The current study evaluated the effects of parsley essential oil on broiler growth performance, carcass features, liver and kidney functions, immunity and antioxidant activity, and lipid profile. A total of 160 unsexed 7-day broiler chicks (Cobb500) were distributed into five groups; each group contained five replicates with eight birds each. The treatments were (1) basal diet (no additive, T1), (2) basal diet + 0.5 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T2), (3) basal diet + 1 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T3), (4) basal diet + 1.5 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T4), and (5) basal diet + 2 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T5). According to GC-MS analysis, parsley oil contains D-limonene, hexadecanoic acid, α-cyclocitral, globulol, α-pinene, myristicin, cryophyllene, bergapten, α-chamigrene, etc. The current results indicated that the most abundant molecules in parsley oil were D-limonene (18.82%), oleic acid (14.52%), α-cyclocitral (11.75%), globulol (11.24%), α-guaiene (7.34%), apiol (5.45%), and hexadecanoic acid (4.69%). Adding parsley essential oil to the broiler diet quadratically increased body weight (BW) during 1–3 weeks of age. The T5 group recorded the highest value (869.37 g) of BW in comparison to other treatments and the control group. The cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total immunoglobulin, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in the birds fed parsley essential oil were not affected. The T3 group recorded the highest value (159 ng/mL) of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lowest value (2.01 ng/mL) of malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared to the control and other treatment. In conclusion, we recommend using parsley oil at levels of 1 mL/kg diet of broiler chicks.

1 INTRODUCTION

Phytogenic or botanicals contain specific components in active forms with biological functions to activate and support poultry intestinal health and performance during stress conditions when added in single or blend forms (Khoobani et al., 2020; Metwally, 2023; Soliman et al., 2024). The usual substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters in the chicken production industry are phytogenic feed additives, which include spices, probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and whole herbs and their extracts (Alagawany et al., 2018; Alghamdi et al., 2024). Herbal medicine mixtures can be utilized as feed additives to boost poultry performance by improving feed quality and characteristics (Safiullah et al., 2019) and to replace antibiotics in chicken diets (Ahmad et al., 2020). However, some of the components found in medicinal herbs and plants help broiler chicks perform better and consume less feed (Ali et al., 2019). Feeding herbal extracts reduced mortality and incidences of sudden death while improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 11% (Abo Omar et al., 2016). Supplementing specific medicinal plants or their mixes may improve the health and performance of chickens (Khoobani et al., 2020; Stoev et al., 2019). Compared to chemicals or antibiotics, medicinal plants or phytobiotics are safe, natural feed additives for use in animal production (Hady et al., 2016). The compounds found in medicinal herb extracts have antibacterial, palatable, and digestion-stimulating qualities. To increase poultry's body weight gain (BWG), phytobiotics may be utilized as promoters (Abdel-Ghaney et al., 2017). In this context, consumers now want meat products that are safe, devoid of antibiotic residues and have the highest possible quality while enhancing productivity (Haque et al., 2020).

Petroselinum crispum, a Mediterranean native and member of the Apiaceae family of aromatic medicinal plants, is also known as parsley and is grown all over the world (Mahmood et al., 2014). The herb is frequently utilized as a flavoring and spice in cooking (Eddouks et al., 2017). Parsley is abundant in zinc, β-carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, and some minerals (Daradkeh & Essa, 2016). Research and experimentation on the use of safe food additives to relieve oxidative stress and preserve birds' immune systems; examples of these include the widely used medicinal plants cardamom (AL-Yacoubi, 2004; Majeed et al., 2021) and parsley, which contains several significant active compounds, including flavonoids (Fejes et al., 2000; Potapovich & Kostyuk, 2003), and vitamin C (Papuc et al., 2016). Studies by Camilotti et al. (2015) showed that myristicin (5.08%) and apiol (41.05%) were the main components of parsley essential oil, which together accounted for 52.07% of the overall makeup. As a significant antioxidant, parsley is beneficial to the body's glutathione-reduced (GSH) metabolism process (Abdel-Wahhab & Aly, 2003, 2005; Cornescu et al., 2023; Nielsen et al., 1999). Iron, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A and C, and important mineral salts are all present in parsley (Ali et al., 2016). Additionally, because parsley has a high vitamin C concentration, it has a significant role in immune system development and avoiding cell oxidation (Nielsen et al., 2003). Myristicin, an essential oil found in parsley leaves, has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiproliferative, and highly efficient antibiotic properties against certain fungi and negative bacteria (Ojala et al., 2010). Furthermore, according to some authors (Hossain et al., 2011; Luthri, 2008), parsley is a significant source of phenolic compounds including gallic acid, luteolin, and flavones, which have the potential to be antioxidants, and apigenin, as well as redox-active chemicals, such as ascorbic acid and carotenoids. According to Wong and Kitts (2006), its phenolic content is what gives it its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Parsley's flavonoid, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and essential oil content contribute to its beneficial antioxidant qualities (Zhang et al., 2006). As a potent antioxidant that reduces heat stress, parsley essential oils were fed to chickens to enhance their health and productivity (Gopi et al., 2014). For 14 weeks under heat stress, the effect of parsley oil at levels of 0.3 or 0.6 or 0.9 mL/kg diet on the metric testicular histomorphology evaluation and semen purity in male Japanese quail was investigated, and a notable improvement was noted at a dietary inclusion rate of 0.9 mL parsley oil/kg (Razooqi et al., 2019). Furthermore, eating a diet high in parsley strengthens the antioxidant system at the cellular level, preventing stress-related stomach damage (Akıncı et al., 2017). It is hypothesized that the dietary supplementation of parsley essential oil is expected to exert beneficial impacts on the broiler chickens. Therefore, this study's objective was to investigate how parsley essential oil affected the lipid profile, liver and kidney function, growth performance, antioxidant activity, immunology, and carcass traits in broiler chickens.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Animal welfare statements

The authors attest that they complied with EU regulations for protecting animals used in research (ethical approval number ZU-IACUC/2/F/313/2023).

2.2 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry examination of parsley oil

Parsley oil was purchased from the company named “El Hawag for Natural Oils,” Cairo, Egypt. The major and minor compounds of parsley essential oil were identified and determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Agilent Technologies 6890 series, Wilmington, DE, USA) based on the methodology described by Adams (2017).

2.3 Birds, management, and experimental design

In an open-sided shed, the birds were held in floor pens containing wood shavings along the trail. A total of 160 unsexed 7-day Cobb500 with an average weight of 171.80 ± 0.49 g were used. Chicks were randomly distributed into five treatment groups, each consisting of four replications of eight chicks. The following were the groups: (1) basal diet (no additive, T1), (2) basal diet + 0.5 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T2), (3) basal diet + 1 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T3), (4) basal diet + 1.5 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T4), and (5) basal diet + 2 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T5).

Chicks were reared in standardized conditions from temperature, air humidity, light program, and feeding conditions. Raising the birds was performed according to the standard technology recommended for this species. The investigation was conducted 35 days following hatching. Chick requirements from water were supplied ad libitum. They were fed standard broiler feeds (National Research Council (NRC), 1994). The feed was provided to each group of broiler chicks (in pellet form) between the ages of 0 and 5 weeks. There were two phases to the commercial diets: starter (0–3 weeks) and growing (3–5 weeks). The composition and analysis of the basal diet are presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1. Composition and chemical analysis of the basal diets (starter and finisher diets).

Items	Starter	Finisher
Ingredients (%)
Yellow corn	50.53	59.25
Soybean meal	38.50	33.50
Soybean oil	0.30	1.40
Bran	7.50	3.00
Monocalcium phos	1.00	0.90
Limestone	1.30	1.20
Vit-min premix^a	0.30	0.30
NaCl	0.30	0.30
DL methionine	0.11	0.10
L-Lysine	0.11	0.01
Choline chloride 60%	0.05	0.04
Total	100	100
Calculated analysis^b (%)
CP	23.00	20.00
ME kcal/kg diet	2900	3100
Ca	1.00	0.90
P (available)	0.48	0.45
Lysine	1.40	1.20
M + C	0.92	0.72
CF	3.43	2.88
Linoleic acid	1.50	20.40

^a Growth vitamin and mineral premix. Each 2.5 kg consists of vitamin A 12,000,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000,000 IU; vitamin E 10 g; vitamin K3 2 g; vitamin B1, 1000 mg; vitamin B2, 49 g; vitamin B6, 105 g; vitamin B12, 10 mg; pantothenic acid, 10 g; niacin, 20 g; folic acid, 1000 mg; biotin, 50 g; choline chloride, 500 mg; Fe, 30 g; Mn, 40 g; Cu, 3 g; Co, 200 mg; Si, 100 mg; and Zn, 45 g.
^b Calculated according to NRC (1994).

2.4 Growth performance and carcass traits

Performances criteria including body weight (BW) and feed consumed (FC) per replicate were recorded weekly. Then BWG, feed consumption, and FCR were calculated at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of age. To evaluate the carcass traits, six birds were selected at random. The weights of the liver, gizzard, and heart were recorded and expressed as g/kg of killing weighing (KW) following the weighing of the carcasses. The weights of the giblet, dressed, and carcass were determined. The dressed weight was computed as follows: (weight of giblet plus weight of carcass)/weight of live bird (Kirrella et al., 2023).

2.5 Blood chemistry

At the same time of slaughter, six samples of blood were collected in sterilized tubes from the six chicks per treatment. Blood was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min to collect plasma. The clear plasma was transferred carefully to clean and dry vials and stored at −20 C until analysis for total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), creatinine, urea grades, total cholesterol, triglycerides (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). The following model was used to calculate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: LDL = TC − HDL − TG/5 (Friedewald et al., 1972) using kits purchased from Algomheria for chemicals and Medicines, Cairo, Egypt. To measure antioxidant activity, liver tissue from six birds per group was homogenized in a 10% w/v potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). Utilizing kits from Bio Diagnostic Co. (Giza, Egypt) and a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), the supernatants were saved after centrifuging for 15 min at 3000 rpm to determine the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the levels of GSH and malondialdehyde (MDA). Winterbourn et al. (1975) used the xanthine oxidase mode to test the efficacy of SOD. By measuring the decline in hydrogen peroxide (10 mmol) at 240 nm, the CAT activity in supernatants was assessed using Aebi's (1984) technique. The results were converted to nmol/g tissue weights. Using 5,5-dithiobis-p-nitrobenzoic acid and the absorbance at 412 nm, GSH-Px was determined (Hafeman et al., 1974). The method for measuring the GSH levels was as per Beutler et al. (1963). 2-Thiobarbituric acid was used to assess the MDA level at an absorbance of 532 nm.

2.6 Statistics

The group variances were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA. The statistical program SPSS® (SPSS Inc., 2008) version 11.0 was used for all investigations. Significant intergroup differences were found using Duncan's multiple-range test (Duncan, 1955). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to examine the significant (linear and quadratic) effects of increasing concentrations of parsley essential oil. The statistical model is Y_ij = Ti + e_ij, where Y_ij = observation and overall mean, T_i = treatment effect, and e_ij = random error.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Essential oils and bioactive components in the parsley

The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses outputs for parsley oil with its retention time and area % are shown in Table 2. The most abundant molecules in parsley oil were D-limonene (18.82%), oleic acid (14.52%), α-cyclocitral (11.75%), globulol (11.24%), α-guaiene (7.34%), apiol (5.45%), and hexadecanoic acid (4.69%), as well as α-pinene, bergapten, and myristicin (ranged between 1.05% and 156%). These results are consistent with the findings Cornescu et al. (2023), who reported that parsley oil contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds that can act as natural antioxidants. These antioxidants play a role in protecting cells from free radical-induced oxidative damage, which can negatively affect the immune system.

TABLE 2. Bioactive chemical constituents assigned in parsley oil by GC-MS analysis.

No.	Bioactive chemical constituents	Retention time (RT) (min)	Area %
1	α-Cyclocitral	13.18	11.75
2	Oleic acid	32.66	14.52
3	Hexadecanoic acid	29.05	4.59
4	Globulol	19.52	11.24
5	α-Guaiene	18.73	7.34
6	Apiol	22.76	5.45
7	D-Limonene	8.61	18.82
8	α-Pinene	7.38	1.56
9	Bergapten	30.75	1.09
10	Myristicin	19.32	1.05
11	Caryophyllene	18.21	0.59
12	α-Chamigrene	18.06	0.52
13	α-Acorenol	23.02	0.18

3.2 Growth parameters

Table 3 illustrates how parsley essential oil affects the performance criteria. Dietary parsley essential oil at 3 weeks of age quadratically (p = 0.011) influenced BW. The T5 group recorded the highest value (869.37 g) of BW in comparison to other treatments and the control group. Additionally, at the age of 5 weeks, the BW of chicks fed parsley essential oil was not affected (p > 0.05), and T5 revealed the highest BW (1976 g) in comparison to other treatments and control group. The rise in BW of chickens given parsley essential oil is consistent with the findings of Al-Shammari et al. (2022), who found that supplementing feed with 300 mg of parsley oil/kg had a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the BW in comparison to different treatments. Moreover, Tahan and Bayram (2011) found that adding dry parsley to layer quail meals significantly affects BW. A similar trend in BWG was noted; compared to other groups and control birds, it was quadratically (p = 0.011) higher in the T5 group during 1–3 weeks of age. From 1 to 5 weeks of age, the dietary parsley essential oil did not affect (p > 0.05) BWG. These findings agree with those of Bahnas et al. (2009), who mentioned that there was no difference between the dietary treatments due to parsley supplementation on BW and BWG between the ages of 10 and 38 days. The feed consumption was linearly (p = 0.001) increased during 1–3 weeks of age, and T3 and T5 revealed the highest FI in comparison to other treatments and control group (Table 4). Moreover, the FCR was quadratically (p = 0.007) improved by parsley essential oil supplementation during 1–3 weeks of age, and the T1 (control) group recorded the best value (1.28 g feed/g gain). These results are consistent with those of Jawad and Al-Himdany (2019), who indicated that the inclusion of GSH and parsley leaf powder in the broiler diet improves the broiler's performance, especially BW and BWG increase. Additionally, the feed consumption rate and FCR significantly improved across all treatments and for all periods. Moreover, these results are consistent with those of Bahnas et al. (2009), who demonstrated that quail diets containing parsley seed powder improved both economic efficiency and productive performance. The enhanced digestive enzymes that increased the digestive capacity and nutritional absorption may have contributed to the improvements in performance traits of broiler chicken fed a parsley essential oil. Furthermore, Bahnas et al. (2009) reported that parsley's chloro compounds have antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral effects. It has been noted that supplementing the poultry diet with herbal plants improves BWG, FC, and FCR (Bahadori et al., 2013). Finally, the growth criteria during the first 3 weeks were improved; the birds fed diets supplemented with parsley oil (2 mg/kg diet) recorded the highest values compared to the other groups. This result may be due to the compounds D-limonene, oleic acid, α-cyclocitral, globulol, and α-guaiene found in parsley oil possesses the ability to improve the growth rate.

TABLE 3. Live body weight (LBW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broiler chicks as affected by dietary levels of parsley essential oil.

Treatments	LBW (g)			BWG (G)
Treatments	1 weeks	3 weeks	5 weeks	1–3 weeks	3–5 weeks	1–5 weeks
Parsley oil level (mL/kg)
0	170.17	800.07ab	1956.50	44.99ab	82.60	63.80
0.50	171.50	818.77ab	1963.00	46.23ab	81.73	63.98
1.00	172.17	739.38b	1705.17	40.52b	68.98	54.75
1.50	172.67	751.48b	1683.50	41.34b	66.57	53.96
2.00	172.50	869.37a	1976.00	49.78a	79.05	64.41
SEM	0.49	15.77	79.89	1.13	5.22	2.85
p value^a
Linear	0.130	0.390	0.696	0.427	0.599	0.689
Quadratic	0.467	0.011	0.280	0.011	0.464	0.279

Note: The mean values followed by different letters (a, b) in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Abbreviation: SEM, standard error means.
^a p value (linear and quadratic).

TABLE 4. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicks as affected by dietary levels of parsley essential oil.

Treatments	FI (g)			FCR (g feed/g gain)
Treatments	1–3 weeks	3–5 weeks	1–5 weeks	1–3 weeks	3–5 weeks	1–5 weeks
Parsley oil level (mL/kg)
0	65.52b	97.54	81.53	1.46b	1.19	1.28
0.50	68.50ab	99.61	84.05	1.48b	1.26	1.34
1.00	71.30a	93.93	82.61	1.77a	1.38	1.52
1.50	70.04ab	67.76	68.90	1.71a	1.29	1.38
2.00	72.88a	111.74	92.31	1.47b	1.42	1.43
SEM	0.80	5.52	2.91	0.04	0.09	0.06
p value^a
Linear	0.001	0.926	0.724	0.305	0.496	0.446
Quadratic	0.340	0.169	0.187	0.007	0.909	0.539

Note: The mean values followed by different letters (a, b) in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Abbreviation: SEM, standard error means.
^a p value (linear and quadratic).

3.3 Carcass traits

The parsley essential oil treatment had no statistically significant impact (p > 0.05) on carcass traits (carcass, dressing, heart, liver, gizzard, and giblets) except that gizzard percentages showed a quadratic increase (p = 0.021) (Table 5). The T3 group reported the highest carcass and dressing percentages (80.48 and 85.50%), respectively. These results are in agreement with those of Al-Shammari et al. (2022), who studied the impact of adding different amounts of parsley oil (P. crispum) to broiler diets on carcass features and growth performance. Meanwhile, Ibrahim et al. (2004) noted that supplementing the rabbits with a blend of 1% dill and parsley enhanced their dressing and total giblets percentage in comparison to the control group. Additionally, Ragab et al. (2010) demonstrated that after evisceration of the birds and dressing, birds fed the control diet plus 1% parsley had the highest weight of the carcass by a large margin. Furthermore, according to Bahnas et al. (2009) supplementing varied amounts of parsley and its by-product did not significantly alter the Japanese quail slaughter characteristics. In light of our findings, apart from gizzard %, no significant impacts of dietary supplementation of parsley oil on the percentage of carcass parameters.

TABLE 5. Carcass traits of broiler chickens as affected by dietary levels of parsley essential oil.

Treatments	Carcass traits (%)
Treatments	Carcass	Heart	Liver	Gizzard	Giblets	Dressing
Parsley oil level (mL/kg)
0	78.20	0.43	2.40	2.03a	4.86	83.07
0.50	76.97	0.52	2.97	1.83ab	5.32	82.29
1.00	80.48	0.46	2.81	1.75b	5.03	85.50
1.50	79.07	0.50	2.44	1.75b	4.69	83.76
2.00	78.29	0.47	2.30	2.00a	4.77	83.06
SEM	0.59	0.02	0.13	0.05	0.13	0.56
p value^a
Linear	0.602	672	0.427	0.652	0.431	0.725
Quadratic	0.440	0.372	0.152	0.021	0.516	0.336

Note: The mean values followed by different letters (a, b) in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Abbreviation: SEM, standard error means.
^a p value (linear and quadratic).

3.4 Blood parameters

3.4.1 Liver and kidney functions

Table 6 illustrates the impact of variable levels of parsley essential oil in the diet of broilers on liver and kidney functions at 5 weeks of age. The result revealed no significant (p > 0.05) impact of parsley essential oil supplementation on plasma total protein levels, albumin, and globulin. This result disagrees with Ali et al. (2016), who stated that the inclusion of parsley leaves powder by 1 and 1.5 g/kg feed to broiler diet resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in glucose concentration and a significant rise (p < 0.05) in total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations. Moreover, Ragab et al. (2013) showed that up to 20% yellow corn substitution by parsley by-product or dill may be added to Ross diets without hurting the blood parameters of the chickens. Similar findings were published by Osman et al. (2004), who found that adding up to 15% of radish, rocket, or parsley cakes in place of soybean powder had no negative impact on blood components.

TABLE 6. Liver and kidney functions of broiler chicks as affected by dietary levels of parsley essential oil.

Treatments	Liver and kidney functions
Treatments	TP (mg/dL)	ALB (mg/dL)	Glob (mg/dL)	ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)
Parsley oil level (mL/kg)
0	2.41	1.36	1.06	8.03b	231.60	0.33b	4.97ab
0.50	1.93	1.18	0.74	10.49ab	211.87	0.41a	6.75a
1.00	2.87	1.59	1.29	12.04ab	160.07	0.45a	4.67ab
1.50	2.74	1.45	1.29	14.08a	225.80	0.40a	5.32ab
2.00	2.28	1.30	0.98	14.60a	172.17	0.36b	1.87b
SEM	0.12	0.06	0.07	1.01	13.67	0.02	0.58
p value^a
Linear	0.439	0.728	0.234	0.027	0.292	0.678	0.042
Quadratic	0.222	0.353	0.166	0.668	0.666	0.047	0.074

Note: The mean values followed by different letters (a, b) in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Abbreviations: ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Glob, globulin; SEM, standard error means; TP, total protein.
^a p value (linear and quadratic).

The plasma constituent data showed that feeding varying levels of parsley essential oil had a significant impact on liver and kidney function tests. The result revealed a linear impact on ALT (p = 0.027) and T1 (control) showed the lowest level (8.03 U/L). The result showed no significant impact on AST (p = 0.292 or 0.666) and T3 showed the lowest level (160.07 U/L). Our findings match with the findings of Bahnas et al. (2009), who investigated the effects of various amounts of dried parsley (P. crispum) and its by-products on growing Japanese quail, either with or without the addition of enzymes, and the result showed insignificant impact was noted in AST and ALT. It may be stated that there were no deleterious impacts on liver function (as determined by the levels of ALT and AST), the phenolic chemicals included in parsley essential oil may be the cause of this decline in liver enzyme activity. A similar pattern was noted by Abdo et al. (2003); Soliman et al. (2003), and Al-Harthi (2004). Moreover, our result shows a linear decrease in plasma urea (p = 0.042) and a quadratic decrease in creatinine levels (p = 0.047) when parsley essential oil levels are included in the diet. Although parsley has carminative, tonic, and aperient effects, its main usage is as a diuretic; a strong root infusion is beneficial for renal congestion, stones, dropsy, and jaundice (Duke et al., 2009). In the current study, apart from kidney function and ALT level, we can conclude that no significant impact of parsley essential oil supplementation on liver functions.

3.4.2 Lipid profile

The impacts of parsley essential oil on plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are displayed in Table 7. The findings demonstrated that parsley essential oil had no apparent impact (p > 0.05) on plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. This result disagrees with Metwally (2023), who reported that the addition of medicinal blends (mixture of parsley and watercress) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) effects on plasma triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL in Japanese quails and agrees with our result that there were no apparent (p > 0.05) differences in the cholesterol levels. Additionally, Bahnas et al. (2009) showed that giving growing quails varying amounts of parsley or its by-product either with or without enzyme supplementation had a significant impact on the amounts of calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides. From our results, lipid profile parameters were not affected by parsley oil supplementation.

TABLE 7. Blood lipid profile of broiler chicks as affected by dietary levels of parsley essential oil.

Treatments	Lipid profile
Treatments	TC (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)	VLDL (mg/dL)
Parsley oil level (mL/kg)
0	145.57	47.95	46.15	89.82	9.59
0.50	116.33	61.54	49.96	54.06	12.30
1.00	157.40	46.97	46.63	101.38	9.39
1.50	146.10	43.40	46.72	90.70	8.68
2.00	156.90	44.27	48.89	99.15	8.85
SEM	6.62	4.24	0.06	7.14	0.85
p value^a
Linear	0.262	0.449	0.569	0.257	0.450
Quadratic	0.607	0.714	0.972	0.588	0.714

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SEM, standard error means; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.
^a p value (linear and quadratic).

3.4.3 Antioxidants and immunity

Table 8 displays the antioxidant and immunological responses of broiler chicks given enriched diets containing parsley essential oil. Broiler chick diets supplemented with parsley essential oil had no beneficial effects on immunological markers or antioxidants (IgM, IgG, and GSH activity). Except for SOD and MDA, in broiler chick-fed parsley essential oil, the SOD increases quadratically (p = 0.04). The T3 group reported the highest value (159 ng/mL) when compared to control and other treatments; moreover, MDA decreased linearly (p = 0.021) and quadratically (p = 0.047). The T3 group reported the lowest level (2.01 mL) in comparison to control and other treatments. Furthermore, there were no significant variation (linear, p = 0.834, or quadratic, p = 0.640) in GSH levels, and the T3 group recorded the highest value. These results in consistent with Ragab et al. (2010), who concluded that the Cobb strain birds fed a control diet plus 1% parsley had the greatest levels of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, whereas the birds fed a control diet + Jew's mallow showed the lowest levels. According to Kery et al. (2001), Ahsan et al. (1990), and Jimenez-Alvarez et al. (2008), these findings corroborate parsley's antioxidant activity. Parsley oil contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds that can act as antioxidants. Antioxidants play a role in protecting cells from free radical-induced oxidative damage, which can negatively affect the immune system. By reducing oxidative stress, parsley oil may indirectly support the immune response in broilers. This result may be due to the compound myristicin found in parsley having the ability to increase the glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity, which enhances the attachment of GSH to oxidized substances that would otherwise cause harm to the body. Evidence has shown that using medicinal plants as growth promoters can effectively increase poultry productivity (Ayaşan, 2013). In the current study, the results indicated no significant variation (p > 0.05) in IgG and IgM, and the T2 group recorded the highest levels of IgG (321 ng/mL) in comparison to control and other treatments. Parsley extract was found to enhance immune cell activity and cytokine production in certain animal and cell culture studies. These immunomodulatory effects could indirectly affect IgG and IgM levels in broilers. Briefly, the birds fed diets enriched with parsley oil recorded the best values of antioxidant parameters including SOD and MDA compared to the control group. Since, parsley oil supplementation up to 1.00 mL/kg in broiler diets led to improvement in LBW and BWG at 3 weeks of age as well as SOD and MDA at 5 weeks of age.

TABLE 8. Antioxidants indices and immune parameters of affected by dietary levels of parsley essential oil.

Treatments	Antioxidants indices and immune parameters¹
Treatments	SOD (ng/mL)	MDA (ng/mL)	GSH (ng/mL)	IgG (ng/mL)	IgM (ng/mL)
Parsley oil level (mL/kg)
0	32.00c	7.70a	106.33	273.67	216.67
0.50	134.33a	4.10ab	52.33	321.00	193.00
1.00	159.00a	2.01b	109.33	284.00	147.67
1.50	100.00b	3.09ab	83.33	319.33	210.00
2.00	104.00b	3.01ab	103.00	287.33	142.33
SEM	16.58	0.70	14.64	24.46	30.23
p value^a
Linear	0.301	0.021	0.834	0.943	0.600
Quadratic	0.040	0.047	0.640	0.840	0.947

Note: The mean values followed by different letters (a, b, c) in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Abbreviations: GSH, glutathione reduced; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MDA, malondialdehyde; SEM, standard error means; SOD, superoxide dismutase.
^a p value (linear and quadratic).

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors extend their appreciation to Taif University, Saudi Arabia, for supporting this work through project number (TU-DSPP-2024-192).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citing Literature

Volume95, Issue1

January/December 2024

e13981

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Functional feed ingredients for chicken meat and egg production

Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) oil as feed additive on broiler performance, carcass, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant, lipid profile, and immunity

Abstract

1 INTRODUCTION

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Animal welfare statements

2.2 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry examination of parsley oil

2.3 Birds, management, and experimental design

2.4 Growth performance and carcass traits

2.5 Blood chemistry

2.6 Statistics

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Essential oils and bioactive components in the parsley

3.2 Growth parameters

3.3 Carcass traits

3.4 Blood parameters

3.4.1 Liver and kidney functions

3.4.2 Lipid profile

3.4.3 Antioxidants and immunity

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

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Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) oil as feed additive on broiler performance, carcass, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant, lipid profile, and immunity

Abstract

1 INTRODUCTION

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Animal welfare statements

2.2 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry examination of parsley oil

2.3 Birds, management, and experimental design

2.4 Growth performance and carcass traits

2.5 Blood chemistry

2.6 Statistics

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Essential oils and bioactive components in the parsley

3.2 Growth parameters

3.3 Carcass traits

3.4 Blood parameters

3.4.1 Liver and kidney functions

3.4.2 Lipid profile

3.4.3 Antioxidants and immunity

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information