness of the victimisation of people with learning disabilities.
Disability, Handicap and Society
8 (2), 161–72.
10.1080/02674649366780131 Google Scholar
- Williams, C. (1995) Invisible Victims: Crime and Abuse Against People with Learning Difficulties. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Wilson and Foster (eds) (1985) Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Toronto: W.B. Saunders Co..
- Wolfe, J. and Barker, V. (1980) Characteristics of imprisoned rapists and circumstances of the rape. In C. Warner (ed) Rape and Sexual Assault (pp. 265–78). Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems.
- Wyre, R. (1990) Women, Men and Rape. London: Perry Publications.