RESEARCH ARTICLE
Microplastic evidence assessment from water and sediment sampling in a shallow tropical lake
Samuel Macario Padilla-Jimenez,
Rodrigo Moncayo-Estrada,
Daniel Tapia Maruri,
Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal,
Samuel Macario Padilla-Jimenez
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán, Mexico
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis
Search for more papers by this authorRodrigo Moncayo-Estrada
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICIMAR Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Avenida Instituto, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Contribution: Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel Tapia Maruri
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI, San Isidro, Morelos, Mexico
Contribution: Visualization, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán, Mexico
Correspondence
Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Michoacán, Justo Sierra Ote. 28, Centro, Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán 59510, Mexico.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Validation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration, Resources, Supervision
Search for more papers by this authorSamuel Macario Padilla-Jimenez,
Rodrigo Moncayo-Estrada,
Daniel Tapia Maruri,
Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal,
Samuel Macario Padilla-Jimenez
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán, Mexico
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis
Search for more papers by this authorRodrigo Moncayo-Estrada
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICIMAR Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Avenida Instituto, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Contribution: Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel Tapia Maruri
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI, San Isidro, Morelos, Mexico
Contribution: Visualization, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán, Mexico
Correspondence
Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Michoacán, Justo Sierra Ote. 28, Centro, Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán 59510, Mexico.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Validation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration, Resources, Supervision
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Microplastics (MPs) severely threaten inland waterbodies due to the direct impact of human activities. In the present study, spatial and temporal patterns of MPs in a shallow tropical lake were assessed, describing their size, morphology, and polymer types. Water and sediment samples were collected from Lake Chapala during three seasons, and MPs were quantified with a stereomicroscope. The structure, elemental composition, and polymeric composition were determined via environmental scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The highest average concentration of microplastics in Lake Chapala was detected during the low-water period in April 2022 (2.35 items/L), exceeding the July 2022 rainy season concentration (1.8 items/L) by 0.25 items/L, and sediment concentrations were also higher in April 2022 (219 items/kg) compared to July 2022 (210 items/kg). This study highlights the significant pollution of Lake Chapala with microplastics, emphasizing the need for urgent measures to manage plastic waste and mitigate its environmental impact on aquatic ecosystems.
Practitioner Points
- Microplastic contamination was evaluated in Lake Chapala.
- The distribution profiles of microplastics were different in each area.
- Heavy metals osmium, tellurium, and rhodium were found associated with the PMs.
- Polymers were found in this study.
Graphical Abstract
Findings of microplastic in a shallow tropical lake.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
- Alabi, O. A., Ologbonjaye, K. I., Awosolu, O., & Alalade, O. E. (2019). Public and environmental health effects of plastic wastes disposal: A review. Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 5(021), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510021
10.23937/2572-4061.1510021 Google Scholar
- Alvarado, C., Cortez-Valladolid, D. M., Herrera-López, E. J., Godínez, X., & Ramírez, J. M. (2021). Metal bioaccumulation by carp and catfish cultured in Lake Chapala, and weekly intake assessment. Applied Sciences, 11(13), 6087. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136087
- Alvarado, C., Ramírez, J. M., Herrera-López, E. J., Cortez-Valladolid, D., & Ramírez, G. (2020). Bioaccumulation of metals in cultured carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Lake Chapala, Mexico. Biological Trace Element Research, 195(1), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01845-w
- Anatoliy, F., Tereshchenko, I., Cesar, M., Avalos-Cueva, D., & Pantoja-González, D. (2016). Climatic change in a large shallow tropical lake Chapala, Mexico. Lake Sciences and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.5772/63715
10.5772/63715 Google Scholar
- Annamalai, J., & Vasudevan, N. (2020). Detection of phthalate esters in PET bottled drinks and lake water using esterase/PANI/CNT/CuNP based electrochemical biosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1135, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.041
- Aragaw, T. A. (2021). The macro-debris pollution in the shorelines of Lake tana: First report on abundance, assessment, constituents, and potential sources. Science of the Total Environment, 797, 149235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149235
- Ávalos-Cueva, D., Filonov, A., Tereshchenko, I., Monzón, C., Pantoja-González, D., & Velázquez-Muñoz, F. (2016). The level variability, thermal structure and currents in Lake Chapala, Mexico. Geofísica Internacional, 55(3), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.19155/rgi20165531610
10.19155/rgi20165531610 Google Scholar
- Baldwin, A. K., Corsi, S. R., & Mason, S. A. (2016). Plastic debris in 29 Great Lakes tributaries: Relations to watershed attributes and hydrology. Environmental Science & Technology, 50, 10377–10385. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02917
- Blettler, M. C., Ulla, M. A., Rabuffetti, A. P., & Garello, N. (2017). Plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: Macro-, meso-, and microplastic debris in a floodplain lake. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(11), 581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6305-8
- Blettler, M. C. M., Garello, N., Ginon, L., Abrial, E., Espinola, L. A., & Wantzen, K. M. (2019). Massive plastic pollution in a mega-river of a developing country: Sediment deposition and ingestion by fish (Prochilodus lineatus). Environmental Pollution, 255(Pt 3), 113348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113348
- Borges Ramirez, M. M., Dzul Caamal, R., & Rendón von Osten, J. (2019). Occurrence and seasonal distribution of microplastics and phthalates in sediments from the urban channel of the Ria and coast of Campeche, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 672, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.472
- Botterell, Z. L. R., Beaumont, N., Dorrington, T., Steinke, M., Thompson, R. C., & Lindeque, P. K. (2019). Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: A review. Environmental Pollution, 245, 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.065
- Carreño, C., Zarazúa, G., Fall, C., Ávila-Pérez, P., & Tejeda, S. (2018). Evaluación de la toxicidad de los sedimentos del curso alto del río Lerma, México. Revista Internacional de contaminación Ambiental, 34(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2018.34.01.10
10.20937/RICA.2018.34.01.10 Google Scholar
- Carrera-Hernandez, J. J. (2018). A tale of Mexico's most exploited—and connected—watersheds: The basin of Mexico and the Lerma-Chapala Basin. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 5(1), e1247. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1247
10.1002/wat2.1247 Google Scholar
- Chae, Y., & An, Y. J. (2018). Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A review. Environmental Pollution, 240, 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.008
- Chia, R. W., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, H., & Jang, J. (2021). Microplastic pollution in soil and groundwater: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(6), 4211–4224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01297-6
- Corcoran, P. L., Norris, T., Ceccanese, T., Walzak, M. J., Helm, P. A., & Marvin, C. H. (2015). Hidden plastics of Lake Ontario, Canada and their potential preservation in the sediment record. Environmental Pollution, 204, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.009
- D'Avignon, G., Gregory-Eaves, I., & Ricciardi, A. (2022). Microplastics in lakes and rivers: An issue of emerging significance to limnology. Environmental Reviews, 30(2), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0048
- Delacuvellerie, A., Cyriaque, V., Gobert, S., Benali, S., & Wattiez, R. (2019). The plastisphere in marine ecosystem hosts potential specific microbial degraders including Alcanivorax borkumensis as a key player for the low-density polyethylene degradation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 380, 120899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120899
- Earn, A., Bucci, K., & Rochman, C. M. (2021). A systematic review of the literature on plastic pollution in the Laurentian Great Lakes and its effects on freshwater biota. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 47(1), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.11.001
- Edo, C., Gonzalez-Pleiter, M., Leganes, F., Fernandez-Pinas, F., & Rosal, R. (2020). Fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental dispersion with effluent and sludge. Environmental Pollution, 259, 113837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113837
- Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R. C., & Aldridge, D. C. (2015). Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Research, 75, 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012
- Estela, S.-L. B., Carolina, M.-T., & Manuel, M.-A. (2023). The daily locomotor activity profile of zebrafish Danio rerio is affected when exposed to polluted water from Lerma River (Guanajuato, Mexico). Biological Rhythm Research, 54(4), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2023.2196467
10.1080/09291016.2023.2196467 Google Scholar
- Filonov, A., Tereshchenko, I., Monzon, C., Avalos-Cueva, D., & Pantoja-González, D. (2016). Climatic change in a large shallow tropical Lake Chapala, Mexico. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/63715
10.5772/63715 Google Scholar
- Fischer, E. K., Paglialonga, L., Czech, E., & Tamminga, M. (2016). Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments—A case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi (Central Italy). Environmental Pollution, 213, 648–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.012
- Free, C. M., Jensen, O. P., Mason, S. A., Eriksen, M., Williamson, N. J., & Boldgiv, B. (2014). High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.001
- Frias, J. P. G. L., & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138, 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
- Galafassi, S., Nizzetto, L., & Volta, P. (2019). Plastic sources: A survey across scientific and grey literature for their inventory and relative contribution to microplastics pollution in natural environments, with an emphasis on surface water. Science of the Total Environment, 693, 133499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.305
- García, A. H. (2019). Agua, salud y violencia en los pueblos ribereños del lago de Chapala. Vinculos. Sociología, análisis Y opinión, (15), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.32870/vinculos.v0i15.7525
10.32870/vinculos.v0i15.7525 Google Scholar
- Gonzalez–Rojas, A., & Araluce, O. A. (2022). Estadounidenses en la Ribera de Chapala: Perfiles, patrones migratorios e impactos en el entorno. In Diversidad Migratoria en Guadalajara y Chapala (Vol. 45, 1a ed.). Guadalajara, Mexico. ISBN: 978-607-8768-66-0. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2s2pp7q.6
10.2307/j.ctv2s2pp7q.6 Google Scholar
- Gupta, A. (2020). Heavy metal and metalloid contamination of surface and underground water: Environmental, policy and ethical issues. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429198373
10.1201/9780429198373 Google Scholar
- Hansen, A. M., & van Afferden, M. (2012). The Lerma-Chapala watershed: Evaluation and management. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1978-1-4615-0545-7
- Henderson, L., & Green, C. (2020). Making sense of microplastics? Public understandings of plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110908
- Hengstmann, E., Weil, E., Wallbott, P. C., Tamminga, M., & Fischer, E. K. (2021). Microplastics in lakeshore and lakebed sediments—External influences and temporal and spatial variabilities of concentrations. Environmental Research, 197, 111141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111141
- Hernández, M. L. (2017). El origen del río Santiago y las extracciones al Lago de Chapala (Vol. 113). IJ. IH Seminario Internacional. ISBN: 978-607-450-585-6.
- Hernández-García, A., & Sandoval-Moreno, A. (2015). Water and land: Organization and rearrangement of reclaimed land and emerging activities in Lake Chapala, Mexico. Agua y Territorio, 5, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v0i5.2538
10.17561/at.v0i5.2538 Google Scholar
- INEGI. (2020). Estadísticas a propósito del día mundial del reciclaje 2020. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
- Jia, Y. W., Wang, P., Yang, S., Huang, Z., Liu, Y. H., & Zhao, J. L. (2022). Influence of microplastics on triclosan bioaccumulation and metabolomics variation in tilapia fish tissues. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 62984–62993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20278-y
- Jonathan, M. P., Sujitha, S. B., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F., Campos Villegas, L. E., Hernández-Camacho, C. J., & Sarkar, S. K. (2021). Evidences of microplastics in diverse fish species off the Western Coast of Pacific Ocean, Mexico. Ocean & Coastal Management, 204, 105544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105544
- Klein, S., Worch, E., & Knepper, T. P. (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-Main area in Germany. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10), 6070–6076. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00492
- Kowalski, N., Reichardt, A. M., & Waniek, J. J. (2016). Sinking rates of microplastics and potential implications of their alteration by physical, biological, and chemical factors. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109(1), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.064
- Kuok, H. D. T. (2021). Interactions of microplastics with persistent organic pollutants and the ecotoxicological effects: A review. Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution, 1(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v1i1.11
10.53623/tasp.v1i1.11 Google Scholar
- Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., Pérez-Guevara, F., Elizalde-Martínez, I., & Shruti, V. C. (2020). Review of current trends, advances and analytical challenges for microplastics contamination in Latin America. Environmental Pollution, 267, 115463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115463
- Lenaker, P. L., Corsi, S. R., & Mason, S. A. (2020). Spatial distribution of microplastics in surficial benthic sediment of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(1), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06087
- Li, P., Wang, X., Su, M., Zou, X., Duan, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Characteristics of plastic pollution in the environment: A review. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107, 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02820-1
- Liang, T., Lei, Z., Fuad, M. T. I., Wang, Q., Sun, S., Fang, J. K.-H., & Liu, X. (2022). Distribution and potential sources of microplastics in sediments in remote lakes of Tibet, China. Science of the Total Environment, 806, 150526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150526
- Liu, P., Zhan, X., Wu, X., Li, J., Wang, H., & Gao, S. (2020). Effect of weathering on environmental behavior of microplastics: Properties, sorption and potential risks. Chemosphere, 242, 125193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125193
- Maafa, I. M. (2021). Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste: A review. Polymers, 13(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020225
- Maldonado-Villegas, M., Ramírez-Hernández, B., Torres-Morán, M., Álvarez-Moya, C., Zarazúa-Villaseñor, P., & Velasco-Ramírez, A. (2020). Presence of arsenic and potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Pb) in water and soil of the NE shore of Chapala Lake, Mexico, and its genotoxic effect in the edible chayote fruit (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.). European Journal of Horticultural Science, 85(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.17660/eJHS.2020/85.2.5
10.17660/eJHS.2020/85.2.5 Google Scholar
- Malla-Pradhan, R., Suwunwong, T., Phoungthong, K., Joshi, T. P., & Pradhan, B. L. (2022). Microplastic pollution in urban Lake Phewa, Nepal: The first report on abundance and composition in surface water of lake in different seasons. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(26), 39928–39936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18301-9
- Malygina, N., Mitrofanova, E., Kuryatnikova, N., Biryukov, R., Zolotov, D., Pershin, D., & Chernykh, D. (2021). Microplastic pollution in the surface waters from plain and mountainous lakes in Siberia, Russia. Water, 13(16), 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162287
- Mao, R., Hu, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, R., & Guo, X. (2020). Microplastics in the surface water of Wuliangsuhai Lake, northern China. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 137820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137820
- Padisák, J., & Reynolds, C. S. (2003). Shallow lakes: The absolute, the relative, the functional and the pragmatic. Hydrobiologia, 506, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008630.49527.29
- Piñon-Colin, T. J., Wakida, F. T., Rogel-Hernandez, E., Wakida-Kusunoki, A. T., Garcia-Flores, E., & Magaña, H. (2024). Microplastics in the sediments of the Tijuana River Basin, Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Publish on Line., 21, 8361–8374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05609-5
10.1007/s13762-024-05609-5 Google Scholar
- R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.R-project.org/
- Sarkar, S., Diab, H., & Thompson, J. (2023). Microplastic pollution: Chemical characterization and impact on wildlife. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031745
- Schell, T., Hurley, R., Nizzetto, L., Rico, A., & Vighi, M. (2021). Spatio-temporal distribution of microplastics in a Mediterranean river catchment: The importance of wastewater as an environmental pathway. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420, 126481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126481 Get rights and content
- Schmidt, R., Nachtnebel, M., Dienstleder, M., Mertschnigg, S., Schroettner, H., Zankel, A., Poteser, M., Hutter, H.-P., Eppel, W., & Fitzek, H. (2021). Correlative SEM-Raman microscopy to reveal nanoplastics in complex environments. Micron, 144, 103034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2021.103034
- Setälä, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., & Lehtiniemi, M. (2014). Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environmental Pollution, 185, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.013
- Shruti, V., Jonathan, M., Rodriguez-Espinosa, P., & Rodríguez-González, F. (2019). Microplastics in freshwater sediments of Atoyac River Basin, Puebla City, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 654, 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.054
- SNIARN (Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales). (2020). Porcentaje de aguas residuales generadas que reciben tratamiento. https://apps1.semarnat.gob.mx:8443/dgeia/indicadores_ilac18/indicadores/02_gestion/2.4.1.1.html
- Su, L., Xue, Y., Li, L., Yang, D., Kolandhasamy, P., Li, D., & Shi, H. (2016). Microplastics in Taihu Lake, China. Environmental Pollution, 216, 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.036
- Tapia-Maruri, D., Evangelista-Lozano, S., Alamilla-Beltrán, L., Camacho-Díaz, B. H., Ávila-Reyes, S. V., Villalobos-Espinosa, J. d. C., & Jiménez-Aparicio, A. R. (2022). Comparative evaluation of the thermal, structural, chemical and morphological properties of bagasse from the leaf and fruit of Bromelia hemisphaerica Lam. Delignified by Organosolv. Applied Sciences, 12(8), 3761. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083761
- Tereshchenko, I., Filonov, A., Gallegos, A., Monzón, C., & Rodrı́guez, R. (2002). El Niño 1997–98 and the hydrometeorological variability of Chapala, a shallow tropical lake in Mexico. Journal of Hydrology, 264(1–4), 133–146.
10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00066-5 Google Scholar
- Torres, Z., Mora, M. A., Taylor, R. J., & Alvarez-Bernal, D. (2016). Tracking metal pollution in Lake Chapala: Concentrations in water, sediments, and fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 97(3), 418–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1892-6
- Trujillo-Cárdenas, J. L., Saucedo-Torres, N. P., Zárate del Valle, P. F., RíosDonato, N., Mendizábal, E., & Gómez-Salazar, S. (2010). Speciation and sources of toxic metals in sediments of Lake Chapala, Mexico. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 54(2), 79–87.
- Vermaire, J. C., Pomeroy, C., Herczegh, S. M., Haggart, O., & Murphy, M. (2017). Microplastic abundance and distribution in the open water and sediment of the Ottawa River, Canada, and its tributaries. Facets, 2(1), 301–314. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0070
- Wang, J., Liu, X., Li, Y., Powell, T., Wang, X., Wang, G., & Zhang, P. (2019). Microplastics as contaminants in the soil environment: A mini-review. Science of the Total Environment, 691, 848–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.209
- Welden, N. A. (2020). The environmental impacts of plastic pollution. In Plastic waste and recycling (pp. 195–222). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817880-5.00008-6
10.1016/B978-0-12-817880-5.00008-6 Google Scholar
- Wiklund, J. A., Kirk, J. L., Muir, D. C., Carrier, J., Gleason, A., Yang, F., Evans, M., & Keating, J. (2018). Widespread atmospheric tellurium contamination in industrial and remote regions of Canada. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(11), 6137–6145. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06242
- Windsor, F. M., Durance, I., Horton, A. A., Thompson, R. C., Tyler, C. R., & Ormerod, S. J. (2019). A catchment-scale perspective of plastic pollution. Global Change Biology, 25, 1207–1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14572
- Xu, B., Liu, F., Cryder, Z., Huang, D., Lu, Z., He, Y., Wang, H., Lu, Z., Brookes, P. C., Tang, C., Gan, J., & Xu, J. (2019). Microplastics in the soil environment: Occurrence, risks, interactions and fate—A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(21), 2175–2222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1694822
10.1080/10643389.2019.1694822 Google Scholar
- Yin, L., Jiang, C., Wen, X., Du, C., Zhong, W., Feng, Z., Long, Y., & Ma, Y. (2019). Microplastic pollution in surface water of urban lakes in Changsha, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091650
- Yuan, W., Liu, X., Wang, W., Di, M., & Wang, J. (2019). Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in water, sediments, and wild fish from Poyang Lake, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 170, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.126
- Zhang, K., Hamidian, A. H., Tubić, A., Zhang, Y., Fang, J. K., Wu, C., & Lam, P. K. (2021). Understanding plastic degradation and microplastic formation in the environment: A review. Environmental Pollution, 274, 116554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116554
