Biofilm formation on metal alloys, zirconia and polyetherketoneketone as implant materials in vivo
Barbara Zeller
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Investigation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorSimone Stöckli
Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Investigation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorLucia K. Zaugg
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorMonika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Methodology (supporting)
Search for more papers by this authorIrmgard Hauser-Gerspach
Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorTuomas Waltimo
Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Project administration (equal), Supervision (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Nicola U. Zitzmann
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Correspondence
Nicola U. Zitzmann, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Mattentrasse 40, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources (equal), Supervision (lead), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Zeller
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Investigation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorSimone Stöckli
Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Investigation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorLucia K. Zaugg
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorMonika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Methodology (supporting)
Search for more papers by this authorIrmgard Hauser-Gerspach
Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorTuomas Waltimo
Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Project administration (equal), Supervision (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Nicola U. Zitzmann
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Correspondence
Nicola U. Zitzmann, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Mattentrasse 40, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources (equal), Supervision (lead), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Zeller and Simone Stöckli should be considered joint first authorship.
Tuomas Waltimo and Nicola U. Zitzmann should be considered joint senior author.
[Correction added on 06 October 2020 after first online publication: The electron microscopy image for PEKK in Figure 4 has been corrected in this current version.]
Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated biofilm formation on discs of metal alloys, zirconia and polyetherketoneketone in vivo.
Material and Methods
Sixteen healthy volunteers conducted two runs of 24 hr each wearing an intraoral splint with 15 discs representing five different materials (gold-based [EL] and silver-based [PA] noble metal alloys; zirconia [ZR]; polyetherketoneketone [PEKK]; titanium zirconium alloy [TiZr]). Safranin staining assays and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were conducted. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare materials, and geometric mean ratios with 95% confidence interval were calculated with the level of significance set at α = 0.05.
Results
Less biofilm mass and lower CFU counts were found on PA and EL, while ZR and PEKK developed similar levels as the reference material TiZr alloy. Compared with PA, biofilm mass was 1.5 times higher for EL (p = .004), 1.7 times higher for PEKK (p < .001), 2.2 times higher for TiZr (p < .001) and 2.4 times higher for ZR (p < .001). The culturing method confirmed these results for EL and PA with lower CFU compared to TiZr. The biomass staining technique and cell culturing correlated for EL and PA.
Conclusion
Silver-based noble alloy and gold-based high noble alloy demonstrated the least biofilm formation indicating a potential clinical use as material for implant components in the transmucosal compartment. Zirconia and Polyetherketoneketone revealed similar results as the reference material titanium zirconium alloy used in commercially available titanium dental implant.
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