REVIEW
Impact of COVID-19 on maintenance peritoneal dialysis patients and providers: A review
David F. Painter BS,
Braden Vogt BS,
Anagha Lokhande BS,
Rodrigo Saad Berreta BS,
Ankur D. Shah MD,
Corresponding Author
David F. Painter BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Correspondence
David F. Painter, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBraden Vogt BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnagha Lokhande BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRodrigo Saad Berreta BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnkur D. Shah MD
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid F. Painter BS,
Braden Vogt BS,
Anagha Lokhande BS,
Rodrigo Saad Berreta BS,
Ankur D. Shah MD,
Corresponding Author
David F. Painter BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Correspondence
David F. Painter, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBraden Vogt BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnagha Lokhande BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRodrigo Saad Berreta BS
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnkur D. Shah MD
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exerted complex pressures on the nephrology community. Despite multiple prior reviews on acute peritoneal dialysis during the pandemic, the effects of COVID-19 on maintenance peritoneal dialysis patients remain underexamined. This review synthesizes and reports findings from 29 total cases of chronic peritoneal dialysis patients with COVID-19, encompassing 3 case reports, 13 case series, and 13 cohort studies. When available, data for patients with COVID-19 on maintenance hemodialysis are also discussed. Finally, we present a chronological timeline of evidence regarding the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in spent peritoneal dialysate and explore trends in telehealth as they relate to peritoneal dialysis patients during the pandemic. We conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the efficacy, flexibility, and utility of peritoneal dialysis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
David F. Painter, None; Braden Vogt, None; Anagha Lokhande, None; Rodrigo Saad Berreta, None; Ankur D. Shah, Consulting: Otsuka and CareDx, Research Funding: Lifespan, Honoraria: Japanese Society of Obstetric Medicine (JSOM), University of South Carolina-Greenville, and Care Transformation Collaborative RI.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
- 1Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(5): 533–4.
- 2Kato S, Chmielewski M, Honda H, Pecoits-Filho R, Matsuo S, Yuzawa Y, et al. Aspects of immune dysfunction in end-stage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 3(5): 1526–33.
- 3Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18): 1708–20.
- 4Henry BM, Lippi G. Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020; 52(6): 1193–4.
- 5Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020; 97: 829–38.
- 6Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, O'Donnell L, Chernyak Y, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020; 369: m1966.
- 7Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients. Nature. 2020; 584(7821): 430–6.
- 8Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, Chan L, Mathews KS, Melamed ML, et al. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 02115(11): 1436–47.
- 9Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the new York City area. JAMA. 2020; 323(20): 2052–9.
- 10Weinhandl ED, Gilbertson DT, Wetmore JB, Johansen KL. COVID-19−associated decline in the size of the end-stage kidney disease population in the United States. Kidney Int Rep. 2021; 6(10): 2698–701.
- 11Yang Z, Dong J. Operational considerations for peritoneal dialysis management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Kidney J. 2020; 13(3): 322–7.
- 12 Nephrologist Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Guiding opinions for nephrologists in the prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection from nephrologist branch of Chinese Medical Association. 2020.
- 13 United States Renal Data System. 2021 USRDS Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda, MD; 2021.
- 14El Shamy O, Patel N, Abdelbaset MH, Chenet L, Tokita J, Lookstein R, et al. Acute start peritoneal dialysis during the covid-19 pandemic: outcomes and experiences. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 31(8): 1680–2.
- 15El Shamy O, Sharma S, Winston J, Uribarri J. Peritoneal dialysis during the coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: acute inpatient and maintenance outpatient experiences. Kidney Med. 2020; 2(4): 377–80.
- 16Shankaranarayanan D, Neupane SP, Varma E, Shimonov D, Gerardine S, Bhasin A, et al. Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 pandemic in new York City. Kidney Int Rep. 2020; 5(9): 1532–4.
- 17Nagatomo M, Yamada H, Shinozuka K, Shimoto M, Yunoki T, Ohtsuru S. Peritoneal dialysis for COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2020; 24: 309.
- 18Bose S, Adapa S, Konala VM, Gopalreddy H, Sohail S, Naramala S, et al. Atypical presentation of novel coronavirus disease 2019 in a peritoneal dialysis patient. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2020; 8:232470962093123.
- 19de Lorenzo AA, Revilla Á, Corbalán T, Villar A, Espinel L, Martins J, et al. Ischemic stroke and purpuric dermatitis as COVID-19-related complications in a peritoneal dialysis patient. CEN Case Rep. 2021; 10(2): 250–4.
- 20Gunay E, Kozan G, Yuksel E, Mizrakli A, Aslan O, Kavak S, et al. A case of peritoneal dialysis in which SARS-CoV-2 was diagnosed by sudden hearing loss. Ren Fail. 2021; 43(1): 325–6.
- 21Ali N. Elevated level of C-reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(11): 2409–11.
- 22Tan C, Huang Y, Shi F, Tan K, Ma Q, Chen Y, et al. C-reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID-19 early. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(7): 856–62.
- 23Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wu F, Yu B, Lv J, et al. C-reactive protein level may predict the risk of COVID-19 aggravation. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020; 7(5): 1–5.
- 24Tian W, Jiang W, Yao J, Nicholson CJ, Li RH, Sigurslid HH, et al. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(10): 1875–83.
- 25Yao Y, Cao J, Wang Q, Shi Q, Liu K, Luo Z, et al. D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study. J Intensive Care. 2020; 8(1): 1–11.
- 26Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(5): 846–8.
- 27He X, Yao F, Chen J, Wang Y, Fang X, Lin X, et al. The poor prognosis and influencing factors of high D-dimer levels for COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 1–7.
- 28 Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination: NHS England. 2020 [updated 2020 Dec 11]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/
- 29 Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants: World Health Organization. 2022 [updated Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants
- 30Chuengsaman P, Boongird S, Dandecha P, Hemachudha T, Nopsopon T, Kanjanabuch T, et al. Fatality rate, risk factors, and functional decline in peritoneal dialysis patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a nationwide cohort study. Front Med. 2022; 9:1051448.
- 31Jiang HJ, Tang H, Xiong F, Chen WL, Tian JB, Sun J, et al. COVID-19 in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021; 16(1): 121–3.
- 32Yu X, Jha V, Nakamoto H. Should more patients with kidney failure bring treatment home? What we have learned from COVID-19. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2022; 8(5): 357–67.
- 33Broseta JJ, Rodríguez-Espinosa D, Cuadrado E, Guillén-Olmos E, Hermida E, Montagud-Marrahi E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Spanish cohort of CKD-5D patients: prevalence, clinical presentation, outcomes, and De-isolation results. Blood Purif. 2021; 50(4–5): 531–8.
- 34Gorayeb-Polacchini FS, Caldas HC, Abbud-Filho M. Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. J Bras Nefrol. 2022; 44(4): 1–6.
- 35Gursu M, Ozturk S, Arici M, Sahin I, Gokcay Bek S, Yilmaz M, et al. Characteristics and survival results of peritoneal dialysis patients suffering from COVID-19 in Turkey: a multicenter National Study. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2022; 47(10): 605–15.
- 36Lakshmi PA, Christopher LM, Hemalatha N, Fahima S, Sunnesh A, Mathini S, et al. COVID-19 disease in peritoneal dialysis patients: a single centre experience from India. J Nephrol. 2022; 1–4.
- 37Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2020; 25: 1–9.
- 38Ronco C, Manani SM, Giuliani A, Tantillo I, Reis T, Brown EA. Remote patient management of peritoneal dialysis during COVID-19 pandemic. Perit Dial Int. 2020; 40(4): 363–7.
- 39Sachdeva M, Uppal NN, Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Malieckal D, Fishbane S, et al. COVID-19 in hospitalized patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis: a case series. Am J Nephrol. 2020; 51(8): 669–74.
- 40Scarpioni R, Manini A, Chiappini P. Remote patient monitoring in peritoneal dialysis helps reduce risk of hospitalization during Covid-19 pandemic. J Nephrol. 2020; 33(6): 1123–4.
- 41Sim JJ, Huang CW, Selevan DC, Chung J, Rutkowski MP, Zhou H. COVID-19 and survival in maintenance dialysis. Kidney Med. 2021; 3(1): 132–5.
- 42Smolander J, Bruchfeld A. The COVID-19 epidemic: management and outcomes of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in Stockholm, Sweden. Kidney and Blood Press Res. 2021; 46: 250–6.
- 43Yeter HH, Gok Oguz E, Akcay OF, Karaer R, Yasar E, Duranay M, et al. The reliability and success of peritoneal dialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Semin Dial. 2021; 34(2): 147–56.
- 44Zeng X, Huang X, Xu L, Xiao J, Gu L, Wang Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of dialysis patients with COVID-19 in the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021; 53(2): 353–7.
- 45Abrahams AC, Noordzij M, Goffin E, Sanchez JE, Franssen CF, Vart P, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 in peritoneal dialysis patients: a report by the European renal association COVID-19 database. Perit Dial Int. 2023; 43(1): 23–36.
- 46Ahmed N, Khderat AH, Sarsour A, Taher A, Hammoudi A, Hamdan Z, et al. The vulnerability of maintenance dialysis patients with COVID-19: mortality and risk factors from a developing country. Ann Med. 2022; 54(1): 1511–9.
- 47Azmandian J, Shafii Z, Jahromi S, Ezzatzadegan Nourimajalan N, Seyrafian S, Atapour A, et al. The epidemiological characteristics and outcome of COVID-19 in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a multi-center study in Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2022; 16(5): 280–3.
- 48Ghonimi TAL, Alkad MM, Abuhelaiqa EA, Othman MM, Elgaali MA, Ibrahim RAM, et al. Mortality and associated risk factors of COVID-19 infection in dialysis patients in Qatar: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2021; 16(7):e0254246.
- 49Kikuchi K, Nangaku M, Ryuzaki M, Yamakawa T, Yoshihiro O, Hanafusa N, et al. Survival and predictive factors in dialysis patients with COVID-19 in Japan: a nationwide cohort study. Renal Replace Ther. 2021; 7(1): 1–9.
- 50Maldonado M, Ossorio M, del Peso G, Santos C, Álvarez L, Sánchez-Villanueva R, et al. COVID-19 incidence and outcomes in a home dialysis unit in Madrid (Spain) at the height of the pandemic. Nefrología. 2020; 41(3): 329–36.
- 51Ng JH, Hirsch JS, Wanchoo R, Sachdeva M, Sakhiya V, Hong S, et al. Outcomes of patients with end-stage kidney disease hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020; 98(6): 1530–9.
- 52Ortiz AM, Sepúlveda RA, Torres R, Clavero R, Toro L, Albornoz M, et al. Survival study and factors associated with mortality in Chilean patients on peritoneal dialysis infected with SARS-CoV-2. Perit Dial Int. 2022; 42(5): 535–9.
- 53Oruc A, Aktas N, Dogan I, Akgur S, Ocakoglu G, Ersoy A. The perspectives of dialysis patients about the Covid-19 pandemic and differences between the modalities. Ther Apher Dial. 2022; 26(1): 178–84.
- 54Ozturk S, Gursu M, Arici M, Sahin I, Eren N, Yilmaz M, et al. Evaluation of outcomes of peritoneal dialysis patients in the post-COVID-19 period: a national multicenter case-control study from Turkey. Nephron. 2022; 147(5): 272–80.
- 55Valeri AM, Robbins-Juarez SY, Stevens JS, Ahn W, Rao MK, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Presentation and outcomes of patients with ESKD and COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 31(7): 1409–15.
- 56Yavuz D, Karagöz Özen DS, Demirağ MD. COVID-19: mortality rates of patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2022; 54(10): 2713–8.
- 57Fernandez-Prado R, Gonzalez-Parra E, Ortiz A. Often forgotten, transport modality to dialysis may be life-saving. Clin Kidney J. 2020; 13(4): 510–2.
- 58Rincon A, Moreso F, Herradon AL, Robres AFM, Cidraque I, Nin J, et al. The keys to control a COVID-19 outbreak in a haemodialysis unit. Clin Kidney J. 2020; 13(4): 542–9.
- 59Chen TH, Wen YH, Chen CF, Tan AC, Chen YT, Chen FY, et al. The advantages of peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Semin Dial. 2020; 33(5): 369–71.
- 60Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Herzog CA, Ishani A, et al. US renal data system 2020 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021; 77(4): A7–8.
- 61Weinhandl ED, Liu J, Gilbertson DT, Wetmore JB, Johansen KL. Associations of COVID-19 outcomes with dialysis modalities and settings. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022; 17(10): 1526–34.
- 62Beilhack G, Monteforte R, Frommlet F, Reindl-Schwaighofer R, Strassl R, Vychytil A. Humoral response to mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in peritoneal dialysis patients: is Boostering after six months adequate? Front Med (Lausanne). 2022; 9:905798.
- 63Bassi J, Giannini O, Silacci-Fregni C, Pertusini L, Hitz P, Terrot T, et al. Poor neutralization and rapid decay of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccinated dialysis patients. PLoS One. 2022; 17(2):e0263328.
- 64Speer C, Schaier M, Nusshag C, Töllner M, Buylaert M, Kälble F, et al. Longitudinal humoral responses after COVID-19 vaccination in peritoneal and hemodialysis patients over twelve weeks. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9(10):1130.
- 65Piotrowska M, Zieliński M, Tylicki L, Biedunkiewicz B, Kubanek A, Ślizień Z, et al. Local and systemic immunity are impaired in end-stage-renal-disease patients treated with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant recipients immunized with BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:832924.
- 66Tylicki L, Piotrowska M, Biedunkiewicz B, Zieliński M, Dąbrowska M, Tylicki P, et al. Humoral response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis: the COViNEPH project. Pol. Arch Intern Med. 2021; 131(10):16091.
- 67Zheng Q, Wang M, Cheng Y, Liu J, Feng Z, Ye L. Antibody response and safety of COVID-19 vaccine in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Infect. 2022; 85(6): e167–e71.
- 68Chow KM, Chan JYH, Wong SSH, Yuen SK, Wong PN, Cheng YL, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the mortality of dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients during the omicron fifth wave in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2023; 29(1): 82–3.
- 69Hiramatsu T, Okumura S, Asano Y, Mabuchi M, Iguchi D, Furuta S. Quality of life and emotional distress in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial. 2020; 24(4): 366–72.
- 70Neumann D, Mau W, Wienke A, Girndt M. Peritoneal dialysis is associated with better cognitive function than hemodialysis over a one-year course. Kidney Int. 2018; 93(2): 430–8.
- 71Iyasere OU, Brown EA, Johansson L, Huson L, Smee J, Maxwell AP, et al. Quality of life and physical function in older patients on dialysis: a comparison of assisted peritoneal dialysis with hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 11(3): 423–30.
- 72Mehrotra R, Chiu YW, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Bargman J, Vonesh E. Similar outcomes with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171(2): 110–8.
- 73Yeates K, Zhu N, Vonesh E, Trpeski L, Blake P, Fenton S. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are associated with similar outcomes for end-stage renal disease treatment in Canada. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012; 27(9): 3568–75.
- 74Van De Luijtgaarden MWM, Jager KJ, Segelmark M, Pascual J, Collart F, Hemke AC, et al. Trends in dialysis modality choice and related patient survival in the ERA-EDTA registry over a 20-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016; 31(1): 120–8.
- 75Weinhandl ED, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Arneson TJ, Snyder JJ, Collins AJ. Propensity-matched mortality comparison of incident hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 21(3): 499–506.
- 76Mehrotra R, Devuyst O, Davies SJ, Johnson DW. The current state of peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 27(11): 3238–52.
- 77Chaudhary K, Sangha H, Khanna R. Peritoneal dialysis first: rationale. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6(2): 447–56.
- 78Candellier A, Goffin É. Letter regarding “SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneal waste in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis”. Kidney Int. 2020; 98(2): 512.
- 79Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers. Elife. 2020; 9:e57309-e.
- 80Rippe B. A three-pore model of peritoneal transport. Perit Dial Int. 1993; 13: 35–8.
- 81Rippe B, Krediet RT. Peritoneal physiology-transport of solutes. In: R Gokal, KD Nolph, editors. The textbook of peritoneal dialysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994. p. 69–113.
10.1007/978-94-011-0814-0_4 Google Scholar
- 82Kwan BCH, Leung CB, Szeto CC, Wong VWS, Cheng YL, Yu AWY, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15(7): 1883–8.
- 83Vischini G, D'Alonzo S, Grandaliano G, D'Ascenzo FM. SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneal waste in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 2020; 98(1): 237–8.
- 84Sadioglu RE, Aktar M, Gulten E, Eyupoglu S, Karahan ZC, Azap A, et al. Does SARS-CoV-2 reach peritoneal effluent? Perit Dial Int. 2020; 40(5): 520–1.
- 85Candellier A, Scohy A, Gillet N, Muylkens B, Morelle J, Belkhir L, et al. Absence of SARS-CoV-2 in the effluent of peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2020; 40(5): 499–503.
- 86Wang X, Patel A, Tisdale L, Haq Z, Ye X, Lasky R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in spent dialysate from chronic peritoneal dialysis patients with COVID-19. Kidney360. 2021; 2(1): 86–9.
- 87Abraham G, Rohit A, Mathew M, Parthasarathy R. Successful automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) in a COVID-19 patient with acalculous pancreatitis with no detectable virus in the dialysate effluent. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2021; 39: 128–9.
- 88El Shamy O, Vassalotti JA, Sharma S, Aydillo-Gomez T, Marjanovic N, Ramos I, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury treated with acute peritoneal dialysis do not have infectious peritoneal dialysis effluent. Kidney Int. 2020; 98(3): 782.
- 89Cao F, Li L, Lin M, Lin Q, Ruan Y, Hong F. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018; 27(15–16): 3001–7.
- 90Nayak A, Karopadi A, Antony S, Sreepada S, Nayak KS. Use of a peritoneal dialysis remote monitoring system in India. Perit Dial Int. 2012; 32: 200–15.
- 91Sanabria M, Rosner M, Vesga J, Molano A, Corzo L, Rodriguez P, et al. A remote management program in automated peritoneal dialysis patients in Colombia. Nefrología Latinoamericana. 2018; 15(2): 47–51.
- 92Milan Manani S, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal experience with remote monitoring for automated peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephron. 2019; 142(1): 1–9.
- 93Milan Manani S, Crepaldi C, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Garzotto F, Riello C, et al. Remote monitoring of automated peritoneal dialysis improves personalization of dialytic prescription and patient's independence. Blood Purif. 2018; 46(2): 111–7.
- 94Rosner MH, Ronco C. Remote monitoring for continuous peritoneal dialysis. Contrib Nephrol. 2012; 178: 68–73.
- 95Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote patient monitoring program in automated peritoneal dialysis: impact on hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019; 39(5): 472–8.
- 96Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007; 13(6): 288–92.
- 97 Coronavirus waivers & flexibilities. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 2022.
- 98Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the storm: automated peritoneal dialysis with remote patient monitoring during COVID-19 pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021; 50(3): 279–82.
- 99Hollander JE, Carr BG. Virtually perfect? Telemedicine for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18): 1679–81.
Citing Literature
