Full Access
Flagellar assembly in Salmonella typhimurium
Shin-Ichi Aizawa,
Corresponding Author
Shin-Ichi Aizawa
Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1–1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320, Japan.
*For correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel. (286) 277211; Fax (286) 277184.Search for more papers by this authorShin-Ichi Aizawa,
Corresponding Author
Shin-Ichi Aizawa
Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1–1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320, Japan.
*For correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel. (286) 277211; Fax (286) 277184.Search for more papers by this authorSummary
The bacterial flagellum is a motility apparatus in which a long helical filament - the propeller - is driven by a rotary motor embedded in the cell surface. Out of more than 40 genes required for construction of a fully functional flagellum in Salmonella typhimurium, only 18 gene products have been identified in the mature structure. Some other flagellar proteins play logistical roles during construction, which involves the selective export of flagellar components through a central hole in the flagellum. The whole structure is constructed from base to tip by linear assembly; that is, by adding new components on the growing end, resulting in the distal growth of each substructure. Components of the substructures do not necessarily self-assemble, but often demand the help of other proteins. Recent progress in the understanding of flagellar assembly, which has been most extensively studied in S. typhimurium, is reviewed.
References
- Akiba, T., Yoshimura, H., and Namba, K. (1991) Monolayer crystalization of flagellar L-P rings by sequential addition and depletion of lipid. Science 252: 1544–1546.
- Brown, K.L., and Hughes, K.T. (1995) The role of anti-sigma factors in gene regulation. Mol Microbiol 16: 397–404.
- Dreyfus, G., Williams, A.W., Kawagishi, I., and Macnab, R.M.(1993). Genetic and biochemical analysis of Salmonella typhimurium Flil, a flagellar protein related to the catalytic subunit of the F0F1 ATPase and to virulence proteins of mammalian and plant pathogens. J Bacteriol 175: 3131–3138.
- Driks, A., and DeRosier, D.J. (1990) Additional structures associated with bacterial flagellar basal body. J Mol Biol 211: 669–672.
- Fahrner, K.A., Block, S.M., Krishnaswamy, S., Parkinson, J.S., and Berg, H.C. (1994) A mutant hook-associated protein (HAP3) facilitates torsionally induced transformations of the flagellar filament of Escherichia coll. J Mol Biol 238: 173–186.
- Francis, N.R., Irikura, V.M., Yamaguchi, S., DeRosier, D.J., and Macnab, R.M. (1992) Localization of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar switch protein FliG the cytoplasmic M-ring face of the basal body. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 6304–6308.
- Francis, N.R., Sosinsky, G.E., Thomas, D., and DeRosier, D.J. (1994) Isolation, characterization and structure of bacterial flagellar motors containing the switch complex. J Mol Biol 235: 1261–1270.
- Groisman, E.A., and Ochman, H. (1993) Cognate gene clusters govern invasion of host epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. EMBO J 12: 3779–3787.
- Hirano, T., Yamaguchi, S., Oosawa, K., and Aizawa, S.-I. (1994) Roles of FliK and FlhB in determination of flagellar hook length in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 176: 5439–5449.
- Homma, M., Kutsukake, K., Hasebe, M., Iino, T., and Macnab, R.M. (1990) FlgB, FlgC, FlgF and FlgG. A family of structurally related proteins in the flagellar basal body of Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 211: 465–477.
- Ikeda, T., Yamaguchi, S., and Hotani, H. (1993) Flagellar growth in a filament-less Salmonella FliD mutant supplemented with purified hook-associated protein 2. J Biochem 114: 39–44.
- Jones, C.J., and Aizawa, S.-I. (1991) The bacterial flagellum and flagellar motor: structure, assembly and function. Adv Microbial Physiol 32: 109–172.
- Jones, C.J., Macnab, R.M., Okino, H., and Aizawa, S.-I. (1990) Stoichiometric analysis of the flagellar hook-(basal-body) complex of Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 212: 377–387.
- Khan, S. (1990) Motility. In The Bacteria. Vol. 12. San Diego : Academic Press, pp. 301–343.
- Khan, I.M., Reese, T.S., and Khan, S. (1992) The cytoplasmic component of the bacterial flagellar motor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 5956–5960.
- Kubori, T., Shimamoto, N., Yamaguchi, S., Namba, K., and Aizawa, S.-I. (1992) Morphological pathway of flagellar assembly in Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 226: 433–446.
- Kutsukake, K., Ohya, Y., and Iino, T. (1990) Transcriptional analysis of the flagellar regulon of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 172: 741–747.
- Kutsukake, K., Minamino, T., and Yokoseki, T. (1994) Isolation and characterization of FliK-independent flagellation mutants from Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 176: 7625–7629.
- Liu, X., and Matsumura, P. (1994) The FlhD/FlhC complex, a transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli flagellar class II operons. J Bacteriol 176: 7345–7351.
- Macnab, R.M. (1992) Genetics and biogenesis of bacterial flagella. Annu Rev Genet 26: 129–156.
- Macnab, R.M. (1995) In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd edn. F.C. Neidhardt, et al. (eds). Washington , DC : American Society for Microbiology, in press.
- Minamino, T., Iino, T., and Kutsukake, K. (1994) Molecular characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium FlhB operon and its protein products. J Bacteriol 176: 7630–7637.
- Mimori, Y., Yamashita, I., Murata, K., Fujiyoshi, Y., Yonekura, K., Toyoshima, C., and Namba, K. (1995) The structure of the R-type straight flagellar filament of Salmonella at 9 Å resolution by electron cryomicroscopy. J Mol Biol 249: 69–87.
- Morgan, D.G., Macnab, R.M., Francis, N.R., and DeRosier, D.J. (1993) Domain organization of the subunit of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar hook. J Mol Biol 229: 79–94.
- Morgan, D.G., Owen, C., Melanson, L.A., and DeRosier, D.J. (1995) The 11 Å structure of bacterial flagellar filaments: packing of the α-helices. J Mol Biol 249: 88–110.
- Ohnishi, K., Ohta, Y., Aizawa, S.-I., Macnab, R.M., and Iino, T. (1994) FlgD is a scaffolding protein needed for flagellar hook assembly in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 176: 2272–2281.
- Sosinsky, G.E., Francis, N.R., DeRosier, D.J., Wall, J.S., Simon, M.N., and Hainfeld, J. (1992) Mass determination and estimation of subunit stoichiometry of the bacterial hook-basal body flagellar complex of Salmonella typhimurium by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4801–4805.
- Ueno, T., Oosawa, K., and Aizawa, S.-I. (1992) M ring, S ring and proximal rod of the flagellar basal body of Salmonella typhimurium are composed of subunits of a single protein, FliF. J Mol Biol 227: 672–677.
- Ueno, T., Oosawa, K., and Aizawa, S.-I. (1994) Domain structures of the MS ring component protein (FliF) of the flagellar basal body of Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 236: 546–555.
- Vogler, A., Homma, M., Irikura, V.M., and Macnab, R.M. (1991) Salmonella typhimurium mutants defective in flagellar filament regrowth and sequence similarity of Flil to F0F1, vacuolar, and archaebacterial ATPase subunits. J Bacteriol 173: 3564–3572.
Citing Literature
