New concepts of microbial treatment processes for the nitrogen removal in wastewater
Ingo Schmidt,
Olav Sliekers,
Markus Schmid,
Eberhard Bock,
John Fuerst,
J.Gijs Kuenen,
Mike S.M. Jetten,
Marc Strous,
Corresponding Author
Ingo Schmidt
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 (024) 3652568; Fax: +31 (024) 3652830, E-mail address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorOlav Sliekers
Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMarkus Schmid
Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorEberhard Bock
University of Hamburg, Institute for Botany, Department of Microbiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Fuerst
University of Queensland, Department of Microbiology, Brisbane, Qld. 4072, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJ.Gijs Kuenen
Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMike S.M. Jetten
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMarc Strous
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorIngo Schmidt,
Olav Sliekers,
Markus Schmid,
Eberhard Bock,
John Fuerst,
J.Gijs Kuenen,
Mike S.M. Jetten,
Marc Strous,
Corresponding Author
Ingo Schmidt
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 (024) 3652568; Fax: +31 (024) 3652830, E-mail address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorOlav Sliekers
Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMarkus Schmid
Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorEberhard Bock
University of Hamburg, Institute for Botany, Department of Microbiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Fuerst
University of Queensland, Department of Microbiology, Brisbane, Qld. 4072, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJ.Gijs Kuenen
Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMike S.M. Jetten
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMarc Strous
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments.
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