Africa after the Cold War: New Patterns of Government and Politics
Stephen Ellis
Stephen Ellis: is a researcher at the Afrika-studiecentrum, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. He is the editor of Africa Now: People Politics and Institutions (James Currey, London, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague) and Afrique maintenant (Editions Karthala, Paris, and Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, La Haye), a study of recent trends in Africa commissioned by the Netherlands Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS).
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Ellis
Stephen Ellis: is a researcher at the Afrika-studiecentrum, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. He is the editor of Africa Now: People Politics and Institutions (James Currey, London, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague) and Afrique maintenant (Editions Karthala, Paris, and Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, La Haye), a study of recent trends in Africa commissioned by the Netherlands Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS).
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
The state-system of Africa is still essentially the one created by the colonial powers and passed on intact at independence. But the political economy of these states — the substance of political life within fixed territorial boundaries — is changing very profoundly as a result of the breakdown of the style of government of recent decades and the decline of economies based on the export of primary commodities. The political economy which is emerging, still within the same territorial boundaries, is best understood by reference to Africa's history over a long period.
REFERENCES
- Amin, S. (1971) L' Afrique de l'Ouest bloquée: l'économie politique de la colonisation, 1880–1970. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
- Andreski, S. (1970) ‘ Kleptocracy as a System of Government in Africa’, in A. J. Heidenheimer(ed.) Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, pp. 346–57. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. (Reprint of article first published in 1968.).
- P. Anyang' Nyong'o (ed.) (1987) Popular Struggles for Democracy in Africa. London: Zed Books.
- Bayart, J.-F. (1983) ‘La revanche des sociétés africaines’, Politique africaine 11: 95–127.
-
Bayart, J.-F. (1986) ‘ Civil Society in Africa’, in P. Chabal (ed.), Political Domination in Africa, pp. 109–25. London: James Currey.
10.1017/CBO9780511558795.007 Google Scholar
- Bayart, J.-F. (19891993) L'Etat en Afrique: la politique du ventre. Paris: Fayard. (trans.)The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Longman: London.
- Bayart, J.-F., A. Mbembe and C. Toulabor (1992) Le Politique par le bas en Afrique noire. Paris: Karthala.
- Boahen, A. A. (1987) African Perspectives on Colonialism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- de Boeck, F. (1994) ‘ The Zaïrian Crisis: Local and Global Perspectives’, paper presented to Round Table on 'La criminalisation du politique’. Paris: Centre d'études et de recherches internationales (15–16 December).
- Braudel, F. (1969) Écrits sur l'histoire. Paris: Flammarion.
- D. F. Bryceson and C. Laan (eds) (1994) ‘ De-Agrarianisation in Africa’. Working Paper. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
- Buijtenhuijs, R. and E. Rijnierse (1993) ‘ Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–1992’. Research Report 51. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
- Cain, P. J. and A. G. Hopkins (1993) British Imperialism: Innovation and expansion, 1688–1914. London and New York: Longman.
- Callaghy, T. M. and J. Ravenhill (1993) ‘ Vision, Politics and Structure: Afro-optimism, Afro-pessimism, or realism’, in T. M. Callaghy and J. Ravenhill (eds) Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline, pp. 1–17. New York: Columbia University Press.
-
Cesoni, M. L. (1992) ‘Les routes des drogues: Explorations en Afrique subsaharienne’, Revue Tiers Monde
XXXIII(131): 645–71.
10.3406/tiers.1992.4714 Google Scholar
-
Chabal, P. (1992) Power in Africa. London: Macmillan.
10.1007/978-1-349-12468-8 Google Scholar
- Clapham, C. (1994) ‘The Longue Duree of the African State’, African Affairs 372: 433–9.
-
Cohen, A. (1969) Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
10.1525/9780520314153 Google Scholar
- Cooper, F. (1993) ‘ Africa and the World Economy’, in F. Cooper, A. F. Isaacman et al. Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America, pp. 84–201. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (1992) ‘Trente années perdues, ou étape d'une longue évolution?’, Afrique contemporaine 164: 5–17.
-
Curtin, P. D. (1964) The Image of Africa: British ideas and action, 1780–1850. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
10.1007/978-1-349-00539-0 Google Scholar
- Davidson, B. (1992) Black Man's Burden: The Curse of the Nation-State in Africa. London: James Currey.
- Ellis, S. (1995) ‘Liberia, 1989–1994: A Study of Ethnic and Spiritual Violence’, African Affairs 94(375): 165–97.
- Faes, G. (1995) ‘Tchad: oléoduc via le Cameroun’, Jeune Afrique 1779: 32.
- Fanon, F. (1967) Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
- M. Featherstone (ed.) (1990) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity. London: Sage.
-
Fuglestad, F. (1992) ‘The Trevor-Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History: An Essay’, History in Africa
19: 309–26.
10.2307/3172003 Google Scholar
-
Gallagher, J. and
R. E. Robinson (1953) ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, Economic History Review (2nd ser.)
VI(i): 1–15.
10.1111/j.1468-0289.1953.tb01482.x Google Scholar
- George, S. and F. Sabelli (1994) Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire. London: Penguin.
-
Gifford, P. (1993) Christianity and Politics in Doe's Liberia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511520525 Google Scholar
- Gifford, P. (1994) ‘Some Recent Developments in African Christianity’, African Affairs 373: 513–34.
- R. Gray and D. Birmingham (eds) (1970) Pre-Colonial African Trade: Essays on Trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900. London: Oxford University Press.
-
ter Haar, G. (1995) ‘Strangers in the Promised Land: African Christians in Europe’, Exchange
24(i): 1–33.
10.1163/157254395X00027 Google Scholar
- A. J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston and V. Levine (eds) (1989) Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- Hobsbawm, E. (1994) Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991. London: Michael Joseph.
- Hopkins, A. G. (1973) An Economic History of West Africa. London: Longman.
- Joseph, R. (1987) Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kaplan, R. D. (1994) ‘ The Coming Anarchy’, Atlantic Monthly: 44–76.
- R. Leveau (ed.) (1995) L'Algérie dans la guerre. Brussels: Éditions Complexe.
- Leys, C. (1994) ‘Confronting the African Tragedy’, New Left Review 204: 35–47.
- Marchal, R. (1994) ‘ Somalie: les dégâts d'une improvisation’, in M.-C. Smouts (ed.) L'ONU et la guerre: la diplomatic en kaki, pp. 77–101. Brussels: Éditions Complexe.
- Marseille, J. (1984) Empire colonial el capitalisme français. Paris: Albin Michel.
- Médard, J.-F. (1991) ‘ L'État patrimonial en Afrique noire’, in J.-F. Médard (ed.) États d'Afrique noire: formation, mécanismes et crise, pp. 323–53. Paris: Karthala.
- C. Meillassoux (ed.) (1971) The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa. London: Oxford University Press for International African Institute.
- Michaels, M. (1993) ‘Retreat from Africa’, Foreign Affairs 72: 93–108.
- Michaux, S. (1995) ‘Le prochain Pape sera-t-il africain?’, L'esprit libre (France) 3: 6–10.
- Mistry, P. (1994) Multilateral Debt: An Emerging Crisis? The Hague: Fondad.
-
Naanen, B. (1995) ‘Oil-Producing Minorities and the Restructuring of Nigerian Federalism: The Case of the Ogoni People’, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics
XXXIII(i): 46–78.
10.1080/14662049508447695 Google Scholar
- Non-Aligned Group (1994) The Continuing Debt Crisis of the Developing Countries. Non- Aligned Movement.
-
North, D. C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511808678 Google Scholar
- R. Owen and B. Sutcliffe (eds) (1975) Studies in the Theory of Imperialism. ( 2nd edn) London: Longman.
- Politique africaine (1995) No. 58 ‘ Mitterrand et l'Afrique’. Paris: Karthala.
- Putnam, R. D. (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Ranger, T. O. (1968) ‘Connexions Between “Primary Resistance” Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa’, Journal of African History IX(iii): 437–53; and
- Journal of African History IX(iv): 631–41.
-
Rapp, R. T. (1975) ‘The Unmaking of the Mediterranean Trade Hegemony: International Trade Rivalry and the Commercial Revolution’, Journal of Economic History
XXXV(iii): 499–525.
10.1017/S0022050700075616 Google Scholar
-
Reed, W. C. (1993) ‘International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe’, African Studies Review
36(ii): 31–59.
10.2307/524732 Google Scholar
- Reno, W. (1993) ‘Foreign Firms and the Financing of Charles Taylor's NPFL’, Liberian Studies Journal XVIII(ii): 175–87.
- Reyntjens, F. (1994) L'Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise. Paris: Karthala.
- Ricca, S. (1989) International Migration in Africa: Legal and Administrative Perspectives. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
- Richards, P. (1995) ‘ Sierra Leone and Liberia: A Crisis of Youth?’, in O. W. Furley (ed.) Conflict in Africa, pp. 134–70. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
- Robinson, R. E. (1976) ‘ Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration’, in W. R. Louis (ed.) Imperialism: the Gallagher and Robinson Controversy, pp. 128–52. New York: New Viewpoints.
-
Robinson, R. and
J. Gallagher with
A. Denny (1961) Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism. London: Macmillan.
10.5040/9780755624140 Google Scholar
- Rostow, W. W. (1953) The Process of Economic Growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Rostow, W. W. (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rufin, J.-C. (1991) L'Empire et les nouveaux barbares. Paris: J.-C. Lattès.
- Sklar, R. (1983) ‘ Democracy in Africa’, Presidential Address to the 25th annual meeting of the African Studies' Association, Washington DC (November 1982). Printed in African Studies Review 26(iii-iv): 11–24.
- Smith, A. (1980) The Geopolitics of Information: How Western Culture Dominates the World. London: Faber and Faber.
- du Toit, A. (1993) ‘ Understanding South African Political Violence: A New Problematic?’. Discussion Paper 43. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
- Toye, J. (1994) ‘ Structural Adjustment: Context, Assumptions, Origin and Diversity’, in R. Hoeven and F. Kraaij (eds) Structural Adjustment and Beyond in Sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 18–35. The Hague, NL: Ministry of Foreign Affairs; London: James Currey; Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Tozy, M. (1995) ‘ Movements of Religious Renewal’, in S. Ellis (ed.) Africa Now: People, Politics and Institutions, pp. 58–74. The Hague, NL: Ministry of Foreign Affairs; London: James Currey.
-
Tripp, A. M. (1994) ‘Gender, Political Participation and the Transformation of Associational Life in Uganda and Tanzania’, African Studies Review
37(i): 107–32.
10.2307/525115 Google Scholar
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1994) ‘ Trade and Development Report 1993’. Geneva: UNCTAD.
- Verschave, F.-X. (1994) Complicity de genocide? La politique de la France au Rwanda. Paris: La Découverte.
- World Bank (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- World Bank (1994a) Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
- World Bank (1994b) Reducing the Debt Burden of Poor Countries: A Framework for Action. Washington, DC: World Bank.