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Typical Soft–Sediment Deformation Structures Induced by Freeze/Thaw Cycles: A Case Study of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in the Northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau
Ning ZHONG,
Haibing LI,
Hanchao JIANG,
Haijian LU,
Yong ZHENG,
Shuai HAN,
Jiachan YE,
Ning ZHONG
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Haibing LI
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorHanchao JIANG
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029 China
Search for more papers by this authorHaijian LU
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorYong ZHENG
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorShuai HAN
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorJiachan YE
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorNing ZHONG,
Haibing LI,
Hanchao JIANG,
Haijian LU,
Yong ZHENG,
Shuai HAN,
Jiachan YE,
Ning ZHONG
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Haibing LI
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorHanchao JIANG
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029 China
Search for more papers by this authorHaijian LU
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorYong ZHENG
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorShuai HAN
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorJiachan YE
Key Laboratory of Deep–Earth Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037 China
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorAbout the first author:
ZHONG Ning, male, born in 1986 in Henan Province; Graduated from Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration. Doctor ZHONG Ning is currently a postdoctor at the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science. His current research interest focuses on the Active tectonics, paleoearthquake and Soft–sediment Deformational Structures. Email: [email protected]; phone: 010-68990581.
About the corresponding author:
LI Haibing, male, born in 1966 in Anhui Province; doctor; graduated from Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. He is now interested in the study on tectonic geomorphology and paleoearthquake. Email: [email protected]; phone: 010-68990581.
Abstract
With the objective of establishing a distinction between deformation structures caused by freeze/thaw cycles and those resulting from seismic activity, we studied three well–exposed alluvial deposits in a section at Dogai Coring, northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Deformation is present in the form of plastic structures (diapirs, folds and clastic dykes), brittle structures (micro–faults) and cryogenic wedges. These soft–sediment deformation features (except the micro–faults) are mainly characterized by meter–scale, non–interlayered, low–speed and low–pressure displacements within soft sediments, most commonly in the form of plastic deformation. Taking into account the geographic setting, lithology and deformation features, we interpret these soft–sediment deformation features as the products of freeze/thaw cycles, rather than of earthquake–induced shock waves, thus reflecting regional temperature changes and fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions in the uppermost sediments. The micro–faults (close to linear hot springs) are ascribed to regional fault activity; however, we were unable to identify the nature of the micro–faults, perhaps due to disturbance by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles. This study may serve as a guide to recognizing the differences between deformation structures attributed to freeze/thaw cycles and seismic processes.
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