Prescription switching: Rationales and risks
Corresponding Author
Michael G. Kirby
The Prostate Centre, London, UK
Correspondence
Michael G. Kirby, 30 Wedon Way, Bygrave, Baldock, Herts SG7 5DX.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPaula Allchorne
Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJames S. A. Green
Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Michael G. Kirby
The Prostate Centre, London, UK
Correspondence
Michael G. Kirby, 30 Wedon Way, Bygrave, Baldock, Herts SG7 5DX.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPaula Allchorne
Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJames S. A. Green
Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Background
Therapeutic drug switching is commonplace across a broad range of indications and, within a drug class, is often facilitated by the availability of multiple drugs considered equivalent. Such treatment changes are often considered to improve outcomes via better efficacy or fewer side effects, or to be more cost-effective. Drug switching can be both appropriate and beneficial for several reasons; however, switching can also be associated with negative consequences.
Aim
To consider the impact of switching in two situations: the use of statins as a well-studied example of within-class drug switching, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-targeting drug switching as an example of cross-class switching.
Results
With the example of statins, within-class switching may be justified to reduce side effects, although the decision to switch is often also driven by the lower cost of generic formulations. With the example of GnRH agonists/antagonists, switching often occurs without the realisation that these drugs belong to different classes, with potential clinical implications.
Conclusion
Lessons emerging from these examples will help inform healthcare practitioners who may be considering switching drug prescriptions.
DISCLOSURES
RG has received honoraria from Astellas Pharma. DJR has attended advisory groups for Ferring, received an unrestricted educational grant from Bayer and is a holder of programme grants from NIHR. MK, PA, TA, PD, JG and DG declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
- 1Atif M, Azeem M, Sarwar MR. Potential problems and recommendations regarding substitution of generic antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of literature. Springerplus. 2016; 5: 182.
- 2Carter NJ, Keam SJ. Degarelix: a review of its use in patients with prostate cancer. Drugs. 2014; 74: 699-712.
- 3Coppola A, Marrone E, Conca P, et al. Safety of switching factor VIII products in the era of evolving concentrates: myths and facts. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2016; 42: 563-576.
- 4De Luca L, Capranzano P, Patti G, Parodi G. Switching of platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Review of the literature and practical considerations. Am Heart J. 2016; 176: 44-52.
- 5Keks N, Hope J, Keogh S. Switching and stopping antidepressants. Aust Prescr. 2016; 39: 76-83.
- 6Kerdel F, Zaiac M. An evolution in switching therapy for psoriasis patients who fail to meet treatment goals. Dermatol Ther. 2015; 28: 390-403.
- 7Mercadante S, Bruera E. Opioid switching in cancer pain: from the beginning to nowadays. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016; 99: 241-248.
- 8Reddy SM, Crean S, Martin AL, Burns MD, Palmer JB. Real-world effectiveness of anti-TNF switching in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2016; 35: 2955-2966.
- 9 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Orange Book Preface. 2019. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/orange-book-preface. Accessed July 17, 2018.
- 10Arca M, Pigna G, Favoccia C. Management of statin-intolerant patient. Panminerva Med. 2012; 54: 105-118.
- 11Stargardt T. The impact of reference pricing on switching behaviour and healthcare utilisation: the case of statins in Germany. Eur J Health Econ. 2010; 11: 267-277.
- 12Braido F, Lavorini F, Blasi F, Baiardini I, Canonica GW. Switching treatments in COPD: implications for costs and treatment adherence. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015; 10: 2601-2608.
- 13Sochman J, Podzimkova M. Not all statins are alike: induced rhabdomyolysis on changing from one statin to another one. Int J Cardiol. 2005; 99: 145-146.
- 14Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. To switch (statins) or not to switch? That is the question. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010; 11: 2943-2946.
- 15Liew D, Webb K, Meerding W-J, Buskens E, Jukema JW. Potential cardiovascular consequences of switching from atorvastatin to generic simvastatin in the Netherlands. Neth Heart J. 2012; 20: 197-201.
- 16Folse H, Sternhufvud C, Andy Schuetz C, Rengarajan B, Gandhi S. Impact of switching treatment from rosuvastatin to atorvastatin on rates of cardiovascular events. Clin Ther. 2014; 36: 58-69.
- 17Albertsen PC, Klotz L, Tombal B, Grady J, Olesen TK, Nilsson J. Cardiovascular morbidity associated with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and an antagonist. Eur Urol. 2014; 65: 565-573.
- 18Kakavas PW, McManus JL, Wolfe TA, et al. The need for a systematic approach to statin switching: an analysis of real-world experience. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013; 28: 565-572.
- 19Yamauchi PS, Bissonnette R, Teixeira HD, Valdecantos WC. Systematic review of efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in patients with psoriasis previously treated with a different anti-TNF agent. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 75: 612-618.
- 20 NHS Foundation Trust. Guidelines for Antipsychotic Medication Switches. 2019. https://www.humber.nhs.uk/Downloads/Services/Pharmacy/Guidelines/Antipsychotic%20medication%20switches%20guidelines.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2012.
- 21Little A. Treatment-resistant depression. Am Fam Physician. 2009; 80: 167-172.
- 22Václavík J, Vysočanová P, Seidlerová J, et al. Reasons for switching antihypertensive medication in general practice: a cross-sectional Czech nationwide survey. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014; 93: e168.
- 23ConwayLenihan A, Ahern S, Moore S, Cronin J, Woods N. Factors influencing the variation in GMS prescribing expenditure in Ireland. Health Econ Rev. 2016; 6: 13.
- 24Moon JC, Flett AS, Godman BB, Grosso AM, Wierzbicki AS. Getting better value from the NHS drug budget. BMJ. 2010; 341: c6449.
- 25Heinze G, Hronsky M, Reichardt B, et al. Potential savings in prescription drug costs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus by equivalent drug substitution in Austria: a nationwide cohort study. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2015; 13: 193-205.
- 26Johnston A, Stafylas P, Stergiou GS. Effectiveness, safety and cost of drug substitution in hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010; 70: 320-334.
- 27Moon JC, Bogle RG. Switching statins. BMJ. 2006; 332: 1344-1345.
- 28Corrao G, Soranna D, Merlino L, Mancia G. Similarity between generic and brand-name antihypertensive drugs for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: evidence from a large population-based study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014; 44: 933-939.
- 29Johnston A. Challenges of therapeutic substitution of drugs for economic reasons: focus on CVD prevention. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010; 26: 871-878.
- 30Sirtori CR. The pharmacology of statins. Pharmacol Res. 2014; 88: 3-11.
- 31Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins on the cardiovascular system. Circ Res. 2017; 120: 229-243.
- 32Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011; 305: 2556-2564.
- 33Colombo GL, Agabiti-Rosei E, Margonato A, et al. Impact of substitution among generic drugs on persistence and adherence: a retrospective claims data study from 2 Local Healthcare Units in the Lombardy Region of Italy. Atheroscler Suppl. 2016; 21: 1-8.
- 34Degli Esposti L, Sangiorgi D, Buda S, Degli Esposti E, Scaglione F. Therapy discontinuation or substitution in patients with cardiovascular disease, switching among different products of the same off-patent active substance: a 'real-world' retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016; 6:e012003.
- 35Trusell H, Sundell KA. Effects of generic substitution on refill adherence to statin therapy: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14: 626.
- 36Reiner Z. Statins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013; 10: 453-464.
- 37 NHS Choices website. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/statins/. Accessed September 2018.
- 38Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003; 326: 1423.
- 39Frishman WH, Horn J. Statin-drug interactions: not a class effect. Cardiol Rev. 2008; 16: 205-212.
- 40Klotz U. Pharmacological comparison of the statins. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003; 53: 605-611.
- 41Kakuda H, Matoba M, Nakatoh H, Nagao S, Takekoshi N. Effects of change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by statin switching on glucose metabolism and renal function in hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2015; 9: 709-715.
- 42Garabedian T, Alam S. High residual platelet reactivity on clopidogrel: its significance and therapeutic challenges overcoming clopidogrel resistance. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2013; 3: 23-37.
- 43Park Y, Jeong Y-H, Tantry US, et al. Accelerated platelet inhibition by switching from atorvastatin to a non-CYP3A4-metabolized statin in patients with high platelet reactivity (ACCEL-STATIN) study. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33: 2151-2162.
- 44Farid NA, Small DS, Payne CD, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy. 2008; 28: 1483-1494.
- 45Müller I, Besta F, Schulz C, Li Z, Massberg S, Gawaz M. Effects of statins on platelet inhibition by a high loading dose of clopidogrel. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2195-2197.
- 46Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Marazzi G, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin in coronary artery disease patients with normal platelet reactivity while on dual antiplatelet therapy–the PEARL randomized cross-over study. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014; 725: 18-22.
- 47Saw J, Brennan DM, Steinhubl SR, et al. Lack of evidence of a clopidogrel-statin interaction in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50: 291-295.
- 48Vinholt P, Poulsen TS, Korsholm L, et al. The antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel is not attenuated by statin treatment in stable patients with ischemic heart disease. Thromb Haemost. 2005; 94: 438-443.
- 49Wei MY, Ito MK, Cohen JD, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA. Predictors of statin adherence, switching, and discontinuation in the USAGE survey: understanding the use of statins in America and gaps in patient education. J Clin Lipidol. 2013; 7: 472-483.
- 50Brinton EA. Understanding Patient Adherence and Concerns with STatins and MedicatION Discussions With Physicians (ACTION): A survey on the patient perspective of dialogue with healthcare providers regarding statin therapy. Clin Cardiol. 2018; 41: 710-720.
- 51Krska J, Allison K, Delargy M, Murray L, Smith H. Implementing a statin switching programme in primary care: patients' views and experiences. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012; 74: 147-153.
- 52Ashcroft JS. Switching statins: cost of simvastatin is overestimated. BMJ. 2006; 332: 1512.
- 53Mackenzie DG. Switching statins: NICE tool overestimates benefits of statins. BMJ. 2006; 332: 1512-1513.
- 54Kesselheim AS, Bykov K, Avorn J, Tong A, Doherty M, Choudhry NK. Burden of changes in pill appearance for patients receiving generic cardiovascular medications after myocardial infarction: cohort and nested case-control studies. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 161: 96-103.
- 55Vodonos A, Ostapenko I, Toledano R, et al. Statin adherence and LDL cholesterol levels. Should we assess adherence prior to statin upgrade? Eur J Intern Med. 2015; 26: 268-272.
- 56Anderson J. Degarelix: a novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone blocker for the treatment of prostate cancer. Future Oncol. 2009; 5: 433-443.
- 57Van Poppel H. LHRH agonists versus GnRH antagonists for the treatment of prostate cancer. Belgian J Med Oncol. 2010; 4: 18-22.
- 58Thompson IM. Flare associated with LHRH-agonist therapy. Rev Urol. 2001; 3: S10-S14.
- 59Morote J, Esquena S, Abascal JM, et al. Failure to maintain a suppressed level of serum testosterone during long-acting depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Urol Int. 2006; 77: 135-138.
- 60Morote J, Planas J, Salvador C, Raventós CX, Catalán R, Reventós J. Individual variations of serum testosterone in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy. BJU Int. 2009; 103: 332–335; discussion 335.
- 61Schröder FH, Tombal B, Miller K, et al. Changes in alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with prostate cancer receiving degarelix or leuprolide: results from a 12-month, comparative, phase III study. BJU Int. 2010; 106: 182-187.
- 62Tombal B, Miller K, Boccon-Gibod L, et al. Additional analysis of the secondary end point of biochemical recurrence rate in a phase 3 trial (CS21) comparing degarelix 80 mg versus leuprolide in prostate cancer patients segmented by baseline characteristics. Eur Urol. 2010; 57: 836-842.
- 63Crawford ED, Shore ND, Moul JW, et al. Long-term tolerability and efficacy of degarelix: 5-year results from a phase III extension trial with a 1-arm crossover from leuprolide to degarelix. Urology. 2014; 83: 1122-1128.
- 64Klotz L, Boccon-Gibod L, Shore ND, et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2008; 102: 1531-1538.
- 65Crawford ED, Tombal B, Miller K, et al. A phase III extension trial with a 1-arm crossover from leuprolide to degarelix: comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist effect on prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011; 186: 889-897.
- 66Crawford ED, Schally AV, Pinthus JH, et al. The potential role of follicle-stimulating hormone in the cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and cognitive effects associated with androgen deprivation therapy. Urol Oncol. 2017; 35: 183-191.
- 67Klotz L, Miller K, Crawford ED, et al. Disease control outcomes from analysis of pooled individual patient data from five comparative randomised clinical trials of degarelix versus luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Eur Urol. 2014; 66: 1101-1108.
- 68 Prostate Cancer UK. Hormone therapy. 2016. https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information/treatments/hormone-therapy. Accessed July 17, 2019.
- 69 Cancer Research UK. What is hormone therapy? 2019. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy/about-hormone-therapy. Accessed July 17, 2019.
- 70Kittai AS, Blank J, Graff JN. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2018; 32: 599–602, 604-606.
- 71Cui Y, Zong H, Yan H, Li N, Zhang Y. Degarelix versus goserelin plus bicalutamide therapy for lower urinary tract symptom relief, prostate volume reduction and quality of life improvement in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Int. 2014; 93: 152-159.
- 72Mottet N, van den Bergh R, Briers E, et al. EAU Guideline - Prostate Cancer. 2019. https://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/. Accessed July 17, 2019.
- 73Lebret T, Ruffion A, Latorzeff I, et al. Criteria for indication and treatment modification in a cohort of patients with prostate cancer treated with hormone therapy. Ther Adv Urol. 2018; 10: 365-376.
- 74Hupe MC, Hammerer P, Ketz M, Kossack N, Colling C, Merseburger AS. Retrospective analysis of patients with prostate cancer initiating GnRH agonists/antagonists therapy using a German claims database: epidemiological and patient outcomes. Front Oncol. 2018; 8: 543.
- 75Lee D, Porter J, Gladwell D, Brereton N, Nielsen SK. A cost-utility analysis of degarelix in the treatment of advanced hormone-dependent prostate cancer in the United Kingdom. J Med Econ. 2014; 17: 233-247.
- 76Van Poppel H, Klotz L. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: an update review of the antagonists versus agonists. Int J Urol. 2012; 19: 594-601.
- 77Graafland N, Rashani H, Barten E, et al. Satisfaction and tolerability among men with advanced hormone-dependent prostate carcinoma treated with one-monthly subcutaneous administration of degarelix in The Netherlands. Urology. 2014; 4: S97–S98. [abstract:MP-16.07].
- 78Barkin J, Burton S, Lambert C. Optimizing subcutaneous injection of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist degarelix. Can J Urol. 2016; 23: 8179-8183.
- 79Miller K, Simson G, Goble S, Persson BE. Efficacy of degarelix in prostate cancer patients following failure on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment: results from an open-label, multicentre, uncontrolled, phase II trial (CS27). Ther Adv Urol. 2015; 7: 105-115.
- 80Keating NL, O'Malley AJ, Freedland SJ, Smith MR. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy: observational study of veterans with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010; 102: 39-46.
- 81Jespersen CG, Norgaard M, Borre M. Androgen-deprivation therapy in treatment of prostate cancer and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a nationwide Danish population-based cohort study. Eur Urol. 2014; 65: 704-709.
- 82Gandaglia G, Sun M, Popa I, et al. The impact of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) on the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer: a population-based study. BJU Int. 2014; 114: E82-E89.
- 83Gandaglia G, Sun M, Popa I, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in patients with metastatic prostate cancer exposed to androgen deprivation therapy: a population-based study. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015; 13: e123-130.
- 84Håkonsen H, Toverud E-L. A review of patient perspectives on generics substitution: what are the challenges for optimal drug use. Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal. 2012; 1: 28-32.
10.5639/gabij.2012.0101.008 Google Scholar
- 85Duerden MG, Hughes DA. Generic and therapeutic substitutions in the UK: are they a good thing? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010; 70: 335-341.
- 86Doyle S, Lloyd A, Williams A, et al. What happens to patients who have their asthma device switched without their consent? Prim Care Respir J. 2010; 19: 131-139.
- 87Bjornsdottir US, Gizurarson S, Sabale U. Potential negative consequences of non-consented switch of inhaled medications and devices in asthma patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2013; 67: 904-910.
- 88Thompson W, Black C, Welch V, Farrell B, Bjerre LM, Tugwell P. Patient values and preferences surrounding proton pump inhibitor use: a scoping review. Patient. 2018; 11: 17-28.
- 89 General Medical Council. Good practice in prescribing and managing medicines and devices. www.gmc-uk.org/guidance. Accessed April 2018.
- 90 General Medical Council. Financial and commercial arrangements and conflicts of interest. www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/30191.asp. Accessed April 2018.
- 91Chan SW, Tulloch ED, Cooper ES, Smith A, Wojcik W, Norman JE. Montgomery and informed consent: where are we now? BMJ. 2017; 357: j2224.
- 92AlAmeri M, Epstein M, Johnston A. Generic and therapeutic substitutions: are they always ethical in their own terms? Pharm World Sci. 2010; 32: 691-695.
- 93Lavorini F, Ninane V, Haughney J, Bjermer L, Molimard M, Dekhuijzen R. Switching from branded to generic inhaled medications: potential impact on asthma and COPD. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013; 10: 1597-1602.