Trajectories of resilience over 25 years of individuals who as adolescents consulted for substance misuse and a matched comparison group
Corresponding Author
Peter Larm
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Peter Larm, FORUM, Maria Ungdom, S:t Görans Sjukhus, Box 500, S-112 81 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSheilagh Hodgins
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Department of Forensic Mental Health Science, Institution of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAnders Tengström
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Search for more papers by this authorAgne Larsson
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Peter Larm
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Peter Larm, FORUM, Maria Ungdom, S:t Görans Sjukhus, Box 500, S-112 81 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSheilagh Hodgins
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Department of Forensic Mental Health Science, Institution of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAnders Tengström
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Search for more papers by this authorAgne Larsson
Research Centre for Adolescents Psycho-social Health, Division of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
Aims To examine trajectories of resilience over 25 years among individuals who as adolescents received treatment for substance misuse, the clinical sample (CS) and a matched general population sample (GP).
Design Comparison of the CS and GP over 25 years using Swedish national registers of health care and criminality.
Setting A substance misuse clinic for adolescents in an urban area in Sweden.
Measurements Resilience was defined as the absence of substance misuse, hospitalizations for physical illnesses related to substance misuse, hospitalization for mental illness and law-abiding behaviour from ages 21 to 45 years.
Participants The CS included 701 individuals who as adolescents had consulted a clinic for substance misuse. The GP included 731 individuals selected randomly from the Swedish population and matched for age, sex and birthplace.
Findings A total of 52.4% of the GP and 24.4% of the CS achieved resilience in all domains through 25 years. Among the CS, another one-third initially displayed moderate levels of resilience that rose to high levels over time, one-quarter displayed decreasing levels of resilience over time, while 9.3% showed little but improving resilience and 8.8% showed no resilience. Levels of resilience were associated with the severity of substance misuse and delinquency in adolescence.
Conclusions Individuals who had presented substance misuse problems in adolescence were less likely to achieve resilience over the subsequent 25 years than was a matched general population sample, and among them, four distinct trajectories of resilience were identified. The severity and type of problems presented in adolescence distinguished the four trajectories.
Supporting Information
Appendix S1 Analytical plan.
Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Filename | Description |
---|---|
ADD_2914_sm_Appendix_S1.doc62.5 KB | Supporting info item |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1 Patel V., Flisher A. J., Hetrick S., McGorry P. Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. Lancet 2007; 369: 1302–13.
- 2 Toumbourou J. W., Stockwell T., Neighbors C., Marlatt G. A., Sturge J., Rehn J. Interventions to reduce harm associated with adolescent substance use. Lancet 2007; 369: 1391–401.
- 3 McCarty C. A., Ebel B. E., Garrison M. M., DiGiuseppe D. L., Christakis D. A., Rivara F. P. Continuity of binge and harmful drinking from late adolescence to early adulthood. Pediatrics 2004; 11: 714–19.
- 4 Merline A. C., O'Malley P. M., Schulenberg J. E., Bachman J. G., Johnston L. D. Substance use among 35 years of age: prevalence, adulthood predictors and impact of adolescent substance use. Am J Public Health 2004; 94: 96–102.
- 5 Rohde P., Lewinsohn P. M., Kahler C. W., Seeley J. R., Brown R. A. Natural course of alcohol use disorders from adolescence to young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 83–90.
- 6 Von Sydow K., Lieb R., Pfister H., Höfler M., Sonntag H., Wittchen H. U. The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over four years: a longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 64: 347–61.
- 7 Wells J. E., Horwood L. J., Fergusson D. M. Stability and instability in alcohol diagnosis from ages 18–21 and ages 21–25 years. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 81: 157–65.
- 8 Wennberg P., Andersson T., Bohman M. Psychosocial characteristics at age 10; differentiating between adult aclohol use pathways. A prospective longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2002; 27: 115–30.
- 9 Ellickson P. L., Martino S. C., Collins R. L. Marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: multiple developmental trajectories and their associated outcomes. Health Psychol 2004; 23: 299–307.
- 10 Ellickson P. L., Tucker J. S., Klein D. J. Ten-year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 949–55.
- 11 Larm P., Hodgins S., Larsson A., Molero Samuelson Y., Tengström A. Long-term outcomes of adolescents treated for substance misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 96: 79–89.
- 12 Odgers C. L., Moffitt T. E., Broadbent J. M., Dickson N., Hancox R. J., Harrington H. et al. Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20: 673–716.
- 13 Olsson M., Hansson K., Cederblad M. A long-term follow-up of conduct disorder adolescents into adulthood. Nor J Psychiatry 2006; 60: 469–79.
- 14 Wiesner M., Kim H. K., Capaldi D. M. Developmental trajectories of offending: validation and prediction to young adult alcohol use, drug use, and depressive symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 17: 251–70.
- 15 Luthar S. S. Vulnerability and resilience: a study of high-risk adolescents. Child Dev 1991; 62: 600–16.
- 16 Radke-Yarrow M., Brown E. Resilience and vulnerability in children of multiple-risk families. Dev Psychopathol 1993; 5: 581–92.
- 17
Werner E. E.,
Smith R. S.
Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1992.
10.7591/9781501711992 Google Scholar
- 18 Appleyard K., Egeland B., Van Dulmen M. H. M., Sroufe L. A. When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46: 235–45.
- 19 Goodyer I. M., Kolvin I., Gatzanis S. The impact of recent undesirable life events on psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151: 179–84.
- 20 Sameroff A. J. Dialectical processes in developmental psychopathology. In: A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, S. Miller, editors. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, 2nd edn. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press; 2000, p. 23–40.
- 21 Stattin H., Romelsjö A., Stenbacka M. Personal resources as modifiers of the risk for future criminality: an analysis of protective factors in relation to 18-year-old boys. Br J Criminol 1997; 37: 198–223.
- 22 Moffitt T. E., Caspi A. Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Dev Psychopathol 2001; 13: 355–75.
- 23 Hussong A. M., Curran P. J., Moffitt T. E., Caspi A., Carrig M. M. Substance abuse hinders desistance in young adults' antisocial behavior. Dev Psychopathol 2004; 16: 1029–46.
- 24 Lahey B. B., Loeber R., Burke J. D., Applegate B. Predicting future antisocial personality disorder in males from a clinical assessment in childhood. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73: 389–99.
- 25 McCabe K. M., Hough R., Wood P. A., Yeh M. Childhood and adolescent onset conduct disorder: a test of the developmental taxonomy. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2001; 29: 305–16.
- 26 Brennan P. A., Hall J., Bor W., Najman J. M., Williams G. Integrating biological and social processes in relation to early-onset persistent aggression in boys and girls. Dev Psychol 2003; 39: 309–23.
- 27 Aguilar B., Sroufe L. A., Egeland B., Carlson E. Distinguishing the early-onset-persistent and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior types: from birth to 16 years. Dev Psychopathol 2000; 12: 109–32.
- 28 Donnellan M. B., Ge X., Wenk E. Cognitive abilities in adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent criminal offenders. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109: 396–402.
- 29 Raine A., Moffitt T. E., Caspi A., Loeber R., Stouthamer-Loeber M., Lynam D. Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path. J Abnorm Psychol 2005; 114: 38–49.
- 30 Luthar S. S., Cicchetti D., Becker B. The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev 2000; 71: 543–62.
- 31 Luthar S. S., Brown P. J. Maximizing resilience through diverse levels of inquiry: prevailing paradigms, possibilities, and priorities for the future. Dev Psychopathol 2007; 19: 931–55.
- 32 Roisman G. I. Conceptual clarifications in the study of resilience. Am Psychol 2005; 60: 265–67.
- 33 Masten A. S. Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. Am Psychol 2001; 56: 227–38.
- 34 Vanderbilt-Adriance E., Shaw E. Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2008; 11: 30–58.
- 35 Welsh B. C., Farrington D. P. Effectiveness of family-based programs to prevent delinquency and later offending. Psicothema 2006; 18: 596–602.
- 36 Woolfenden S. R., Williams K., Peat J. K. Family and parenting interventions for conduct disorder and delinquency: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 251–6.
- 37 William R. J., Chang S. Y. A comprehensive and comparative review of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2000; 7: 138–66.
- 38 Chung T., Martin C. S., Grella C. E., Winters K. C., Abrantes A. M., Brown S. A. Course of alcohol problems in treated adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27: 253–61.
- 39 Chung T., Martin C. S., Clark D. B. Concurrent change in alcohol and drug problems among treated adolescents over three years. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2008; 69: 420–29.
- 40
Winters K. C.
Treating adolescents with substance use disorders: an overview of practice issues and treatment outcome.
Subst Abuse
1999; 20: 203–25.
10.1080/08897079909511407 Google Scholar
- 41 Muthén B., Shedden K. Finite mixture modeling with mixture outcomes using the EM algorithm. Biometrics 1999; 55: 463–69.
- 42
Muthén B.
Latent variable analysis: growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In: D. Kaplan, editor.
Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2004, p.
345–67.
10.4135/9781412986311.n19 Google Scholar
- 43 Hodgins S., Larm P., Molero-Samuelson Y., Tengström A., Larsson A. Multiple adverse outcomes over 30 years following adolescent substance misuse treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119: 484–93.
- 44 Cook R. L., Clark D. B. Is there an association between alcohol consumption and sexually transmitted diseases? A systematic review. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 156–64.
- 45 Room R., Babor T., Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet 2005; 365: 519–30.
- 46 Single E., Rehm J., Robson L., Truong M. V. The relative risks and etiologic fractions of different causes of death and disease attributable to alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use in Canada. Can Med Assoc J 2000; 162: 1669–75.
- 47 Schwartz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 1978; 6: 461–64.
- 48 Sclove L. Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika 1987; 52: 333–43.
- 49 Lo Y., Mendell N., Rubin D. Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika 2001; 88: 767–78.
- 50 Muthén L. K., Muthén B. O. Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 882–91.
- 51 Bushway S., Piquero A., Broidy L., Cauffman E., Mozerolle P. An empirical framework for studying desistance as a process. Criminology 2001; 39: 491–515.
- 52 Casswell S., Pledger M., Hooper R. Socioeconomic status and drinking patterns in young adults. Addiction 2003; 98: 601–10.
- 53 Chen K., Kandel D. B. The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample. Am J Public Health 1995; 85: 41–7.
- 54 Farrington D. P. The Twelfth Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture. The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995; 36: 929–64.
- 55
Farrington D. P.
Criminology.
Crim Behav Ment Health
2002; 12: S10–S16.
10.1002/cbm.513 Google Scholar
- 56 O’Malley P. M. Maturing out of problematic alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health 2004/2005; 28: 202–4.
- 57 Schulenberg J., Maggs J., Hurrelman K. Health Risks and Developmental Transitions during Adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
- 58 Piquero A. R., Moffitt T. E. Explaining the facts of crime: how the developmental taxonomy replies to Farrington's invitation. In: D. P. Farrington, editor. Integrated Developmental and Life-Course Theories of Offending. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction; 2005, p. 51–72.
- 59 Farrington D. P., Gallagher B., Morley L., St Ledger R. J., West D. J. Are there any successful men from criminogenic backgrounds? Psychiatry 1988; 51: 116–30.
- 60 DuMont K. A., Widom C. S., Czaja S. J. Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: the role of individual and neighbourhood characteristics. Child Abuse Negl 2007; 31: 255–74.
- 61 Masten A. S., Burt K. B., Roisman G. I., Obradović J., Long J. D., Tellegen A. Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: continuity and change. Dev Psychopathol 2004; 16: 1071–94.
- 62 Clark D. B., Jones B. L., Wood D. S., Cornelius J. R. Substance use disorder trajectory classes: diachronic integration of onset age, severity, and course. Addict Behav 2006; 31: 995–1009.
- 63 Jacob T., Bucholz K. K., Sartor C. E., Howell D. N., Wood P. K. Drinking trajectories from adolescence to the mid-forties among alcohol dependent males. J Stud Alcohol 2005; 66: 745–55.
- 64 Xie H., Drake R., McHugo G. Are there distinctive trajectory groups in substance abuse remission over 10 years? An application of the group-based modeling approach. Adm Policy Ment Health 2006; 33: 423–32.
- 65 Patton G. C., Coffey C., Lynskey M. T., Reid S., Hemphill S., Carlin J. B. et al. Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction 2007; 102: 607–15.
- 66 Semple D. M., McIntosh A. M., Lawrie S. M. Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19: 187–94.
- 67 Ge X., Donnellan M. B., Wenk E. The development of persistent criminal offending in males. Crim Justice Behav 2001; 28: 731–55.
- 68 Moffitt T. E., Caspi A., Harrington H., Milne B. Males on the life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: follow-up at age 26. Dev Psychopathol 2002; 14: 179–206.
- 69
Kratzer L.,
Hodgins S.
A typology of offenders: a test of Moffitt's theory among males and females from childhood to age 30.
Crim Behav Ment Health
1999; 9: 57–73.
10.1002/cbm.291 Google Scholar
- 70 Odgers C. L., Caspi A., Broadbent J. M., Dickson N., Hancox R. J., Harrington H. et al. Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 476–84.