ORIGINAL PAPER
The effect of extra virgin olive oil on anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with depression, a double-blind randomised controlled trial
Sahar Foshati,
Ahmad Ghanizadeh,
Masoumeh Akhlaghi,
Sahar Foshati
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAhmad Ghanizadeh
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, UCLA-Kern Psychiatry Residency Program, Kern Medical, Bakersfield, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Masoumeh Akhlaghi
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Masoumeh Akhlaghi, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSahar Foshati,
Ahmad Ghanizadeh,
Masoumeh Akhlaghi,
Sahar Foshati
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAhmad Ghanizadeh
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, UCLA-Kern Psychiatry Residency Program, Kern Medical, Bakersfield, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Masoumeh Akhlaghi
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Masoumeh Akhlaghi, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information
The results presented herein were extracted from the thesis written by Ms Sahar Foshati. The project was financially supported by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (grant number 94-01-87-10037).
Abstract
Background
Epidemiological evidence suggests a mutual association between depression and obesity and also an anti-obesity effect for olive oil. We examined the effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on weight, waist circumference, and a number of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with depression.
Methods
The randomised double-blind controlled trial was conducted on 62 patients with depression. Patients were randomly allocated to EVOO and sunflower oil groups (n = 31 for each) that consumed 25 mL/day of the corresponding oils for 52 days. An isocaloric diet was prescribed to each patient according to his/her previous energy intake with considering the energy provided by the administered oils. Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood lipids, malondialdehyde, and hs-C reactive protein (CRP) analysis were performed using the intention-to-treat approach.
Results
BMI was significantly decreased in sunflower oil group (−0.20 ± 0.53 kg/m2, P = .047) and waist circumference was significantly decreased in EVOO group (−2.15 ± 2.09 cm, P < .001); however, only reduction of waist circumference was significantly different between groups (P < .001). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly increased in EVOO group (3.02 ± 6.79 mg/dL, P = .03), without showing a significant between-group difference. Other lipids, malondialdehyde, and hs-CRP did not change.
Conclusion
Overall, the results suggest that both EVOO and sunflower oil may benefit overweight patients with depression, as they respectively decreased waist circumference and BMI without need for administration of a low-calorie diet.
REFERENCES
- 1 GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 1789-1858.
- 2Smith K. Mental health: a world of depression. Nature. 2014; 515(7526): 181. https://doi.org/10.1038/515180a
- 3Colton CW, Manderscheid RW. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006; 3(2): A42.
- 4Jantaratnotai N, Mosikanon K, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. The interface of depression and obesity. Obesity Res Clin Pract. 2017; 11(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.003
- 5de Wit L, Luppino F, van Straten A, Penninx B, Zitman F, Cuijpers P. Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 178(2): 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.015
- 6Pereira-Miranda E, Costa PRF, Queiroz VAO, Pereira-Santos M, Santana MLP. Overweight and obesity associated with higher depression prevalence in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017; 36(3): 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2016.1261053
- 7Mulugeta A, Zhou A, Power C, Hyppönen E. Obesity and depressive symptoms in mid-life: a population-based cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018; 18(1): 297. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1877-6
- 8Allison DB, Newcomer JW, Dunn AL, et al. Obesity among those with mental disorders: a National Institute of Mental Health meeting report. Am J Prev Med. 2009; 36(4): 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.11.020
- 9Wurtman J, Wurtman R. The trajectory from mood to obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2018; 7(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0291-6
- 10Neeland IJ, Poirier P, Després JP. Cardiovascular and metabolic heterogeneity of obesity: clinical challenges and implications for management. Circulation. 2018; 137(13): 1391-1406. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029617
- 11Longo M, Zatterale F, Naderi J, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(9): 2358.
- 12McIntyre L, Wu X, Kwok C, Patten SB. The pervasive effect of youth self-report of hunger on depression over 6 years of follow up. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017; 52(5): 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1361-5
- 13Pérez-Martínez P, García-Ríos A, Delgado-Lista J, Pérez-Jiménez F, López-Miranda J. Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Des. 2011; 17(8): 769-777.
- 14Soriguer F, Almaraz MC, Ruiz-de-Adana MS, et al. Incidence of obesity is lower in persons who consume olive oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63(11): 1371-1374. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.65
- 15Bes-Rastrollo M, Sánchez-Villegas A, de la Fuente C, de Irala J, Martinez JA, Martínez-González MA. Olive oil consumption and weight change: the SUN prospective cohort study. Lipids. 2006; 41(3): 249-256.
- 16Razquin C, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernández-Crehuet J, Santos JM, Marti A. A Mediterranean diet rich in virgin olive oil may reverse the effects of the -174G/C IL6 gene variant on 3-year body weight change. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010; 54(Suppl 1): S75-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900257
- 17Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Biel-Glesson S, Fernandez-Navarro JR, et la. Effects of virgin olive oils differing in their bioactive compound contents on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy adults: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Nutrients. 2019; 11(3): 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030561
- 18Lindqvist D, Dhabhar FS, James SJ, et al. Oxidative stress, inflammation and treatment response in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017; 76: 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.031
- 19Nigam P, Bhatt S, Misra A, et al. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014; 16(4): 255-261.
- 20At B, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961; 4: 561-571.
- 21Guarrasi V, Mangione MR, Sanfratello V, Martorana V, Bulone D. Quantification of underivatized fatty acids from vegetable oils by HPLC with UV detection. J Chromatogr Sci. 2010; 48: 663-668.
- 22Jentzsch AM, Bachmann H, Fürst P, Biesalski HK. Improved analysis of malondialdehyde in human body fluids. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996; 20: 251-256.
- 23Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(8): 1381-1395.
- 24Shidfar F, Bahrololumi SS, Doaei S, Mohammadzadeh A, Gholamalizadeh M, Mohammadimanesh A. The effects of extra virgin olive oil on alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ultrasonographic indices of hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients undergoing low calorie diet. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018; 17(2018):1053710. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1053710
- 25Brunerova L, Smejkalova V, Potockova J, Andel M. A comparison of the influence of a high-fat diet enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids and conventional diet on weight loss and metabolic parameters in obese non-diabetic and Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2007; 24(5): 533-540.
- 26Cândido FG, Valente FX, da Silva LE, Coelho OG, Peluzio MD, Alfenas RD. Consumption of extra virgin olive oil improves body composition and blood pressure in women with excess body fat: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018; 57(7): 2445-2455.
- 27Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, et al. Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: a prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019; 7(5): e6-e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30074-9
- 28Krishnan S, Cooper JA. Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans. Eur J Nutr. 2014; 53(3): 691-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0638-z
- 29DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH. Good fats versus bad fats: a comparison of fatty acids in the promotion of insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity. Mo Med. 2017; 114(4): 303-307.
- 30Dobrzyn P, Sampath H, Dobrzyn A, Miyazaki M, Ntambi JM. Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibits fatty acid oxidation and increases glucose utilization in the heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 294(2): E357-E364.
- 31Jones PJ, Ridgen JE, Phang PT, Birmingham CL. Influence of dietary fat polyunsaturated to saturated ratio on energy substrate utilization in obesity. Metabolism. 1992; 41(4): 396-401.
- 32Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K. The influence of the type of dietary fat on postprandial fat oxidation rates: monounsaturated (olive oil) vs saturated fat (cream). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26(6): 814-821.
- 33Ozato N, Saito S, Yamaguchi T, et al. Association between nutrients and visceral fat in healthy Japanese adults: a 2-year longitudinal study brief title: micronutrients associated with visceral fat accumulation. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2698.
- 34Rezaei S, Akhlaghi M, Sasani MR, Barati BR. Olive oil lessened fatty liver severity independent of cardiometabolic correction in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrition. 2019; 57: 154-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.021
- 35Ponnalagu SD, Bi X, Henry CJ. Is waist circumference more strongly associated with metabolic risk factors than waist-to-height ratio in Asians? Nutrition. 2019; 60: 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.005
- 36Labad J, Price JF, Strachan MW, et al. Symptoms of depression but not anxiety are associated with central obesity and cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. Diabetologia. 2010; 53(3): 467-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1628-9
- 37Amare AT, Schubert KO, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Cohen-Woods S, Baune BT. The genetic overlap between mood disorders and cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review of genome wide and candidate gene studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2017; 7(1):e1007. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.261
- 38Faith MS, Butryn M, Wadden TA, Fabricatore A, Nguyen AM, Heymsfield SB. Evidence for prospective associations among depression and obesity in population-based studies. Obes Rev. 2011; 12(5): e438-e453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00843.x
- 39Faulconbridge LF, Driscoll CFB, Hopkins CM, et al. Combined treatment for obesity and depression: a pilot study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018; 26(7): 1144-1152. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22209
- 40Bowen KJ, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, et al. Diets enriched with conventional or high-oleic acid canola oils lower atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins compared to a diet with a western fatty acid profile in adults with central adiposity. J Nutr. 2019; 149(3): 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy307
- 41Bos MB, de Vries JH, Feskens EJ, et al. Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acids diet and a Mediterranean diet on serum lipids and insulin sensitivity in adults with mild abdominal obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010; 20(8): 591-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.05.008
- 42Tindall AM, Kris-Etherton PM, Petersen KS. Replacing Saturated Fats with Unsaturated Fats from Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Lowers Atherogenic Lipoprotein Classes Without Increasing Lipoprotein(a). J Nutri. 2020; 150(4): 818-825. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz313
- 43Hannon BA, Thompson SV, An R, Teran-Garcia M. Clinical outcomes of dietary replacement of saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fat sources in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017; 71(1–2): 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1159/000477216
- 44Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Benčič A, Knüppel S, Boeing H, Hoffmann G. Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Lipid Res. 2018; 59(9): 1771-1782. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P085522
- 45Soriguer F, Rojo-Martínez G, Goday A, et al. Olive oil has a beneficial effect on impaired glucose regulation and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Diabetes study . Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013; 67(9): 911-916. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.130
- 46Flynn MM, Reinert SE. Comparing an olive oil-enriched diet to a standard lower-fat diet for weight loss in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study. J Women's Health (Larchmt). 2010; 19(6): 1155-1161. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1759
- 47de Bruin TW, Brouwer CB, van Linde-Sibenius TM, Jansen H, Erkelens DW. Different postprandial metabolism of olive oil and soybean oil: a possible mechanism of the high-density lipoprotein conserving effect of olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 58(4): 477-483.
- 48Hernáez Á, Fernández-Castillejo S, Farràs M, et al. Olive oil polyphenols enhance high-density lipoprotein function in humans: a randomized controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014; 34(9): 2115-2119. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303374
- 49Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, et al. Corn oil intake favorably impacts lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particle levels compared with extra-virgin olive oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017; 71(1): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.169
- 50Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71(2): 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b
- 51Liu T, Zhong S, Liao X, et al. A meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in depression. PLoS One. 2015; 10(10):e0138904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138904
- 52Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Derry HM, Fagundes CP. Inflammation: depression fans the flames and feasts on the heat. Am J Psychiatry. 2015; 172(11): 1075-1091. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020152
