Out of Borneo: Neogene diversification of Sundaic freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae: Parathelphusa)
Corresponding Author
Sebastian Klaus
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Department of Ecology and Evolution, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Biologicum, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Correspondence: Sebastian Klaus, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Goethe-University – Biologicum, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSathyajothi Selvandran
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorJun W. Goh
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorDaisy Wowor
Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, 16911 Indonesia
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Koller
Biologie I, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorChristoph D. Schubart
Biologie I, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorBruno Streit
Department of Ecology and Evolution, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Biologicum, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorRudolf Meier
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorPeter K. L. Ng
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorDarren C. J. Yeo
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Sebastian Klaus
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Department of Ecology and Evolution, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Biologicum, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Correspondence: Sebastian Klaus, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Goethe-University – Biologicum, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSathyajothi Selvandran
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorJun W. Goh
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorDaisy Wowor
Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, 16911 Indonesia
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Koller
Biologie I, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorChristoph D. Schubart
Biologie I, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorBruno Streit
Department of Ecology and Evolution, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Biologicum, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorRudolf Meier
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorPeter K. L. Ng
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorDarren C. J. Yeo
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
We investigate the biogeographical history of the species-rich Sundaic freshwater crab genus Parathelphusa (family Gecarcinucidae). In particular, we ask to what extent eustatic sea-level fluctuations influenced diversification and species distribution. We test the prediction that sea-level fluctuations in the course of the Pleistocene glaciations increased speciation rates.
Location
Malay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi), Bali and the Philippines (Palawan, Mindoro).
Methods
Phylogenetic inference calculations were based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), 16S ribosomal RNA and nuclear histone subunit 3 (H3) genes using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Divergence time estimation was performed with beast based on external substitution rates. Biogeographical analyses were conducted with a parametric likelihood method (Lagrange) and a Bayesian method (BayesTraits). Lineage diversification was studied with a lineage-through-time plot, and a maximum likelihood approach as implemented in the R package laser.
Results
We propose a Late Miocene age for the most recent common ancestor of Parathelphusa, with an ancestral range covering Borneo and the adjacent part of Sundaland. The evolution of six lineages pre-dates the Pliocene, five of them occurring on Borneo. Subsequent dispersal during the Miocene and Pliocene extended the range of Parathelphusa to the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and, during the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene, to Java. Pleistocene divergence occurred between species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, Java and Sumatra, and Java and Borneo.
Main conclusions
Although low sea levels during the Pleistocene in all probability facilitated the dispersal of freshwater crabs among the Greater Sunda islands (excluding Sulawesi, which is not part of the Sunda Shelf), there is no complete Pleistocene geographical admixture of species, and pre-Pleistocene biogeographical patterns were retained. Furthermore, Pleistocene vicariance did not lead to an increased diversification rate in Parathelphusa. Instead, single colonization events out of Borneo during the Neogene, followed by species radiation (e.g. on Palawan and Sulawesi), contributed substantially to species diversity in Parathelphusa. This involved the crossing of marine barriers such as the Wallace Line.
Supporting Information
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| jbi2771-sup-0001-AppendixS1-S2.docWord document, 250 KB | Appendix S1 Table of specimens used in the present study. Appendix S2 Lineage-through-time plot of the genus Parathelphusa. |
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