Iron in the migraine brain; a resilient hypothesis
KMA Welch,
KMA Welch
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science,North Chicago,IL, USAE-mail [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKMA Welch,
KMA Welch
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science,North Chicago,IL, USAE-mail [email protected]
Search for more papers by this author
References
- 1 Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS, Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM et al. Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women. Neurology 2005; 64: 1020–6.
- 2 Scher AI, Terwindt GM, Picavet HSJ, Verschuren WMM, Ferrari MD, Launer LJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine. Neurology 2005; 64: 614–20.
- 3 Kruitt MC, Van Buchem MA, Hoffman PA, Bakkers JTN, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD, Launer LJ. Migraine as a risk factor for subclinical brain lesions. JAMA 2004; 291: 427–34.
- 4 Roca MA, Colombo B, Pagani E, Falini A, Codella M, Scotti G et al. Evidence for cortical functional changes in migraine and white matter abnormalities on conventional and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 2003; 34: 665.
- 5 Dichgans M, Herzog J, Freilinger T, Wilke M, Auer DP. 1H-MRS alterations in the cerebellum of patients with familial hemiplegic migraine type 1. Neurology 2005; 64: 608–13.
- 6 Baliki MN, Geha PY, Apkarian AV, Chialvo DR. Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 1398–403.
- 7 DaSilva AF, Granziera C, Snyder J, Hadjikhani N. Thickening in the somatosensory cortex of patients with migraine. Neurology 2007; 69: 1990–5.
- 8 Rocca MA, Ceccarelli A, Falini A, Colombo B, Tortorella P, Bernasconi L et al. Brain gray matter changes in migraine patients with T2-visible lesions; A 3-T MRI study. Stroke 2006; 37: 1765.
- 9 Welch KMA, Nagesh V, Aurora SK, Gelman N. Periaqueductal gray matter dysfunction in migraine: cause or the burden of illness? Headache 2001; 41: 629–37.
- 10 Cao Y, Aurora SK, Nagesh V, Patel SC, Welch KMA. Functional MRI-BOLD of brainstem structures during visually triggered migraine. Neurology 2002; 59: 72–8.
- 11 Iadarola MJ, Berman KF, Zeffiro TA, Byas-Smith MG, Gracely RH, Max MB, Bennett GJ. Neural activation during acute capsaicin-evoked pain and allodynia assessed with PET. Brain 1998; 121: 931–47.
- 12 Welch KMA, Cao Y, Aurora SK, Wiggins G, Vikingstad EM. MRI of the occipital cortex, red nucleus, and substantia nigra during visual aura of migraine. Neurology 1998; 51: 1465–9.
- 13 Adams JD Jr, Odunze IN. Oxygen free radicals and Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 10: 161–9.
- 14 Swaiman KF, Machen VL. Iron uptake by glial cells. Neurochem Res 1985; 10: 1635–44.
- 15 Benkovic SA, Connor JR. Ferritin, transferrin, and iron in selected regions of the adult and aged rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1993; 338: 97–113.
- 16 Morris CM, Candy JM, Bloxham CA, Edwardson JA. Distribution of transferrin receptors in relation to cytochrome oxidase activity in the human spinal cord, lower brainstem and cerebellum. J Neurol Sci 1992; 111: 158–72.
- 17 Morris CM, Candy JM, Omar S, Bloxham CA, Edwardson JA. Transferrin receptors in the parkinsonian midbrain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1994; 20: 468–72.
- 18 Gelman N, Gorell JM, Barker PB, Savage RM, Spickler EM, Windham JP, Knight RA. MR imaging of human brain at 3.0 T: preliminary report of transverse relaxation rates and relation to estimated iron content. Radiology 1999; 210: 759–67.
- 19 Gomez-Flores R, Weber RJ. Inhibition of interleukin-2 production and downregulation of IL-2 and transferrin receptors on rat splenic lymphocytes following PAG morphine administration: a role in natural killer and T cell suppression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19: 625–30.