Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gel expansion (DGGEGE) – An attempt to resolve the limitations of co-migration in the DGGE of complex polymicrobial communities
Gavin P. Gafan
Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
David A. Spratt
Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 20 7915 1107; fax: +44 20 7915 1127., E-mail address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGavin P. Gafan
Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
David A. Spratt
Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 20 7915 1107; fax: +44 20 7915 1127., E-mail address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorEdited by C. Edwards
Abstract
Recent molecular approaches for the study of microbial communities such as PCR-cloning have enabled the detection and identification of as-yet-unculturable taxa. Cloning and sequencing of multiple samples is extremely laborious and expensive to perform thoroughly due to the large diversity involved. For this purpose, techniques such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) may be better suited. There is increasing evidence suggesting that DGGE of complex polymicrobial communities may be limited by co-migration of different sequences. In this study, we attempt to address this limitation by excising individual bands and running them through a shorter denaturant gradient, a process we have termed “denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gel expansion” (DGGEGE).
References
- [1] Muyzer, G., Smalla, K. (1998) Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Anton. Leeuw. 73, 127–141.
- [2] Boon, N., Marle, C., Top, E.M., Verstraete, W. (2000) Comparison of the spatial homogeneity of physico-chemical parameters and bacterial 16S rRNA genes in sediment samples from a dumping site for dredging sludge. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53, 742–747.
- [3] Ebie, Y., Matsumura, M., Noda, N., Tsuneda, S., Hirata, A., Inamori, Y. (2002) Community analysis of nitrifying bacteria in an advanced and compact Gappei-Johkasou by FISH and PCR-DGGE. Water Sci. Technol. 46, 105–111.
- [4] Teske, A., Sigalevich, P., Cohen, Y., Muyzer, G. (1996) Molecular identification of bacteria from a coculture by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S ribosomal DNA fragments as a tool for isolation in pure cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4210–4215.
- [5] Ampe, F., Sirvent, A., Zakhia, N. (2001) Dynamics of the microbial community responsible for traditional sour cassava starch fermentation studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative rRNA hybridization. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 65, 45–54.
- [6] ben Omar, N., Ampe, F. (2000) Microbial community dynamics during production of the Mexican fermented maize dough pozol. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 3664–3673.
- [7] Donskey, C.J., Hujer, A.M., Das, S.M., Pultz, N.J., Bonomo, R.A., Rice, L.B. (2003) Use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for analysis of the stool microbiota of hospitalized patients. J. Microbiol. Methods 54, 249–256.
- [8] Favier, C.F., Vaughan, E.E., De Vos, W.M., Akkermans, A.D.L. (2002) Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 219–226.
- [9] Walter, J., Hertel, C., Tannock, G.W., Lis, C.M., Munro, K., Hammes, W.P. (2001) Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 2578–2585.
- [10] Walter, J., Tannock, G.W., Tilsala-Timisjarvi, A., Rodtong, S., Loach, D.M., Munro, K., Alatossava, T. (2000) Detection and identification of gastrointestinal Lactobacillus species by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and species-specific PCR primers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 297–303.
- [11] Becker, M.R., Paster, B.J., Leys, E.J., Moeschberger, M.L., Kenyon, S.G., Galvin, J.L., Boches, S.K., Dewhirst, F.E., Griffen, A.L. (2002) Molecular analysis of bacterial species associated with childhood caries. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 1001–1009.
- [12] Paster, B.J., Boches, S.K., Galvin, J.L., Ericson, R.E., Lau, C.N., Levanos, V.A., Sahasrabudhe, A., Dewhirst, F.E. (2001) Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque. J. Bacteriol. 183, 3770–3783.
- [13] Spratt, D.A., Weightman, A.J., Wade, W.G. (1999) Diversity of oral asaccharolytic Eubacterium species in periodontitis – identification of novel phylotypes representing uncultivated taxa. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 14, 56–59.
- [14] Suau, A., Bonnet, R., Sutren, M., Godon, J.J., Gibson, G.R., Collins, M.D., Dore, J. (1999) Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 4799–4807.
- [15] Kazor, C.E., Mitchell, P.M., Lee, A.M., Stokes, L.N., Loesche, W.J., Dewhirst, F.E., Paster, B.J. (2003) Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 558–563.
- [16] Muyzer, G., Hottenträger, S., Teske, A., Wawer, C. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA – a new molecular approach to analyse the genetic diversity of mixed microbial communities. Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual. (1996) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1–23.
- [17] Muyzer, G., de Waal, E.C., Uitterlinden, A.G. (1993) Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 695–700.
- [18] Ampe, F., ben Omar, N., Moizan, C., Wacher, C., Guyot, J.P. (1999) Polyphasic study of the spatial distribution of microorganisms in Mexican pozol, a fermented maize dough, demonstrates the need for cultivation-independent methods to investigate traditional fermentations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 5464–5473.
- [19] Ovreas, L., Forney, L., Daae, F.L., Torsvik, V. (1997) Distribution of bacterioplankton in meromictic Lake Saelenvannet, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified gene fragments coding for 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 3367–3373.
- [20] Iwamoto, T., Tani, K., Nakamura, K., Suzuki, Y., Kitagawa, M., Eguchi, M., Nasu, M. (2000) Monitoring impact of in situ biostimulation treatment on groundwater bacterial community by DGGE. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 32, 129–141.
- [21] Zwart, G., Huismans, R., van Agterveld, M.P., Van de Peer, Y., De Rijk, P., Eenhoorn, H., Muyzer, G., van Hannen, E.J., Gons, H.J., Laanbroek, H.J. (1998) Divergent members of the bacterial division Verrucomicrobiales in a temperate freshwater lake1. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 25, 159–169.
- [22] Ercolini, D. (2004) PCR-DGGE fingerprinting: novel strategies for detection of microbes in food. J. Microbiol. Methods 56, 297–314.
- [23] Ercolini, D., Hill, P.J., Dodd, C.E. (2003) Bacterial community structure and location in Stilton cheese. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 3540–3548.
- [24] Kowalchuk, G.A., Stephen, J.R., De Boer, W., Prosser, J.I., Embley, T.M., Woldendorp, J.W. (1997) Analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria in coastal sand dunes by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 1489–1497.
- [25] van Beek, S., Priest, F.G. (2002) Evolution of the lactic acid bacterial community during malt whisky fermentation: a polyphasic study. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 297–305.
- [26] Huber, F., Peduzzi, P. (2004) Online tool for analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 4390–4392.